Being Muslim in America
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UNITED STATE S DEPARTMENT OF STATE / BU REA U OF INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION PROGRAM S Being Muslim inAmerica INTROD U CTION “I AM A N AMER I C A N WI TH A MUSL I M SOUL ” ........... 2 PHOTO Ess AY he young women pictured on our cover BUILDING A LI FE IN AMER I C A ........... 4 are both Muslim. They live near Detroit, TMichigan, in a community with many Arab- ROFILE S American residents. Each expresses her faith in P her own way, with a combination of traditional YOUNG MUSL I MS MA KE THE I R MA RK ........... 30 and modern dress. Here, they compete fiercely on the basketball court in a sport that blends RE S O U RCE S individual skills and team effort. They — along A STAT I ST I C A L PORTR ai T ........... 48 with the other men, women, and children in this E I GH B ORHOOD OSQUES publication — demonstrate every day what it is N M ........... 52 like to be Muslim in America. TIMELINE OF KE Y EVENTS ........... 56 BibLIOGRapHY ........... 63 SU PPLEMENT DID YOU KNO W ?/PERFORMERS MI N I -P OSTER 1 of Hindu temples. In fact, there are now more Ages, my soul spread to the East and West, Muslims in America than Episcopalians, the praying in the mosques and studying in the faith professed by many of America’s Found- libraries of the great medieval Muslim cities ing Fathers. of Cairo, Baghdad, and Cordoba. My soul whirled with Rumi, read Aristotle with Aver- One hundred years ago, the great African- roes, traveled through Central Asia with Nasir American scholar W.E.B. Du Bois warned Khusrow. In the colonial era, my Muslim soul that the problem of the century would be the was stirred to justice. It marched with Abdul color line. The 21st century might well be Ghaffar Khan and the Khudai Khidmatgars in dominated by a different line — the faith line. their satyagraha to free India. It stood with The most pressing questions for my country Farid Esack, Ebrahim Moosa, Rahid Omar, (America), my religion (Islam), and all God’s and the Muslim Youth Movement in their strug- people may well be these: How will people gle for a multicultural South Africa. who may have different ideas of heaven in- teract together on Earth? Will the steeple, the In one eye I carry this ancient Muslim vi- minaret, the synagogue, the temple, and the sion on pluralism; in the other eye I carry the sanga learn to share space in a new city on American promise. And in my heart, I pray a hill? that we make real this possibility: a city on a “I AM A N AMER I C A N WI TH A MUSL I M SOUL ” hill where different religious communities re- I think the American ethos — mixing tolerance spectfully share space and collectively serve love America not be- in Winthrop’s Christian and reverence — may have something special the common good; a world where diverse na- cause I am under the faith, and no doubt he to contribute to this issue. tions and peoples come to know one another illusion that it is per- imagined his city on a in a spirit of brotherhood and righteousness; I America is a grand gathering of souls, the a century in which we achieve a common life fect, but because it allows hill with a steeple in the me — the child of Muslim center. Throughout the vast majority from elsewhere. The American together. immigrants from India — centuries, America has re- genius lies in allowing these souls to contrib- Author Eboo Patel is executive director of the In- to participate in its prog- mained a deeply religious ute their texture to the American tradition, to terfaith Youth Core in Chicago, Illinois. He is a ress, to carve a place in its country, while becoming add new notes to the American song. leader in the interfaith movement. Eboo Patel promise, to play a role in a remarkably plural one. its possibility. Indeed, we are the most religiously devout I am an American with a Muslim soul. My soul nation in the West and the most religiously carries a long history of heroes, movements, John Winthrop, one of the earliest European diverse country in the world. The steeple at and civilizations that sought to submit to the settlers in America, gave voice to this sense the center of the city on a hill is now sur- will of God. My soul listened as the Prophet of possibility. He told his compatriots that rounded by the minaret of Muslim mosques, Muhammad preached the central messages of their society would be like a city upon a hill, the Hebrew script of Jewish synagogues, the Islam, tazaaqa and tawhid, compassionate a beacon for the world. It was a hope rooted chanting of Buddhist sangas, and the statues justice and the oneness of God. In the Middle 2 3 BUILDING A LI FE IN AME RI C A Abdul and Majida Alsaadi shop at a Wal-Mart in Dearborn, Michigan. mmigrants have come to America from every Their initial reception was frequently mixed. corner of the globe. The people are diverse but These new Americans found a vast new land hun- I their reasons similar: Some sought to escape an gry for their labor. But some, unfamiliar with these old way of life, others to find a new one. Some newcomers’ customs and religions, treated the new were escaping violence, others the shackles of cus- Americans as outsiders and believed they could tom, poverty, or simple lack of opportunity. They never be real Americans. They were wrong. With came largely from Europe in the 19th century and freedom, faith, and hard work, each successive from the rest of the world — Asia, Africa, the Mid- wave of immigrants has added its distinctive con- dle East, and Central and South America — in the tributions to the American story, enriched our so- 20th and 21st. ciety and culture, and shaped the ever-dynamic, They arrived with hope, and often little else. always-evolving meaning of the single word that 4 5 PHOTO ANY DA Y GA LLERY binds us together: American. And today, this story is the Muslim-American story too. arrived in a nation very different from the one ex- perienced by 19th-century immigrants, but today’s n 1965, a new immigration law reshaped pro- new Americans face the old immigrant challenge of foundly the inward flow of new Americans. No defining their place in America’s social, economic, Opposite page: Top left, Sadaf Butt adjusts her longer would national-origin quotas determine and political fabric. I hijab; above left, In 2008, Rashida Tlaib is the first who could come. In their place were categories Consider two sisters, Assia and Iman Bound- Muslim woman to serve in the Michigan legislature. based on family relationships and job skills. With aoui. Their parents are from Algeria, and the girls This page: Above, clothing designer Brooke Samad this change, immigration numbers soared, bringing were raised near Chicago, Illinois, as Muslim compares fabric swatches; right, Tahqiq Abbasi at the first significant numbers of Muslims from South Americans. As reported by National Public Radio his textile shop in Union City, New Jersey. Asia and the Middle East to the United States. They (NPR), Assia and Imam grew up watching both the 6 7 children’s Nickelodeon station and the news chan- nel Al Jazeera. When they got takeout food, they sometimes chose Kentucky Fried Chicken and some- times their favorite falafel restaurant. “In America, we would say we’re Muslim first, because that’s what makes us different, I guess,” Assia, age 20, told NPR. “But in another country, like in a Muslim country, we would say we’re Amer- ican.” Their story is both remarkable and not so, for there is nothing more American than new genera- tions — from kaleidoscopic combinations of ethnic- ity and religion — defining themselves as Ameri- cans. “America has always been the promised land for Muslims and non-Muslims,” observes Iranian- American Behzad Yaghmaian, author of Embracing the Infidel: Stories of Muslim Migrants on the Jour- ney West. She told the New York Times, “They still come here because the United States offers what they’re missing at home.” The tales of Muslim Americans track a familiar arc, but individually they add immeasurably to the vibrant diversity of a nation founded not on com- mon ancestry, but on the shared values of freedom, opportunity, and equal rights for all. “In every era of U.S. history, women and men from around the world have opted for the American experience,” writes historian Hasia Diner. “They ar- rived as foreigners, bearers of languages, cultures, and religions that at times seemed alien to Ameri- Clockwise from left, Abdi Mohamed says evening ca’s essential core. Over time, as ideas about U.S. prayers in his Omaha, Nebraska, grocery store; culture changed, the immigrants and their descen- at home in Brooklyn, New York, a family searches dants simultaneously built ethnic communities and the Internet; Susan Fadlallah prepares the meal to participated in American civic life, contributing to break the Ramadan fast. Center, butcher Nehme the nation as a whole.” Mansour grinds halal meat in Michigan. 8 9 uslim Americans possess a diversity that is extraordinary even by American M standards. In sharp contrast to other im- migrant groups, Muslim Americans cannot be de- fined by race or nationality; in this sense, they more closely resemble the Hispanic Americans whose ori- gins lie in Spain, the many nations of Latin America, and the islands of the Caribbean.