Ecohydrology of Karst Poljes and Their Vulnerability

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ecohydrology of Karst Poljes and Their Vulnerability Ecohydrology of karst poljes and their vulnerability Prof. emeritus O. Bonacci Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, Split University, 21000 Split, Matice hrvatske 15, Croatia E-mail: [email protected] Swallow-hole opened at the bottom of the Boljunčica reservoir through sediment deposit KARST POLJE Karst is estimated to cover about 25 % of the surface of all the continents. It represents a type of landscape with many specific surface and underground features, which facilitate and accelerate the exchange of surface water and groundwater. By this way karst strongly influenced on development of environment and its ecosystem. The total area covered by karst poljes represents approximately 2 % of the total karst area. Although they are relatively small in size, they are extremely significant from an ecological, social and economic standpoint. The importance of karst poljes is that they are the larger, fertile, and inhabited oases in karst, commonly providing the only conditions favourable for human beings as well as for development of reach but very vulnerable and mostly endemic karst flora and fauna. Karst poljes’ ecological role is extremely important but till now not enough recognized and investigated. Due to strong and uncontrolled anthropogenic pressure during last hundred years karst poljes belong between the most endangered environments on the Earth. Karst polje as the geomorphological term refers to large closed depressions with conspicuously flat bottoms developed on karst rocks. Their areas vary from less than 0.5 km2 to more than 500 km2 , and exhibit complex hydrological and hydrogeological features and characteristics. Geomorphological and hydrogeological features of poljes, mainly flat surface covered by impermeable soil, make possible formation of permanent as well as temporary streams and lakes, which enable development of reach biological forms in and around them. Poljes can be divided into the following groups according to the hydrological regime: (1) permanently flooded or lakes; (2) periodically, partly, or completely flooded; and (3) dry poljes. As a consequence of intensive tectonic activity the poljes in Dinaric karst have been formed as terraces from an altitude of more than 1000 m above sea level to the sea level. They represent more or less interconnected subsystems within the process of surface and groundwater flow through the karst spring catchment. From the hydrologic–hydrogeologic perspective, a polje is to be considered as part of a wider system. It cannot be treated as an independent system. System of 7 karst poljes in the Ljubljanica River springs catchment ECOHYDROLOGY !? Developing the research interface between hydrology and ecology has been recognised as a research frontier in geosciences. Despite a history of research that integrates insight from the two scientific disciplines, they still operate somewhat independently with different philosophies, conceptual frameworks, terminology and experimental approaches. Harte (2002) seeks a synthesis of what he calls the Newtonian and Darwinian approaches to science. He believes that such a synthesis offers opportunities for progress at the intersection of physics and ecology where many critical issues in earth system science reside. The pattern and intensity of hydrological variability significantly influences on biotic structure and activity. On the other hand, biotic structures can regulate abiotic ones. As a result of these interrelationships a new concept called ecohydrology has emerged. Its rapid development is a consequence of fact that complex scientific questions as well as environmental problems can be effectively solved only if several scientific disciplines are considered jointly. Ecohydrology was the coupling of landscape processes with hydrobiology. Due to particularities of water circulation in karst areas the coupling of surface water - groundwater processes is the most important prerequisite for understanding constraints on sustainable development. Karst ecosystem analysis should be focused on the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients through biotic and abiotic components of the system. The absence of light in the karst underground, particularly in caves makes photosynthesis impossible. Plants, which are the major food source on the earth’s surface, are absent. Karst underground animals generally depend for food on what enters haphazardly from outside. In caves, there are two sources of organic matter: vertically percolating water from the epikarst and from sinking streams. A karst ecohydrological approach means integration karst studies into a more general ecological, biological, hydrological, hydrogeological, geomorphological, and geochemical context. The karst environment has very different characteristics than all other environments. Subterranean karst ecosystems are sensitive to environmental changes that occur on the surface. The importance of maintaining biological diversity goes far beyond mere protection of endangered species and beautiful landscape. Examples of few karst poljes Cres island AI = 404.3 km2 Lake catchment area AL = 25 km2 Lake water surface AW = 5 km2 Lake water volume VW = 200×106 m3 Permanently flooded or lake karst polje Vrana Lake on Island of Cres annual precipitation 1926-2012 mean annual water level 1929-2012 1800 P 16 P = 0.2831 × t + 508.5 (mm) Hav 2 (m a.s.l.) 1600 R = 0.001 15 14 1929-2012 1400 13 1200 12 11 1000 10 Hav = -0.0428 × t + 96.875 R2 = 0.4726 800 9 t (year) t (year) 8 600 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 16 H Hmax = 15.84 m a. s. l. (m a.s.l.) 1987-2012 15 14 13 Hav2 = 10.91 m a. s. l. 12 Hav1 = 13.41 m a. s. l. 11 1929-1986 ΔHav = 2.350 m 10 ΔHmax = 6.46 m Hmin = 9.38 m a.s.l. 9 ΔH = 4.37 m t (year) (1982-1990) 8 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Ecological impact on broader region !!???? The Trebišnjica River traverses through the Ombla Spring catchment. The mean annual discharge, after the canalization of over 60 km of its watercourse with spray concrete (from 1981), is 24.1 m3/s. In natural state the mean annual discharge was 28.4 m3/s. The Lika and Gacka Rivers (Dinaric karst of Croatia) are typical sinking streamflows : At the same time the Lika is losing river. Vrulja FLOOD IN KARST POLJE Floods are one of the most dramatic interactions between human beings and the environment. People look at floods as a catastrophe but in reality floods are integral part of nature, playing a critical role in ecosystem function. At the same time flooding brings many benefits particularly for ecological variability and soil fertility. Flooding promotes exchange of materials and organisms between habitats and plays a key role in determining the level of biological productivity and diversity. Those processes are especially important for karst environment. Poljes are regularly flooded in the cold and wet periods of the year. Because of this they can be treated as wetlands. Flooding of the poljes in the Dinaric karst in natural conditions lasts on average from 3 to 7 months per year, mostly between October and April, but there are cases when flooding can even persist for 10 months. With the objective of flood prevention in poljes, attempts have been made to increase the capacity of ponors. Such attempts have usually failed because the capacity of ponors depends on the conduit system to which they drain, and on the groundwater level. The most effective measure to prevent the flooding or to reduce duration of floods is the construction of a tunnel. Ecological consequences ??? Tunnels for karst polje flood control: An example of the Konavosko Polje Catastrophic flood on the Upper Dobra River 29 June 1999 3 Qmax = 254 m /s Maximum swallow capacity of the Đula Sink ≈ 80 m3/s. 80 m3/s << 254 m3/s FLOOD IN THE VRGORSKO POLJE The tunnel operation significantly reduced the durations of flooding, but did not eliminate them entirely. Cyprinid fish (Phoxinellus ghetaldii) Hawes (1939) gives an example of possible underground colonisation of the karst underground in the Popovo Polje. Cyprinid fishes spend most of their time underground. Floods wash them out in great quantities and regularly every year at the beginning of wet and cold period. Breeding occurs at this time, and the young fish are left to spend a year in the open, through their parents are carried back into the karst underground. After the next flood, the young fish in turn are swept into the underground. The eyes of Phoxinellus ghetaldii are normal but the fish exhibits a tendency to reduce scales, which is remarkably common among cave fishes. Maybe in this case we are witnesses of the early stages of colonisation of caves by an epigean fish. Because of extreme groundwater oscillations in karst, different hydrological connections are active depending on the groundwater level. The methodology of water tracing was developed especially to determine water interconnections in karst. In addition to tracing with salt, dye or temperature, the use of rich endemic fauna, their dispersion and population structure is lately considered. In this paper, population structure of the endemic fish species is used to confirm hydrological data as well as suggest new underground water connections in part of central Dinaric karst. Role of dry stonewalls The influence of drystone walls on ecological and geomorphological processes is important. Terracing is very effective measure against erosion. Stonewalls are of fundamental importance as a habitat for a very diverse Mediterranean flora and fauna. Changes of the biotic and abiotic factors above the ground lead to changes down through the massive stone clearing to deep karstic aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Massive stone clearing means entirely disappearance of stonewalls. This process could be very dangerous from ecological and hydrogeological point of view.
Recommended publications
  • The Possible Negative Consequences of Underground
    EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 2041–2052, 2013 Natural Hazards Natural Hazards www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/13/2041/2013/ doi:10.5194/nhess-13-2041-2013 and Earth System and Earth System © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics The possible negative consequences of underground dam and Discussions Open Access Open Access reservoir construction and operation in coastal karstAtmospheric areas: Atmospheric Measurement Measurement an example of the hydro-electric power plant (HEPP)Techniques Ombla near Techniques Dubrovnik (Croatia) Discussions Open Access Open Access T. Roje-Bonacci and O. Bonacci Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, Split University, 21000 Split, Matice hrvatske 15, Croatia Discussions Correspondence to: O. Bonacci ([email protected]) Open Access Received: 5 April 2013 – Published in Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: 19 April 2013 Open Access Revised: 8 July 2013 – Accepted: 9 July 2013 – Published: 15 August 2013 Climate Climate of the Past of the Past Discussions Abstract. The Ombla Spring represents a typical abundant (7) conflict regarding internationally shared karst aquifers; coastal karst spring located in the vicinity of the town of (8) intensification of karst flash floods; (9) sea water intru- Open Access Dubrovnik (Croatia). Its outlet is at an altitude of 2.5 m sion in coastal karst aquifer; etc. Open Access above sea level (m a.s.l.) and the water from it immediately Earth System Earth System flows into the Adriatic Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Primjena Indeksa Kvalitete Vode U Ocjeni Kakvoće Vode Krških Jezera
    D. tomas et al. PrimjenA inDeksa kvAlitete voDe u ocjeni kAkvoće voDe kRških Jezera Stručni članak Professional paper UDk 556.55:556.114/.115>(497.5 Cres) primljeno (Received): 10. 7. 2013.; prihvaćeno (Accepted): 27. 11. 2013. primjena inDeKsa Kvalitete voDe u oCjeni KaKvoće voDe KršKih jezera U radu je prikazana kakvoća vode jezera primjenom indeksa Damir tomas, dipl. ing. kvalitete vode (eng. Water Quality Index, WQI) i njihov kemijski Hrvatske vode, Glavni vodnogospodarski laboratorij sastav Piperovim dijagramom. Ispitivana su jezera: Vrana na otoku Ulica Grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb Cresu, Vransko jezero kod Biograda na Moru, Baćinsko jezero [email protected] Crniševo i akumulacija Butoniga u razdoblju 2010.-2012. godine. Krešimir maldini, dipl. ing. U izračunu WQI korišteni su sljedeći pokazatelji: pH vrijednost, Hrvatske vode, Glavni vodnogospodarski laboratorij ukupna otopljena tvar (TDS), hidrogenkarbonati, ukupna tvrdoća, Ulica Grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb kloridi, sulfati, nitrati, fluoridi, kalcij, magnezij, željezo i mangan. Za izračun WQI korištene su preporuke vode za piće Svjetske natalija matić, dipl. ing. Hrvatske vode, EU jedinica zdravstvene organizacije (eng. World Health Organization, WHO) Ulica Grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb te dobiveni WQI predstavlja prikladnost voda za uporabu u vodoopskrbi. mr. sc. marija marijanović rajčić, dipl. ing. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da je kakvoća vode na Vranskom jezeru Hrvatske vode, Glavni vodnogospodarski laboratorij kod Biograda n/m bila najlošije kvalitete u 2012. godini (WQI=870), Ulica Grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb dok je najbolja kakvoća vode zabilježena na jezeru Vrana na otoku Cresu u 2012. godini (WQI=31,2). Prema Piperovom dijagramu ispitivana jezera se po kemijskom sastavu razlikuju ovisno o hidrološkom dobu, dok je Vransko jezero na Cresu ujednačene kakvoće.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Hydropower
    Sustainable Hydropower Skadar Lake, Montenegro. © Wi in the Dinaric Arc UPDATE L Issue 4 / May 2013 d Wonder 2013 S of e urope Mi L an r adi S ic S / WW f Fresh water This newsletter provides information on the latest developments of the Dinaric Arc Sustainable Hydropower Initiative (DASHI) as well as further news on freshwater and hydropower in the region. DASHI, launched by WWF in 2011, aims to reduce the adverse impacts of hydropower development in the Western Balkans and to promote good practices in the region. The Initiative focuses on the protection of the region’s most precious freshwater ecosystems, in particular Ramsar wetlands such as Livanjsko Polje and Hutovo Blato in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Lake Skadar shared by Albania and Montenegro. HYDROPOWER NEWS FROM THE REGION WWF reveals the undiscovered world of Dinarides Through the Dinaric Arc Parks project (www.discoverdinarides.com) WWF urges the region and the world to discover the “undiscovered world of Dinarides.” The largest canyon in the world after the canyon of the Colorado River; the oldest and largest rainforest in Europe; meadows with more orchid species than there are in the whole UK; the largest and longest gorge in Europe ... all this is hiding in the Dinaric Arc region! Inspired by all these amazing facts, the creative agency Leo Burnett in Croatia designed a media campaign to promote the brand “Parks Dinarides” which can be seen from April in numerous newspapers, internet portals and on many TV stations throughout the region. www.discoverdinarides.com Energy Strategy for the “The current energy strategy for the Balkans is not in line with European Western Balkans environmental standards” (Jelko Kacin, EP MP) In February, the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the European Parliament (AFET) held a public debate on the energy strategy of the European Energy Community for the countries of the western Balkans, chaired by MP Jelko Kacin.
    [Show full text]
  • Groundwater Bodies at Risk
    Results of initial characterization of the groundwater bodies in Croatian karst Zeljka Brkic Croatian Geological Survey Department for Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Zagreb, Croatia Contractor: Croatian Geological Survey, Department for Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology Team leader: dr Zeljka Brkic Co-authors: dr Ranko Biondic (Kupa river basin – karst area, Istria, Hrvatsko Primorje) dr Janislav Kapelj (Una river basin – karst area) dr Ante Pavicic (Lika region, northern and middle Dalmacija) dr Ivan Sliskovic (southern Dalmacija) Other associates: dr Sanja Kapelj dr Josip Terzic dr Tamara Markovic Andrej Stroj { On 23 October 2000, the "Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the Community action in the field of water policy" or, in short, the EU Water Framework Directive (or even shorter the WFD) was finally adopted. { The purpose of WFD is to establish a framework for the protection of inland surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and groundwater (protection of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, reduction in pollution groundwater, protection of territorial and marine waters, sustainable water use, …) { WFD is one of the main documents of the European water policy today, with the main objective of achieving “good status” for all waters within a 15-year period What is the groundwater body ? { “groundwater body” means a distinct volume of groundwater within an aquifer or aquifers { Member States shall identify, within each river basin district: z all bodies of water used for the abstraction of water intended for human consumption providing more than 10 m3 per day as an average or serving more than 50 persons, and z those bodies of water intended for such future use.
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal of Speleology 37 (1) 11-26 Bologna (Italy) January 2008
    International Journal of Speleology 37 (1) 11-26 Bologna (Italy) January 2008 Available online at www.ijs.speleo.it International Journal of Speleology Official Journal of Union Internationale de Spéléologie Hydrodynamic aspect of caves Mitja Prelovšek1, Janez Turk2, Franci Gabrovšek3 Abstract: Prelovšek M., Turk J. and Gabrovšek F. 2008. Hydrodynamic aspect of caves. International Journal of Speleology, 37 (1), 11-26. Bologna (Italy). ISSN 0392-6672. From a hydrological point of view, active caves are a series of connected conduits which drain water through an aquifer. Water tends to choose the easiest way through the system but different geological and morphological barriers act as flow restrictions. The number and characteristics of restrictions depends on the particular speleogenetic environment, which is a function of geological, geomorphological, climatological and hydrological settings. Such a variety and heterogeneity of underground systems has presented a challenge for human understanding for many centuries. Access to many underground passages, theoretical knowledge and recent methods (modeling, water pressure-resistant dataloggers, precise sensors etc.) give us the opportunity to get better insight into the hydrodynamic aspect of caves. In our work we tried to approach underground hydrodynamics from both theoretical and practical points of view. We present some theoretical background of open surface and pressurized flow in underground rivers and present results of some possible scenarios. Moreover, two case studies from the Ljubljanica river basin are presented in more detail: the cave system between Planinsko polje and Ljubljansko barje, and the cave system between Bloško polje and Cerkniško polje. The approach and methodology in each case is somewhat different, as the aims were different at the beginning of exploration.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Study of Kupa River Watershed in Croatia
    J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 67, 2019, 4, 305–313 DOI: 10.2478/johh-2019-0019 Long term variations of river temperature and the influence of air temperature and river discharge: case study of Kupa River watershed in Croatia Senlin Zhu1, Ognjen Bonacci2, Dijana Oskoruš3, Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko4*, Shiqiang Wu1 1 State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China. 2 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Split, Matice hrvatske 15, 21000 Split, Croatia. 3 Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Gric 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. 4 Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia. * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The bio-chemical and physical characteristics of a river are directly affected by water temperature, which therefore affects the overall health of aquatic ecosystems. In this study, long term variations of river water temperatures (RWT) in Kupa River watershed, Croatia were investigated. It is shown that the RWT in the studied river stations in- creased about 0.0232–0.0796ºC per year, which are comparable with long term observations reported for rivers in other regions, indicating an apparent warming trend. RWT rises during the past 20 years have not been constant for different periods of the year, and the contrasts between stations regarding RWT increases vary seasonally. Additionally, multi- layer perceptron neural network models (MLPNN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) models were implemented to simulate daily RWT, using air temperature (Ta), flow discharge (Q) and the day of year (DOY) as predic- tors.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article
    Ecologica Montenegrina 44: 69-95 (2021) This journal is available online at: www.biotaxa.org/em http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2021.44.10 Biodiversity, DNA barcoding data and ecological traits of caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) in the catchment area of the Mediterranean karst River Cetina (Croatia) IVAN VUČKOVIĆ1*, MLADEN KUČINIĆ2**, ANĐELA ĆUKUŠIĆ3, MARIJANA VUKOVIĆ4, RENATA ĆUK5, SVJETLANA STANIĆ-KOŠTROMAN6, DARKO CERJANEC7 & MLADEN PLANTAK1 1Elektroprojekt d.d., Civil and Architectural Engineering Department, Section of Ecology, Alexandera von Humboldta 4, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia. E-mails:[email protected]; [email protected] 2Department of Biology (Laboratory for Entomology), Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia. E-mail: [email protected] 3Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development, Radnička cesta 80/7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. E-mail: [email protected] 4Croatian Natural History Museum, Demetrova 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia. E-mail: [email protected] 5Hrvatske vode, Central Water Management Laboratory, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia. E-mail:[email protected] 6Faculty of Science and Education, University of Mostar, Matice hrvatske bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E-mail: [email protected] 7Primary School Barilović, Barilović 96, 47252 Barilović and Primary School Netretić, Netretić 1, 47271 E-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author: [email protected] **Equally contributing author Received 2 June 2021 │ Accepted by V. Pešić: 19 July 2021 │ Published online 2 August 2021. Abstract The environmental and faunistic research conducted included defining the composition and distribution of caddisflies collected using ultraviolet (UV) light trap at 11 stations along the Cetina River, from the spring to the mouth, and also along its tributaries the Ruda River and the Grab River with two sampling stations each, and the Rumin River with one station.
    [Show full text]
  • Olm, Proteus Anguinus
    Olm, Proteus anguinus Compiler: Jelić, D. Contributors: Jelić, D.; Jalžić, B.; Kletečki, E.; Koller, K.; Jalžić, V.; Kovač-Konrad, P. Suggested citation: Jelić, D. (2014): A survival blueprint for the olm, Proteus anguinus. Croatian Institute for Biodiversity, Croatian Herpetological Society, Zagreb, Croatia. 1. STATUS REVIEW 1.1 Taxonomy: Chordata > Amphibia > Caudata > Proteidae > Proteus > anguinus Most populations are assigned to the subterranean subspecies Proteus anguinus anguinus. Unlike the nominate form, the genetically similar subspecies P.a. parkelj from Bela Krajina in Slovenia is pigmented and might represent a distinct species, although a recent genetic study suggests that the two subspecies are poorly differentiated at the molecular level and may not even warrant subspecies status (Goricki and Trontelj 2006). Isolated populations from Istria peninsula in Croatia are genetically and morphologically differentiated as separate unnamed taxon (Goricki and Trontelj 2006). Croatian: Čovječja ribica English: Olm, Proteus, Cave salamander French: Protee Slovenian: Čovješka ribica, močeril German: Grottenolm 1.2 Distribution and population status: 1.2.1 Global distribution: Country Population Distribution Population trend Notes estimate (plus references) (plus references) Croatia 68 localities (Jelić 3 separate Decline has been et al. 2012) subpopulations: observed through Istria, Gorski devastation of kotar and several cave Dalmatia systems in all regions (Jelić et al. 2012) Italy 29 localities (Sket Just the A decline has been 1997) easternmost observed in the region around population of Trieste, Gradisce Goriza (Italy) (Gasc and Monfalcone et al. 1997). Slovenia 158 localities 4 populations A decline has been (Sket 1997) distributed from observed in the Vipava river in the population in west (border with Postojna (Slovenia) Italy) to Kupa (Gasc et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Hiking Croatia's Coast & Canyons 8 Days / 7 Nights
    Hiking Croatia’s Coast & Canyons 8 days / 7 nights OVERVIEW Northern Croatia with its Adriatic Coast, offers one of the most undiscovered and scenically dramatic walking landscapes in Europe. The country’s Northern coastline, with its relaxed Mediterranean ambience, offers an area rich in stunningly beautiful medieval towns, and villages, fantastic food, lush national parks, cascading waterfalls and sunshine! This spectacular walking holiday explores the very best of the Northern Adriatic Coast and its areas of outstanding natural beauty, including the national parks of Plitvice and Krka with their superb lakes, spectacular waterfalls and rich fauna. We start in the colorful capital Zagreb, with its busy market square, old quarter and stunning cathedral before exploring UNESCO Plitvice National Park with its cascading waterfalls and wooden walkways. As we head to the coast, we’ll walk in the spectacular and undiscovered Velebit Mountains before heading to Paklenica National Park, a wild landscape of deep canyons and rugged mountains overlooking the islands of Pag, Rab and Kornati National Park, the second largest archipelago in the Mediterranean. After the splendour of the mountains we arrive on the stunning Adriatic Coast, with time to soak up the beauty of Krupa Canyon, before enjoying the laid-back atmosphere and beautiful architecture in Zadar and UNESCO Split, two of the Mediterranean’s most welcoming towns with their busy harbours, laid-back pavement cafes, elegant promenades and excellent local restaurants. This Croatian walking
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    work in progress for public discussion Public Disclosure Authorized Water Resources Management in South Eastern Public Disclosure Authorized Europe Volume II Country Water Notes and Public Disclosure Authorized Water Fact Sheets Environmentally and Socially Public Disclosure Authorized Sustainable Development Department Europe and Central Asia Region 2003 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20433, USA Manufactured in the United States of America First Printing April 2003 This publication is in two volumes: (a) Volume 1—Water Resources Management in South Eastern Europe: Issues and Directions; and (b) the present Volume 2— Country Water Notes and Water Fact Sheets. The Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development (ECSSD) Department is distributing this report to disseminate findings of work-in-progress and to encourage debate, feedback and exchange of ideas on important issues in the South Eastern Europe region. The report carries the names of the authors and should be used and cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations and conclusions are the authors’ own and should not be attributed to the World Bank, its Board of Directors, its management, or any member countries. For submission of comments and suggestions, and additional information, including copies of this report, please contact Ms. Rita Cestti at: 1818 H Street N.W. Washington, DC 20433, USA Email: [email protected] Tel: (1-202) 473-3473 Fax: (1-202) 614-0698 Printed on Recycled Paper Contents
    [Show full text]
  • (Rural) Tourism: a Case Study of Lika-Senj County
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Soc. ekol. Zagreb, Vol. 28 (2019.), No. 3 Anita Bušljeta Tonković: (Un)sustainable (Rural) Tourism: A Case Study of Lika-Senj County DOI 10.17234/SocEkol.28.3.3 Preliminary communication UDK 338.48:502(497.5) Received: 4 Oct 2019 502.14(497.5) Accepted: 19 Dec 2019 502.131.1(497.562) (UN)SUSTAINABLE (RURAL) TOURISM: A CASE STUDY OF LIKA-SENJ COUNTY Anita Bušljeta Tonković Institute of social sciences Ivo Pilar, Regional centre Gospić Trg Stjepana Radića 14, 53 000 Gospić e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Sustainable tourism is a carefully planned activity with clear, specifi c and long-term goals that does not cause environmental devastation, and respects the social, ecological, cultural and economic value of the space in which it occurs. Th is paper presents the (un)sustainable rural tourism practice in Lika-Senj County in Croatia through a case study of the Linden Tree Retreat & Ranch and Plitvice Lakes. In order to understand the concepts of sustainable rural tourism, overtourism and undertourism, the case study begins with an analysis of statistical data, secondary literature and examples of overtourism in Lika (Plitvice Lakes Nati- onal Park). Qualitative insight (preliminary data) is used to refl ect on the Linden Tree Retreat & Ranch campaign called CIDER (Community, Integrity, Development, Evolution and Responsibility), which can be considered as the point of departure for the enhancement of undertourism development. Keywords: neo-endogenous development, overtourism, sustainable tourism, undertourism 1. INTRODUCTION1 Tourism is one of the most important social phenomena of the 20th and 21st centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • High Flows from Gornja Dobra Basin
    45 The Mining-Geology-Petroleum Engineering Bulletin High ƪ ows from Gornja Dobra basin UDC: 556.5 DOI: 10.17794/rgn.2018.3.5 Professional paper Krešimir Pavli©1; Daniel Jakobovi©2 1 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, p.p. 390, 10000 Zagreb 2 HIS d.o.o. Donja Višnjica 61D, 42255 Donja Višnjica Abstract This paper presents basic hydrological indicators based on data from the four existing hydrological stations in the Gorn- ja Dobra basin. The frequency and ƪ ow-duration curves of mean daily ƪ ow in the Turkovi©i proƤ le are also deƤ ned and presented. The dependence of the mean maximum annual speciƤ c ƪ ows on the size of the inƪ uential basin to the con- sidered hydrological proƤ les was considered. A review of the most recent high water event in 2017 was given. Keywords Gornja Dobra, frequency and ƪ ow-duration curve, maximum speciƤ c ƪ ow, stage-discharge curve, big water wave. 1. Introduction The main objective of this paper is to determine the dependence of mean maximum annual speci¿ c dis- The Dobra River can be divided into three character- charge qժ M on the size of the inÀ uential basin, to de¿ ne istic areas of À ow. The ¿ rst, known as the Gornja (Up- the frequency and À ow-duration curves of mean daily per) or Ogulinska Dobra, is 51.2 km long, stretches from À ows and to analyse the most recent À ood event that oc- the spring on the north-eastern slopes of the Mlada Gora curred in Ogulin in September 2017.
    [Show full text]