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Primjena Indeksa Kvalitete Vode U Ocjeni Kakvoće Vode Krških Jezera

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Primjena Indeksa Kvalitete Vode U Ocjeni Kakvoće Vode Krških Jezera D. tomas et al. PrimjenA inDeksa kvAlitete voDe u ocjeni kAkvoće voDe kRških Jezera Stručni članak Professional paper UDk 556.55:556.114/.115>(497.5 Cres) primljeno (Received): 10. 7. 2013.; prihvaćeno (Accepted): 27. 11. 2013. primjena inDeKsa Kvalitete voDe u oCjeni KaKvoće voDe KršKih jezera U radu je prikazana kakvoća vode jezera primjenom indeksa Damir tomas, dipl. ing. kvalitete vode (eng. Water Quality Index, WQI) i njihov kemijski Hrvatske vode, Glavni vodnogospodarski laboratorij sastav Piperovim dijagramom. Ispitivana su jezera: Vrana na otoku Ulica Grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb Cresu, Vransko jezero kod Biograda na Moru, Baćinsko jezero [email protected] Crniševo i akumulacija Butoniga u razdoblju 2010.-2012. godine. Krešimir maldini, dipl. ing. U izračunu WQI korišteni su sljedeći pokazatelji: pH vrijednost, Hrvatske vode, Glavni vodnogospodarski laboratorij ukupna otopljena tvar (TDS), hidrogenkarbonati, ukupna tvrdoća, Ulica Grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb kloridi, sulfati, nitrati, fluoridi, kalcij, magnezij, željezo i mangan. Za izračun WQI korištene su preporuke vode za piće Svjetske natalija matić, dipl. ing. Hrvatske vode, EU jedinica zdravstvene organizacije (eng. World Health Organization, WHO) Ulica Grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb te dobiveni WQI predstavlja prikladnost voda za uporabu u vodoopskrbi. mr. sc. marija marijanović rajčić, dipl. ing. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da je kakvoća vode na Vranskom jezeru Hrvatske vode, Glavni vodnogospodarski laboratorij kod Biograda n/m bila najlošije kvalitete u 2012. godini (WQI=870), Ulica Grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb dok je najbolja kakvoća vode zabilježena na jezeru Vrana na otoku Cresu u 2012. godini (WQI=31,2). Prema Piperovom dijagramu ispitivana jezera se po kemijskom sastavu razlikuju ovisno o hidrološkom dobu, dok je Vransko jezero na Cresu ujednačene kakvoće. Ključne riječi: krš, kakvoća vode jezera, indeks kvalitete vode, piperov dijagram, pearsonova korelacija Hrvatske vode 21(2013) 86 303-310 303 D. tomas et al. PrimjenA inDeksa kvAlitete voDe u ocjeni kAkvoće voDe kRških Jezera 1. UVod istraživanja koja na određene načine sistematiziraju Posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća postoji velika niz pokazatelja dobivenih analizom vode u jedinstven potražnja za pitkom vodom. Povećane potrebe za broj (eng. Water Quality Index, WQI). Primjenom WQI vodom posljedica su brzog rasta stanovništva, porasta kao alata koji sumira brojne pokazatelje u prihvatljivu životnog standarda i ubrzane industrijalizacije. S tim u i korisnu informaciju, a zadržavajući bitno značenje, vezi navedeni su faktori doprinijeli smanjenju kvalitete postiže se sistematizacija podataka o kakvoći vode koja površinskih i podzemnih voda u gotovo svim dijelovima bi mogla biti ključni preduvjet boljeg sustava za podršku svijeta. Opisano, osobito predstavlja problem u zemljama odlučivanju (Bordalo, 2006.). Znanstvenici širom svijeta u razvoju, gdje je brza urbanizacija ostavila poseban trag (Pesce i Wunderlin, 2000.; Cude, 2001.; Said et al., 2004.; na dostupnost i kvalitetu podzemnih i površinskih voda, Boyacioglu, 2007.; Alobaidy et al., 2010.; Vasanthavigar jer je utjecala na nastajanje prekomjernog odlaganja et al., 2010., Tomas et al., 2013.) razvili su brojne modele otpada, naročito u urbanim područjima (Numan Bulut indeksa za posebne namjene na temelju različitog broja et al., 2010.). pokazatelja, pri čemu su za ocjenu kvalitete korištene S obzirom na to da je kakvoća vode definirana različite skale za bodovanje. fizikalnim, kemijskim i biološkim pokazateljima, Na temelju pregleda literature i mnogih rasprava poznavanje kemijskog sastava voda služi kao temelj za hidrokemičara, međunarodno je prihvaćen prikaz glavnih klasifikaciju voda na nekom području te proučavanja iona po Piperu, pri čemu se vode mogu jednostavno podrijetla i kretanja voda u prirodi. Utvrđivanje kvalitete klasificirati (Piper, 1944., 1953.). od ključne je važnosti prije upotrebe vode za piće i Načinjena je i Pearsonova korelacija da se vidi na koje rekreaciju te u poljoprivredi, industriji itd. (Sargaonkar i pokazatelje najviše utječe vrijednost WQI. Deshpande, 2003.). Tradicionalni pristupi ocjeni kakvoće vode temelje se na usporedbi eksperimentalno određenih vrijednosti pokazatelja vode za piće s postojećim 2. PodRUČJe iStRaŽiVanJa pravilnicima Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije (World U ovome radu istražena su četiri jezera: akumulacija Health Organization, WHO), Europske unije (EU) Butoniga u Istri, jezero Vrana na otoku Cresu, Vransko ili pojedine zemlje (WHO, 2008.; Council Directive jezero kod Biograda n/m i Baćinsko jezero Crniševo kod 98/83/EC, 1998.). U mnogim slučajevima korištenje Ploča tijekom trogodišnjeg razdoblja. Jezera su smještena ove metodologije omogućuje pravilnu identifikaciju u krajoliku specifičnih površinskih i podzemnih formi te izvora onečišćenja, što može biti dovoljno za provjeru solucijskih oblika, odnosno u kršu čiji je razvoj vezan pravne usklađenosti. No, takav pristup ne daje cjeloviti za karbonatne stijene (vapnence i dolomite) te uz fliš. pregled utjecaja prostornih i vremenskih trendova na Budući se u kršu više vode nalazi u podzemlju nego na ukupnu kvalitetu voda (Debels et al., 2005.). Sustavnim površini, zbog njegove propusnosti, krški tereni često su ispitivanjem površinskih i podzemnih voda dobiva se bezvodni te su jezera i akumulacije u kršu rjeđa pojava. U niz podataka na temelju kojih se daju zaključci koji se Dinaridima, gdje se nalaze i istraživana jezera, odnosno odnose na kakvoću vode, odnosno njihovu prikladnost akumulacije, i do 75% vode odlazi u podzemlje, dok za određenu namjenu (kupanje, vodu za piće itd.). ostatak vode ispari ili otječe površinom. Stijene koje U dosadašnjoj znanstvenoj literaturi postoje brojna izgrađuju područja gdje su smještena istraživana jezera su klasificirane od dobro propusnih karbonatnih stijena mezozojske starosti do nepropusnih klastičnih naslaga fliša eocenske starosti. Osim njih pristutne su i klastične kvartarne naslage srednje do dobre propusnosti (Hrvatski geološki institut, 1999). Jezero Butoniga (slika 1) je umjetno akumulacijsko jezero na istoimenoj rijeci. Osnovna namjena akumulacije je vodoopskrba, dok su ostale namjene obrana od štetnog djelovanja vode u smislu zadržavanja vodnih valova te navodnjavanje. Kvaliteta vode u akumulaciji Butoniga varira ovisno o godišnjem dobu i dubini akumulacije. Uslijed obilnijih padalina dolazi do zamućenja akumulacije (http://www.ivb.hr/akumulacija_butoniga. html). Vransko jezero (slika 1) je slatkovodno jezero u središnjem dijelu otoka Cresa, na udaljenosti od svega 3-5 km od mora. Najveća dubina u jezeru je 61,3 m ispod razine mora, a srednja razina u jezeru je 13,1 m n.m.Voda Slika 1: Istraživana jezera u razdoblju (2010.-2012.) iz jezera je izvrsne kakvoće te se bez pročišćavanja 304 Hrvatske vode 21(2013) 86 303-310 D. tomas et al. PrimjenA inDeksa kvAlitete voDe u ocjeni kAkvoće voDe kRških Jezera koristi za vodoopskrbu. Jezero je jedini zahvat vode Tablica 1: Relativni udio analiziranih pokazatelja za vodoopskrbu otoka Cresa i susjednog otoka Lošinja Standard WQI Pokazatelji (Ožanić i Rubinić, 1997.). WHO wi Wi Vransko jezero kod Biograda n/m (slika 1) je najveće pH 7 – 8 4 0,100 jezero u Hrvatskoj. Proglašeno je Parkom prirode i veliki UT 100 2 0,050 je ornitološki rezervat gotovo netaknutih prirodnih Kalcij 75 2 0,050 staništa ptica vodarica, rijetkog močvarnog sustava, velike bioraznolikosti, izuzetne znanstvene i ekološke Magnezij 30 1 0,025 vrijednosti. Vodostaj jezera godišnje varira od 0,95 Hidrogenkarbonati 240 3 0,075 do 2 m. Jezero Vrana na otoku Cresu i Vransko jezero Kloridi 250 3 0,075 kod Biograda n/m su kriptodepresije, odnosno prirodna TDS 500 4 0,100 udubljenja koja su ispunjena vodom čija je površina Fluoridi 1 4 0,100 iznad, a dno ispod morske razine. Područje vodonosnika Nitrati 50 5 0,125 Vranskog jezera kod Biograda n/m je djelomično pod utjecajem mora (Katalinić et al., 2008.). Sulfati 250 4 0,100 Baćinska jezera (slika 1) su niz jezera u mjestu Baćina Mangan 0,050 4 0,100 na desnoj obali ušća rijeke Neretve. Jezera su svrstana Željezo 0,100 4 0,100 među najzanimljivije pojave u hidrografiji krša jer su åwi=40 åWi=1,00 nepravilnog oblika, što se osobito odražava na reljefu w -vagani udio, W - relativni udio, UT –ukupna tvrdoća dna. Dna jezera su ispod razine mora (kriptodepresije) i u i i cjelini čine zavalu Baćinskih jezera (Smirčić et al., 1995.). To je akumulacijski prostor koji je denudacijska baza svih padinskih procesa s okolnih brdskih uzvišenja JI dijela gdje je: Wi - relativni udio; wi - udio svakog gorskog hrpta Rilića (Curić, 1995.; Smirčić et al., 1995.). pokazatelja; n - broj pokazatelja. Sastoje se od šest spojenih i jednog odvojenog jezera, a to su: Oćuša, Crniševo, Podgora, Sladinac, Vrbnik, Šipak Izračunate vrijednosti relativnog udjela (Wi) svakog i Plitko jezero. Po površini je najveće jezero Oćuša, dok pokazatelja prikazane su u tablici 1. je najdublje jezero Crniševo s dubinom od 34 metra. U trećem koraku skala ocjene kvalitete (qi) za svaki Vrbnik je najmanje jezero i jedino nije povezano s ostalim pokazatelj određena je dijeljenjem njegove koncentracije jezerima (http://www.bacinskajezera.com/index.php/ u svakom uzorku vode i njegovog odgovarajućeg bacinska-jezera). standarda prema smjernicama WHO te je rezultat pomnožen sa 100. 3. MATERiJaLi i METODE (2) Ispitivanja na jezerima su provedena jednom mjesečno u razdoblju od 2010.-2012. godine tijekom redovnog monitoringa koji provode Hrvatske vode. Prilikom izračuna gdje je: q -
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