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Article 102995 198Ffbb000c08e ﻣﻬﺎر زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، ﺟﻠﺪ دوم ، ﺷﻤﺎره ي ،دو ﺳﺎل 1393 59 ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ي ﻋﻠﻤﻲ - ﻣﺮوري زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي Aculeata و ﻧﻘﺶ آﻧﺎن در ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ و ﻣﻬﺎر آﻓﺎت ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ( ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻳﺮان ) ) اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ي ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ : [email protected] ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : /10 05/93 68 59- )2( 2 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش : /18 93/08 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﮔﺮوه Aculeata در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ آﻓﺎت و اﻣﻜﺎن ﻛـﺎرﺑﺮد آﻧـﺎن در ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل ﻛـﺎرﺑﺮدي آﻓﺎت ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮور ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در اﻳﺮان ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي آﻧﺎن ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴـﻴﻞ ﻫـﺎي اﻳـﻦ ﮔـﺮوه از ﺣﺸـﺮات در ﻣﻬـﺎر ﺣﺸﺮات و ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎن آﻓﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻛﺸﺎورزي و راﻫﻜﺎرﻫﺎي ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ و ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ آﻧﺎن ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ اﺳـﺖ . ﺗـﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﺣـﺪود 1050 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از اﻳﻦ ﮔـﺮوه در اﻳـﺮان ﮔـﺰارش ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎﻳﻲ از ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫـﺎي Sphecidae ، Scoliidae ، Vespidae ، Bethylidae ، Tiphiidae ، Chrysididae ، Formicidae ، Mutillidae ، Crabronidae و Pompilidae ﻛﻪ راﻳﺞ ﺗـﺮ و ﻳـﺎ داراي ﻧﻘـﺶ ﺑﺎرزﺗﺮي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ، اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . واژ ه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ، Aculeata ، اﻳﺮان، ﺷﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ، ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ، زﻧﺒﻮر. راﺳــﺘﻪ ي ﺑــﺎل ﻏﺸــﺎﻳﻴﺎن ( Hymenoptera ) از ﻣﻔﻴــﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ و ﻣﻬﺎر آﻓﺎت ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﺣﺸﺮات در ﺗﺪ اوم ﺗﻌﺎدل اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫـﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ و دارﻧﺪ، ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪرت ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳـﻚ ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ از دﻳﺪﮔﺎه ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ اﺳﺖ . اﻏﻠﺐ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي اﻳـﻦ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ . ﺗـﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﺣـﺪود 1050 ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ از اﻳـﻦ راﺳـــﺘﻪ ﺑـــﻪ ﻋﻨـــﻮان ﺷـــﻜﺎرﮔﺮ، اﻧﮕـــﻞ واره ( parasitoid ) و ﮔــﺮوه در اﻳــﺮان ﮔــﺰارش ﺷــﺪه اﺳــﺖ . در اﻳــﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟــﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﮔﺮده اﻓﺸﺎن در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ آﻓﺎت ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ و اﻓـﺰاﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از اﻳﻦ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫـﺎ ﻛـﻪ داراي ﻧﻘﺸـﻲ وﻳـﮋه در ا ﻳـﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت زراﻋﻲ و ﺑﺎﻏﻲ ﻣﺆ ﺛﺮاﻧﺪ . راﺳﺘﻪ ي ﺑﺎل ﻏﺸﺎﻳﻴﺎن ﺑﻪ دو زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ اﺷﺎره و ﻣﺜﺎل ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در اﻳـﺮان زﻳﺮراﺳـــﺘﻪ ي Symphyta و Apocrita ﺗﻘﺴـــﻴﻢ ﻣـــﻲ ﺷـــﻮد . اراﺋــﻪ ﻣــﻲ ﺷــﻮد . ﺧــﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫــﺎﻳﻲ از اﻳــﻦ ﮔــﺮوه ﻛــﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠــﻖ ﺑــﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺮراﺳﺘﻪ ي اول ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻫﻤﮕـﻲ ﮔﻴـﺎه ﺧﻮارﻧـﺪ، وﻟـﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺧــﺎﻧﻮاده ي Apoidea ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ و در ﮔــﺮده اﻓﺸــﺎﻧﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫــﺎن ﺑﻴﺶ از 80 % ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺮراﺳـﺘﻪ ي دوم از ﺣﺸـﺮات و دﻳﮕـﺮ ﻧﻘﺶ دارﻧﺪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﻧﻴﺴﺖ . ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. در زﻳﺮراﺳـﺘﻪ ي Apocrita دو ﮔـﺮوه Parasitica و Aculeata ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ . ﮔﺮوه Parasitica ﺷﺎﻣﻞ -1 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ي Vespidae ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ز ﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ اﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫـﺎي ﻧﺴـﺒﺘﺎً ﺑـﺰرگ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫـﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﺣـﺪود 5000 ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ و ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺟﻬﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . از اﻳـﻦ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ﺣـﺪود 190 ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ از ﻣﻬﻤﻲ از ﭘﺮوژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ آﻓﺎت ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳﻦ اﻳﺮان ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Ebrahimi & Carpenter, 2008) ﮔﺮوه از زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . ﮔﺮوه Aculeata از اﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻨﺲ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘـﺮاﻛﻨﺶ وﺳـﻴﻊ و ﻓﺮاواﻧـﻲ زﻳـﺎد ﻛﻢ ﺗﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي اﻳـﻦ ﮔـﺮو ه اﺷﺎره ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . 60 اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻤﻲ : زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي Aculeata و ﻧﻘﺶ آﻧﺎن در ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ و ... ﺟﻨﺲ Vespa Linnaeus, 1758 ﻧﺎرﻧﺠﻲ اﺳـﺖ، وﻳـﮋه ي ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻨـﻮﺑﻲ ﺗـﺮ و ﮔﺮﻣﺴـﻴﺮ ﻛﺸـﻮر ﮔﻮﻧــﻪي .Vespa orientalis L - ﻳﻜــﻲ از ﮔﺴــﺘﺮده ﺗــﺮﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ . اﻳﻦ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم زﻧﺒﻮرﻫـﺎي ﻛﺎﻏﺬﺳـﺎز ﻣﻌـﺮوف اﻧـﺪ و ﻧﻪﮔﻮ ﻫﺎي زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎ در اﻳـﺮان اﺳـﺖ ودر ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ ي ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ اﻳـﺮان ﻛﻨﺪوﻳﻲ ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ ﻣـﻲ ﺳـﺎزﻧﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ اي ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ زﻳـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﺰ ﺳـﻮاﺣﻞ درﻳـﺎي ﺧـﺰر ﮔﺴـﺘﺮش دارد ( & Ebrahimi ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ي درﺧﺘﺎن ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻜـﺎن ﻫـﺎي دراﻣـﺎن از ﺑـﺎران ﻣﺘﺼـﻞ Carpenter, 2012 ). داراي زﻧــﺪﮔﻲ اﺟﺘﻤــﺎﻋﻲ اﺳــﺖ و در ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . اﻳﻦ زﻧﺒﻮر اﻧﻮاع ﺣﺸﺮات، ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﻻروﻫﺎي ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎ ﺧﺎك ﻳﺎ ﺣﻔﺮه ﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻛﻨﺪو ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎزد . زﻧﺒﻮرﻫـﺎي ﻛـﺎرﮔﺮ را ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻐﺬﻳ ﻪ ﻧﻮزادان ﺷﻜﺎر ﻛﺮده و ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺪو ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ .ﻛﻨﺪ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮاد آﻟﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ را ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ي ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ (Rabb (1960 در ﻣﻮرد ﺳﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از اﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻧﻮزادان ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺪو ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ . اﻳﻦ زﻧﺒﻮر در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﻛﺎروﻟﻴﻨﺎي ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ، 95 درﺻﺪ از ﺷﻜﺎر زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎ، ﻻروﻫـﺎي اﻳﺮان ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺎم زﻧﺒـﻮر ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ و زﻧﺒـﻮر ﺧﺮﻣـﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻌـﺮوف اﺳـﺖ و ﺑﺎل ﭘﻮﻟﻚ داران ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﮔﺎﻫﻲ در ﺻﻮرت اﻓـﺰاﻳﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان آﻓـﺖ ﺧﺮﻣـﺎ و ﺟﻨﺲ Delta de Saussure 1855 دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻴﻮه ﻫﺎي ﺷـﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻄـﺮح ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮد و ﺑﻌﻀـﺎً ﺑـﺮاي ﻣـﺮدم اﻳﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺑـﻪ زﻳﺮﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ي Eumeninae ﺗﻌﻠـﻖ دارد و اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﺰاﺣﻤﺖ ﻣﻲ .ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗــﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﭘــﻨﺞ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ از آن از اﻳــﺮان ﮔــﺰارش ﺷــﺪه اﺳــﺖ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪي (.Vespa crabro (L - اﻳــﻦ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ از ﻧﻈــﺮ ﺟﺜــﻪ ( Ebrahimi & Carpenter, 2008 ) ﻛــﻪ ﮔﺴــﺘﺮده ﺗــﺮﻳﻦ و ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ي ﻗﺒﻞ و ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﻲ درﺷـﺖ ﺗـﺮ از آن ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻓﺮاوان ﺗـﺮﻳﻦ آن ﻫـﺎ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ي (D. dimidiatipenne (de Sassure اﺳﺖ و ﻧﻘﺶ و ﻧﮕﺎر روي ﺷﻜﻢ آن ﻛﻤـﻲ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎوت اﺳـﺖ . از اﺳﺖ . اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ زﻧﺪﮔﻲ اﻧﻔـﺮادي دارد و زﻧﺒـﻮر ﻣـﺎدر ﻻﻧـﻪ اي ﻧﻈﺮزﻳﺴـﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻲ ﺷـﺒﻴﻪ V. orientalis اﺳـﺖ و در ﺳـﻮاﺣﻞ ﮔﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻦ و ﺧﺎك ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎزد و آن را ﺑﻪ ﺻﺨﺮه ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ دﻳﻮارﻫـﺎ درﻳﺎي ﺧﺰر ﮔﺴﺘﺮش دارد . و ﺳﻘﻒ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤ ﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ و ﺗﺨـﻢ ﺧـﻮد را ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ي .Vespula germanica F - اﻳـﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ در ﺗﻤـﺎﻣﻲ در آن ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ و ﻻرو ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ را در آن ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ . ﻧﻘــﺎط اﻳــﺮان و ﺑــﻪ ﻓﺮاواﻧــﻲ ﮔﺴــﺘﺮده اﺳــﺖ . داراي زﻧــﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﻮزادان ﭘﺲ از ﺧﺮوج از ﺗﺨﻢ از ﻻروﻫﺎي ﺟﻤـﻊ آوري ﺷـﺪه اﺟﺘﻤــﺎﻋﻲ اﺳــﺖ و در ﺧــﺎك ﻳــﺎ ﺣﻔــﺮه ﻫــﺎي ﻃﺒﻴﻌــﻲ ﻛﻨــﺪو ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ . ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ اﻳـﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ از اﻳـﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎزد . زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﻛـﺎرﮔﺮ ﺣﺸـﺮات ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ از ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﻻرو ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ آﻓﺎت ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺎزي ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ . ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ را ﺷﻜﺎر و ﺑﻪ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ . ﺣﺸـﺮات ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ از ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣ ﻞ اﻳﻦ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎ از ﻧﻜﺘﺎر ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ ﺷﻬﺪ ﮔﻞ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﻮاد ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛـﺮده و اﻳـﻦ ﻣـﻮاد و ﮔـﺎﻫﻲ و در ﮔﺮده اﻓﺸﺎﻧﻲ آﻧﺎن ﻧﻘﺶ دارﻧﺪ. ﺗﻜﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻮﭼـﻚ ﮔﻮﺷـﺖ و ﻣـﻮاد دﻳﮕـﺮ را ﺑـﺮاي ﺗ ﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ي ﺟﻨﺲ Eumenes Latreille 1802 ﻧﻮزادان ﺑـﻪ ﻛﻨـﺪو ﺣﻤـﻞ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ . اﻏﻠـﺐ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﺎم زﻧﺒـﻮر زرد ﻳﺎزده ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از اﻳﻦ ﺟـﻨﺲ از اﻳـﺮان ﮔـﺰارش ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ ﻣﻌﺮوف اﻧﺪ و ﮔﺎﻫﻲ در ﺑﺎغ ﻫﺎي اﻧﮕﻮر و در ﻗﺼـﺎﺑﻲ ﻫـﺎ ﺳـﺒﺐ ( Ebrahimi & Carpenter, 2008 ) ﻛـــﻪ ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪ ﻫـــﺎي ﻣﺰاﺣﻤﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ وﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪرت ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان آﻓـﺖ ﺧﻮدﻧﻤـﺎﻳﻲ E. dubius de ، E. mediterraneus Kriechbaumer ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ . Saussure و E. jarkandensis Blüthgen ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮي ﺟﻨﺲ Polistes Latreille, 1802 دارﻧﺪ . داراي زﻧﺪﮔﻲ اﻧﻔﺮادي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . زﻧﺒﻮر ﻣﺎدر ﻻﻧﻪ اي ﮔﻠﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ زﻳﺮﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ي Polistinae ﺗﻌﻠﻖ دارد ﻣـــﻲ ﺳـــﺎزد و آن را ﺑـــﻪ ﺻـــﺨﺮه ﻫـــﺎ ﻳـــﺎ دﻳﻮارﻫـــﺎ و ﺳـــﻘﻒ 11 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از اﻳﺮان ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮش را ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨـﺪ و ﺗﺨـﻢ ﺧـﻮد را در آن ﺑــﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴــﺐ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻫــﺎي (Polistes gallicus (Linnaeus ، ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ و ﻻرو ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﺳﻮﺳﻚ ﻫـﺎ را ﺑـﺮاي ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ي ﻻرو (P. dominula (Christ و P. iranus Guiglia دارﻧــﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﻻﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ . اﻳﻦ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎ در زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻧـﺎم ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ي (P. wattii (Cameron ، ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻼف ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻗﺒـﻞ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﻛﻮزه ﮔﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوف .اﻧﺪ .اﻧﺪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻟﻜﻪ ﻫﺎي زرد وﺳﻴﺎه، و ﺑﻪ رﻧـﮓ زرد ﻣﺎﻳـﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﺮﻣـﻲ ﺗـﺎ ﻣﻬﺎر زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، ﺟﻠﺪ دوم، ﺷﻤﺎره ي دو، ﺳﺎل 1393 61 ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺮﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ي Eumeninae ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي (Scolia ،Micromeriella hyalina (Klug ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪ ﻫـــﺎي ﺧـــﺎﻧﻮاده ي Vespidae را در ﺟﻬـــﺎن و اﻳـــﺮان turkestanica Betrem و S. flaviceps Eversmann از 41 درﺑﺮﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد ( ﺟﻨﺲ و ﺣﺪود 137 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ي ﮔـﺰارش ﺷـﺪه ﮔﻮﻧــﻪﻫــﺎي راﻳــﺞ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ و ﻫﻤﮕــﻲ در ﺣﻔــﻆ ﺗﻌــﺎدل ﻃﺒﻴﻌــﻲ از اﻳﺮان ) از ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﺣﺸﺮات ( ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﻻرو ﭘﺮواﻧـﻪ ﻫ ـ ﺎ و ﻻرو ﺳﻮﺳﻚ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺮم ﺳـﻔﻴﺪ رﻳﺸـﻪ ( ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ي Scarabaeidae ) ﺳﻮﺳﻚ ﻫﺎ) و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎن ( ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻨﻜﺒﻮت ﻫﺎ) ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ . ﻣﻮﺛﺮﻧﺪ و در ﺻﻮرت ﻟﺰوم، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ -2 ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ي Scoliidae ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻬﺎر آﻓﺎت ﻣﺬﻛﻮر را دارا ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴـﺪ ﺧـﺎرﺟﻲ ﻛـﺮم ﻫـﺎي -3 ﺧﺎﻧﻮادهي ( Sphecidae (sensu stricto ﺳﻔﻴﺪ رﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻻروﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه از اﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 735 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻬﺎن اﺳﺖ و در ﻗﺎب ﺑـﺎﻻن ( ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ي Scarabaeidae ) را ﻣـﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠـﻪ ﻗـﺮار اﻳــﺮان ﺗــﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﺣــﺪود 78 ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ از آن ﮔــﺰارش ﺷــﺪه اﺳــﺖ ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ . از اﻳ ﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺣـﺪود 560 ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ در ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺟﻬـﺎن Ebrahimi, 1999; 2005; 2008; 2013), (Fallahzadeh) ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Osten, 2005 ). ﻣﻮارد ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ آﻣﻴﺰي از (et al. , 2009 . ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻫــﺎي اﻳــﻦ ﺧــﺎﻧﻮاده ﺷــﻜﺎرﮔﺮ ﻻرو ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﺮم ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎل ﭘﻮﻟﻚ داران، راﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﻻن و ﻋﻨﻜﺒﻮت ﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . ﺟﻨﺲ ﻫـﺎ و ﺳـﻔﻴﺪ رﻳﺸـﻪ در ﻧﻴﺸــﻜﺮ در ﻫـﺎواﻳﻲ، ﺟﺰاﻳــﺮ ﻣﺎرﻳﺎﻧـﺎ و ﺟﺰﻳــﺮه ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ دارﻧﺪ: ﻣﻮرﻳﺲ ﮔـﺰارش ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ ( DeBach, 1964 ). در دﻫـﻪ ي ﺟﻨﺲ Ammophila Kirby, 1798 1920 ﻣــﻴﻼدي 15000 ﺣﺸــﺮه ي ﻛﺎﻣــﻞ از دو ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ از اﻳــﻦ ﺑﺰرگ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ اﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده اﺳﺖ وﺣﺪود 20 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺧــﺎﻧﻮاده در اﻳــﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤــﺪ آﻣﺮﻳﻜــﺎ ﻋﻠﻴــﻪ ﺳﻮﺳــﻚ ژاﭘﻨــﻲ از آن در اﻳــﺮان ﮔــﺰارش ﺷــﺪه اﺳــﺖ . ﺣﺸــﺮات ﻛﺎﻣــﻞ ﻻرو رﻫﺎﺳﺎزي ﺷـﺪ ( Krombein, 1948 ). از اﻳـﻦ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ﺣـﺪود ﺑﺎل ﭘﻮﻟﻚ داران ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮواز، ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫـﺎي Noctuidae 32 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از اﻳﺮان ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳـﺖ (Osten et al ., 2003) و Geometridae را ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺶ زدن ﻓﻠﺞ ﻛﺮده و ﺑﻪ ﻻﻧﻪ اي ﻛﻪ در ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺷﺎره ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . ﺧﺎك ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻣﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ و ﺗﺨـﻢ ﺧـﻮد را روي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ي (Megascolia maculata (Drury از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺪن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ و ﻻرو زﻧﺒﻮر ﭘـﺲ از ﺧـﺮوج از ﺗﺨـﻢ، از راﻳــﺞ اﻳــﻦ ﺧــﺎﻧﻮاده اﺳــﺖ و ﻣــﻲ ﺗــﻮان آن را از ﻧﻈــﺮ ﺟﺜــﻪ از ﻻرو ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ. ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي Ammophila heydenii ﺑﺰرگ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي اﻳﺮان داﻧﺴﺖ . در ﺑﺎغ ﻫـﺎ و ﻣﻜـﺎن ﻫـﺎﻳﻲ Dahlbom و (A. sabulosa (Linnaeus داراي ﮔﺴـــﺘﺮش ﻛﻪ ﻛﺮم ﻫـﺎي ﺳـﻔﻴﺪ رﻳﺸـﻪ ﺣﻀـﻮر دارﻧـﺪ ﮔـﺎﻫﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت وﺳﻴﻊ در ﻛﺸ ﻮر ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ در ﺣﺎل ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ در ﺧﺎك دﻳﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ .
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