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Chemistry of a Pseudomonas Glycopetide Demonstrating Rh₀ (D

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Chemistry of a Pseudomonas Glycopetide Demonstrating Rh₀ (D This dissertation has been 64—1274 microfilmed exactly as received LAZEN, Alvin Gordon, 1935- CHEMISTRY OF A PSEUDOMONAS GLYCOPEPTIDE DEMONSTRATING Rh0(D) SPECIFICITY. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1963 Bacteriology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan CHEMISTRY OF A PSEUDOMONAS GLYCOPEPTIDE DEMONSTRATING Rh0(D) SPECIFICITY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alvin Gordon Lazen, B.S. ****** The Ohio State University 1963 Approved by C r - Adviser Department of Microbiology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Science is only a part of life. A step forward in science— Just as a step forward in life— depends upon the help, encouragement, and understanding of many people. To those persons who have helped and encouraged me I wish to express my deep-felt gratitude: Dr. C. I. Randles for his patience and restraint in permitting me to find my own way, while being always willing to help; Dr. M. S. Rheins for his interest and encouragement; Drs. M. C. Dodd, N. J. Bigley, J. M. Blrkeland and other faculty members who helped me in many ways; George Hrubant who began this study; and to the many graduate students who shared this part of life with me. Financial support from the Ohio State Research Foundation and especially from the Muellhaupt Fellowship of the Graduate School was indispensable and appreciated aid during the course of my research. I am most grateful to my wife Lyla, who has provided all— help, encouragement, understanding, patience, support, and faith. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments..................................... 11 Tables ...................... lv Illustrations.................... vi Introduction......................................... 1 Literature Review ................................... 2 Materials and M e t h o d s ............................... 8 Experimental Results .......... 2H Discussion............................................ 55 S u m m a r y .............................................. 71 Bibliography ......................................... 73 Autobiography . .................. 79 iii TABLES Table Page 1. Comparison of the Organism Isolated from "Streamers" and Pseudomonas denltrlflcans . 12 2. Elemental Analyses of the Pseudomonas Glycopeptide Preparations ..................... 24 3. Folin and Ciocalteau Test of the Glycopeptide . 29 4. Results of Ninhydrin Tests for Amino Nitrogen . 30 5» Identification of Classes of Sugars by the Value OD 390- OD 421 mu in the Dische Cysteine Test ( 1 9 5 5 ) ................................... 37 6. Identification of Specific Aldohexoses by the Ratio OD 535/440 mp. in the Dische Carbazole Test ( 1 9 5 5 ) ................................... 39 7• Quantitation of Hexoses Present in the Glycopep­ tide by Means of Colorimetric Tests .......... 40 8. Calculation of Hexoses Present in the Glycopep­ tide as 50:50 Glucose:Galactose ........ 40 9. Glucostat Determination of Glucose Present in the Glycopeptide ............................. 41 10. Comparison of Hexosamines to a Spot Appearing in Chromatograms of Hydrolyzed Glycopeptide . 48 11. Comparison of Rf Values of Silver Nitrate-Reactive Spots on Paper Chromatograms Using Various Solvent Systems ............................... 49 12. Comparison of Rf Values of Ninhydrin-Reactlve Spots on Paper Chromatograms Using Various Solvent Systems ............................... 50 iv TABLES— Continued Table Page 13. Summary of Data on the Chemistry of the Pseudomonas Glycopeptide.. ...................... 60 14. Comparison of Elemental Analyses with Calculated Analyses for a CiyH28n2°12 Un i t ................. 63 v ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Platinum Shadow-Cast Electron Photomicrograph of Pseudomonas on collodion and carbon background Xl4,700 . .................................... 10 2. Platinum Shadow-Cast Electron Photomicrograph of Pseudomonas on collodion and carbon background *34, 400 . ..................................... 11 3. Isolation and Purification of the Pseudomonas Glycopeptide .................................. 17 4. Presence of Reducing Sugars During Acid Hydrolysis of the Pseudomonas Glycopeptide . 27 5. Ultra-Violet Absorption Spectra of the Glyco­ peptide and Known Sugars in the Ikawa and Niemann Test (1949)......................... 33 6. Absorption Spectra of the Glycopeptide and Known Sugars in the Dische Cysteine Test (1955) . 34 7* Absorption Spectra of the Glycopeptide and Known Sugars in the Dische Classifying Cysteine Test ( 1955 )............................... 36 8. Absorption Spectra of the Glycopeptide and Known Sugars in the Dische Carbazole Test (1955) • • 38 9. Absorption Spectra of the Glycopeptide, Glucose and Glucuronic Acid in the Dische Carbazole Test for Hexuronic Acids (1955) .............. 43 10. Paper Chromatogram of Glycopeptide Hydrolyzates and Known Carbohydrates ....................... 44 11. Partial Separation of the Glucose and Galactose Components of the Glycopeptide on Paper Chromatograms................................ 46 vi ILLUSTRATIONS— Continued Figure Page 12. Complete Separation of the Glucose and Galactose Components of the Glycopeptide on Paper Chromatograms .................................. 47 13. Determination of Reducing Sugars and Ninhydrin- Reactive Material in Samples of Eluate from a DEAE Cellulose Column ........................... 54 14. Possible Linkages of Amino Acids to the Carbo­ hydrate in the Glycopeptide..................... 65 15* Comparison of Sialic Acid, Muramic Acid and a Proposed Glycine-N-acetyl Glucosamine C o m p o u n d ........................................69 vii INTRODUCTION In the highly acidic waters flowing from coal mines in Southeastern Ohio was found an unusual biological phenomenon— an organism embedded in a tough slime and able to survive in waters of pH 2-3. The organism was isolated from the slime and studied in this laboratory to determine its general characteristics. Finally attention was directed to the slime material itself. Interest in the slime material was rewarded by the discovery that a preparation from the slime demonstrated serological specificity in the Rh0(D) human blood-group system. This discovery provided the initiative to determine the chemical composition of the slime material. It was the multiple purpose of this study to examine the organism producing the slime, isolate and purify the serologically active substance derived from the slime, determine its composition and structure and, if possible, relate the findings to an explanation of the ability of the glycopeptide to cross-react with Rh0(D) antibodies. 1 LITERATURE REVIEW In 1952* Temple and Koehler reported an unusual type of "streamer" growth In the acid effluent water from West Virginia coal mines. They described the streamer as fol­ lows : "it exists there as cream colored masses of filaments which are attached to any projection and form very long wavy streamers. These streamers are composed of bacteria con­ tained in a tough slime. A bacterium believed to be the one responsible for the streamers has been Isolated. In stationary media it forms a mucoid growth and in flowing media it forms streamers." Randles (1957) isolated an organism from mucoid streamer growth in acid mine-drainage water in Southern Ohio. Hrubant and Randles (1958) identified the Ohio streamer organism as a species of Pseudomonas and initiated nutritional studies directed toward determining the source of nutrients for the organism In its acid water environ­ ment. Prom these studies came the discovery that the bacterium required thiamine for growth. It was postulated that the thiamine might be derived from the thiobacilli also present In the acidic water. Demos and Randles (1959) continued the nutritional studies and investigated the conditions for optimum slime production. Results showed little specificity on the part of the Pseudomonas for either carbon or nitrogen source. The organism grew rapidly and produced slime material in profusion on media containing a number of simple monosaccharides and amino acids. In the course of the above studies it was discovered that the slime material produced by the Pseudomonas on laboratory media shared specificity with human Rh0(D) blood- group substance. The impetus to test the pseudomonas glyco­ peptide in a serological system with Rh antisera was derived from the coincidence of the postulation by Hrubant that neuraminic acid was a component of the "polysaccharide" and the success achieved by Dodd et al. (i9 6 0) in inhibiting Rh0(D) antibody with N-acetyl neuraminic acid and neuraminic acid-containing compounds. Hrubant did not confirm the presence of neuraminic acid but contributed valuable insights into the composition of the "polysaccharide" in the form of a negative Biuret test and positive reducing sugar tests. Dodd's work showed that the slime material was able to inhibit Rhc(D) antibody but not anti-Rh0(C), anti-E, antl-c, or anti-e sera. The "polysaccharide" was also shown to have Rh0(D) specificity by the production of a positive skin test when a dilute solution of the purified slime material was intradermally injected into a rabbit passively sensitized 24 hours earlier with anti-Rh0(D) serum. Later, Bigley et al. (1963) continued the studies of the glycopeptide and reported that the similarity of specificity of Rh0(D) antigen and the glycopeptide was demonstrable by the following: "(1) inhibition of anti-D agglutinins by Pseudomonas glycopeptide; (2) anti-Pseudomonas glycopeptide rabbit sera
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