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Black Ores" from Frobisher Bay, Northwest Territories"

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Black Ores Canadian Mineralogist Yol. 24, pp. 259-263(1986) PRECIOUSMETALS IN MARTINFROBISHER'S "BLACK ORES''FROM FROBISHER BAY, NORTHWESTTERRITORIES * DONALD D. HOGARTH,lND JOHN LOOP Ottowa-CarletonCentle for GeoscienceStudies, Department of Geology"University of Ottawa, Ottowa,Ontario KlN 6Ns ABSTRACT lesanalyses de plusgrosses quantites pourraient €tre dues i I'introductionaccidentelle de plomb argentifdre dans les During the second and third Frobisher expeditions to dchantillonsi traiter. Baffin Island and vicinity (1577and 1578),small assayfur- (Traduit par la R€daction) nacesfor control of exploration wereset up near the present community of Frobisher Bay and, back in England, larger Mots-cl4s:or, argent,Frobisher, lle deKodlunarn, absorp- furnacesinstalled in the London area for bulk assayof the tion atomique,essais €lisab6thains, Territoires du Nord- 3'black qre". Assayswere madeby lead-fusion extractions. Ouest,ile de Baffin. Parting was by HNO3 (small tests) and sulfidation of sil ver (large tests). The precious-metal determinations sug- gestedsilver potential, with Ag exceedingAu in weight and' INTRoDUcTIoN for most determinations,in contemporary monetary value. Twelve new analyses(by atomic absorption) show that the The first mines in Canada were the Frobisher 5-14 ppb Au "black ores" of Kodlunarn Island contain trenchesin and near Baffin Island. From these, 14@ 5-175 ppb AB, which are severalorders of magnitude and of prospectivegold ore werereturned to the lessthan those reported by MessrsSchutz, Burcott and tonnes Denhamin the l6th century. The discrepanciesare probably British Islesin 1577and 1578.The very first exca- due mainly to mistakes in analytical procedure by the vations were those of the Countessof Warwick mine Elizabethanassayers, althoueh appreciablesilver in the later on Kodlunarn Island, an 8-hectareislet near the Elizabethan bulk-assays may have been accidentally mouth of Frobisher Bay. Ore was taken from two introduced as argentiferous lead in the crucible charge. trenches:the "Ships Trench" neartidewater, which wascompleted inl577, and the "ReseryoirTrench" Keywords: gold, silver, Frobisher, Kodlunarn Island, nearthe centreofthe island,operated in 1578.After assays,Northwest Ter- atomic absorption, Elizabethan supplying 220 tonnes of ore, Countesseof ritories, Baffin Island. "The Warwick myne fayledbeing so hard stoneto breke" (Stefansson1938, vol. 2, p.70). SovrNalrns Considerableliterature, in scatteredsources, exists on the Frobisher voyagesand, fortunately, most has Au cours des deuxibmeet troisidme expdditions de Fro- beenassembled by Stefansson(1938). Official papers bisherd I'ile de Baffin et aux r6gionsavoisinantes' en 1577 of the Cathay Company, which was assigned to et 1578,des petits fourneaux pr€ws pour essais,afin de operatethe mines, are preseryedin the Public Record guider I'exploration, furent construits prbs du village actuel Office, London, and a copy of about l8Z, made de Frobisher Bay. Des fours i plus girandecapacit6 furent for Craven Ord, is kept in the British Library (MS-l' pour I'analysedu install& dansla rfuion de Londres "mine- A ship's log of the third voyage was grossesquantitds. Les essaisse faisaient par references). rai noir" en published (1981).However, until 1984, fusion avecdu plomb et s6parationpar acide nitrique (tests by Kenyon d petite €chelle) et par sulfuration de I'argent (tests e plus few mining or geological data were available on this grande 6chelle).Les ddterminations desteneurs en m6taux interesting occurrenceof historical interest. A petro- prdcieux montraient un potentiel pour de I'argent, qui sur- graphic description of a single specimen of passartI'or en poids et, dansla plupart descas, en valeur amphibole-rich"black ore" has beenpublished by mondtaired l'€poque. Douze nouvellesanalyses par absorp- Roy (1937), and the geology was summarizedby tion atomiquemontrent que le "minerai noir" de I'ile de Blackadar (1967). ppb Kodlunarn contient de 5 d 14 ppb d'or et de 5 d 175 In 1983and 1985the Departmentof Indian Affairs qui est inf6rieur de plusieurs ordres de gran- d'argent, ce and Northern Developmentsponsored a study of the deur valeurs rapport&s par messieursSchutz, Burcott aux conductedunder et Denham au seizibmesibcle. Le ddcalageserait d0 e des mining and metallurgical activities erreursdans les procdduresanalytiquc 6lisabdthaines,quoi- Martin Frobisher.This involvedboth sitevisits and que la pr6senced'une quantit6 appr6ciabled'argent dans laboratory studies.The local geologywas described by Hogarth & Gibbins (1984)'and an updatedclas- sification of the "black ores" was given by Hogarth *Publication 01-86 of the Ottawa - Carleton Centre for (1985).The presentarticle is a continuation ofthis GeoscienceStudies. project. 2s9 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article-pdf/24/2/259/3445989/259.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 260 THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST IABIiE I. MM I6I3.CEIIIIRY ASSAYS CF ROCK FRd IlE ROBISf,ET BAi AREA M. hts Aaaayer6 F@ace site saEpla ft. Aaaay (ppu).* kf6reac6B (ks) as A! reb.12,1578. J. scbrtz h tlot€r.s bt@ l@ !8@ 138 Stef@ao! (1938),2, p. 126 r€b. 21, t578 Dr. tucott Dr. Burcott'a ho@e 50 1530 3O5 stefssoa <L938t, 2, p. L27 Peb.2!,1578 h. Eurcott Dr. Burcottrs h@e 0.5 1160 398 gtaf,@s@ (1938), 2,'p. 129 Feb.2l,1578 Dr. Surcott h. Eorcott's hou€ 50 1570 398 st€feaoo (f938),2, p. f29 kf,. 8, 1578 J. Schutr h lllErer's hode l@ 1950 80 stef@s@ (r9$),2, p. 131 k. 24, 1578 J. Schutz ra Iflnterta ho@ l@ 1520 52 gtef@s@ ( f 938), 2, p. 151 Feb. 20, 1578 J. schut, h rtnterrs bo86 2OO l2l0 72 Fl, fol. 80Bt fr$"3, fol. l2A Feb. 17, 1579 J. shutu Danford 500 1060 36 8t€f,@a@ ( 1934), 2, p. f50 -, 1579 J. Scl$t, hrtford 16000 623 7 Fl, fok. 8lY - 8ZR &R.ktu r All t!rt6 ae gle@ aqcoilttg to llre tro gtyle cel€oals. d [1 @says er6 s6@d oilgt@llt Fponed ln Loy mceB Fr long roo. ELTZABETHANAssays The assayswere made by lead fusion. Silver was parted with HNO3 (MS-I, -2). Little is known of A brick-lined assayfurnace was setup on Kodlu- the assays.The "Book of Register" of the third narn Island in 1577 and was operated by Jonas voyage,mentioned three times in Edward Fenton's Schutzand two assistants.It wasrebuilt in 1578,and journal (Kenyon 1981),was apparentlylost on the additional furnaceswere installed, one on the south homewardvoyage MS-3). However,after appraisal side of Frobisher Bay, oppositeKodlunarn Island, of the field assays,Robert Denham noted that the and another on the north side, to the northeastof overall lading of the third voyage could be expected the island. Robert Denhamand four assistantswere to run "almost an onseof gold in C I cwt] of ewer" assayerson this third voyage (MS-l). (MS-4). Furnacesin London producedthe first assaysfrom the secondvoyage. Precious metals were extracted by lead fusion and parted mainly with HNO3. td Giovano-Battista Agnello, a Venetian living in Lon- don, and Jonas Schutz and Burchard Kranick (a/. Dr. Burcott), two Saxonimmigrants, were the prin- cipal assayers. AJ ' ' The later and larger tests were made at the Dart- &r,/ ford metallurgical plant, which,operateddiscontinu- (ppb) -(r'./ o ously from December1578 to April 1579.Here also / Or.Burcott/2nd\oyoge gold and silver were extractedby lead fusion, but silver was separatedby sulfidation. Sulfur in the first large tests ("proffes") was provided by stibnite ,/ ("antimonie") from near Saltash,Cornwall. This l06 /^ wyoge method of parting was shown to be efficient by God- ,/2rd . a dard (1678)and was later usedat the DresdenMint / \^ and described by Percy (1880, p. 367-373)and J.Schulz Hoover & Hoover (1950,p.451452). After the stib- I -v nite supplygave out, it was replacedby pyrite from Newcastle ("marchasite") and rich copper ore \,/ ("copslighe") from the Mines Royal at Caldbeck, \/ Lake District. JonasSchutz and Dr. Burcott, along 3rndvoyoge with Robert Denham of London, were the principal assayers(Stefansson 1938, 2; MS-I, -3). l04 .\ Theseassays, i.e., thoseof Agnello, Schutz,Bur- \ cott and Denham, were characteristicallyhigh in pre- v ciousmetals, with silver commonly reportedin tens of ounces,and gold in ouncesper tonne. Even with l06 the high cost of mining, transportation and refin- As (ppb) ing, the ore wa$ thought to have potential to clear a handsomeprofit. Frc. l. Gold and silver concentrationin nine l6th<entury In contrast, some old analysesshowed very low assaysof rock specimensfrom the FrobisherBay area. precious-metalcontent. For example,Public Record Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article-pdf/24/2/259/3445989/259.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 PRECIOUS METALS IN "BLACK ORES" FROM FROBISHER BAY 26r Office manuscripts(Stefansson 1938, 2, pp. 83-84, t@ 88, l2l) givefour suchdeterminations, derived from the singlespecimen collecled in the first voyage.Two setsof samples,smuggled out of Englandto Spain, A.t one derived from the secondvoyage and the other aa from the third voyage,gave negligible gold and silver €rt) a (Hume 1894,pp. 567-569,595,6&-665).Assays of 1583made from two l@Jb samplesby William Wil- liams, assay-masterof the Tower of London (MS-7), producedsilver beads measuring 0.2 and 0.3 mm in aa diameter, equivalentto I and 3 ppb, respectively. A v) A QUANTITATIVE APPRAISAL OF THE HIGH.GRADE ELIZABETHAN ASSAYS Resultsof nine analyseswith parted gold and sil- ver, taken from the literature, are listed in Table I and plotted in Figure 1. Samples 1-7 probably representthe Countessof Warwick mine. Samples 8 and 9 are from unknown locations in the Frobisher Bay area.Assays, as reported,have been converted I lo loo (i.e., ppm, A^ t g /-r\ into metric equivalents in equivalentto H9 \L/ r ' g/tonne). It can be seenthat all samplesgave high precious-metalassays, with silverexceeding gold. If Frc.2. Gold andsilver values of assaysshown in Figure the weights are converted to monetary equivalents I givenin poundsper tonne. For symbols, see Figure l.
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