IFLA Article

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions 2019, Vol. 45(3) 233–245 Advancing scholarly publishing ª The Author(s) 2019 Article reuse guidelines: through biomedical sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI: 10.1177/0340035219846139 repositories: A knowledge journals.sagepub.com/home/ifl management perspective

Lisa Kruesi Monash University, Australia

Kerry Tanner Monash University, Australia

Frada Burstein Monash University, Australia

Abstract Scholarly publishing has undergone major changes over the past 50 years. Funder mandates and organisational reporting obligations have heralded the creation of open access repositories, such as institutional and subject repositories. This research draws upon the US PubMed Central (PMC) and Europe PMC, also known as PMC International, as a role model to inform the concept and opportunity for an Australasia open access biomedical repository. PMC International is a leader in making citations and research output, which link to research data, Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR). As repositories approach two decades of development, this paper reports on the potential for an Australasia open access biomedical repository through a knowledge management lens and explores the opportunities for future open access biomedical repositories.

Keywords Australasia, Europe PMC, evidence-based healthcare model, knowledge management, open access biomedical repositories, , PMC, PMC international, PubMed Central, scholarly publishing

Submitted: 19 January 2019; Accepted: 1 April 2019.

Introduction full-text biomedical research, making the results of Open access repositories worldwide have emerged as a the National Institutes of Health’s research openly trusted platform for accessing and managing scholarly and permanently available (Roberts, 2001). PubMed research output. In late 2000, institutional repositories linked to PMC makes research evidence in the bio- were set up in Australian universities to provide access medical sciences accessible throughout the world to research collections (Steele, 2013). In line with the (Williamson and Minter, 2019). US and Europe, in pursuing open access publishing, A decade later, PMC nodes were established in the requirement of key Australian funding bodies for Europe and Canada, forming the PMC International authors to publish the results of their research openly put the pressure on universities to manage this process using institutional repositories. Corresponding author: Lisa Kruesi, Monash University, Level7,BuildingH,Caulfield Another significant repository development Campus, 900 Dandenong Road, Caulfield East, Victoria VIC occurred in 2000, when the US PubMed Central 3145, Australia. (PMC) commenced as a of Email: [email protected] 234 IFLA Journal 45(3)

Figure 1. Chronology of scholarly publishing trends and developments (Compiled by L Kruesi).

(US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes Academic libraries throughout Australia spent of Health, 2018b). Whilst Australian university insti- approximately $282m in 2017 on access to subscrip- tutional repositories exist, the Australasia region lacks tion journals to support students, researchers and practi- a consolidated repository to make biomedical and tioners (Council of Australian University Librarians and health sciences research accessible, discoverable, Australasian Open Access Strategy Group, 2018). Over interoperable and permanently findable. the past decade, many academic libraries have needed to This paper reports on an investigation into the con- cancel subscriptions in order to free up funds for new cept and opportunity for establishing an open biome- titles. In addition to the struggle to maintain subscrip- dical repository in the Australasian region, such as a tions, library managers are required to sign contracts PMC repository, from a knowledge management that forbid them disclosing publisher fees (Sample, (KM) perspective. An Australasia PMC could poten- 2012) therefore the costs of the existing scholarly pub- tially include biomedical research output with an Aus- lishing system are not transparent. tralian, New Zealand and Pacific Islands focus. The Presently aggregator online library search plat- Evidence-based Healthcare (EBHC) pyramid is the forms that evolved from library catalogues are set model adopted to investigate the knowledge transfer up to adhere to publisher contracts. The library search and dissemination role of a PMC. systems lock down collections and databases using paywalls, ultimately restricting the access, reading, citing and translating of research into practice. Background For over 350 years, scholarly journal articles have Advancing scholarly publishing been the chosen means to disseminate new knowl- literature review edge, register research findings, review and certify results, preserve a record, add to the existing body This review highlights key research articles that of knowledge and act as a measure for determining explain and distinguish the roles of repositories pro- academic promotion (Fyfe et al., 2015). viding research output. The status of research reposi- Over the period from 1970 until the 1990s, there tories in Australia and the world perspective are was a shift from personal subscriptions towards summarized. Key research articles on PubMed and library-provided journal access (Tenopir and King, PMC’s evolution are included to give perspective on 1998). Around this time sales of large portfolios of their role in advancing scholarly publishing. electronic journal content sold through consortia arrangements to libraries was the major means to Repositories acquire research collections. Figure 1 provides a In early 2000, around the time of the Budapest Open chronology of scholarly publishing trends and devel- Access Initiative, the focus was on making peer- opments since 1970. reviewed scholarly journal articles accessible via the Kruesi et al.: Advancing scholarly publishing through open access biomedical repositories 235

Internet from institutional and subject repositories (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/), and RePEc such as PMC (Sequeira et al., 2001). By late 2000, (Research Papers in Economics http://repec.org/). in addition to journal articles, the content of books and book chapters, conference papers, theses, work- ing papers, preprints, learning objects and rich media Status ‘Down Under’ and world perspective files were becoming openly accessible from reposi- Library services in the medical sector are a small part tories. The fundamental goals of opening up research of a massive healthcare system in Australia that con- output relate to pursuing transparency of research sumes over $147bn a year (Australian Government methods, reusability of research processes, open com- Productivity Commission, 2015; Brooks, 2011). It is munication and public accessibility via the Internet currently difficult to report comprehensively on the (Gezelter, 2009). state of health sciences research output throughout A digital repository is a set of systems and services Australian universities, hospitals, medical institutes that ingest, store, manage, display, retrieve and allow and health care centres. Australian health practitioner reuse of digital objects (Pinfield et al., 2014). Institu- information is stored in silos and because of this doc- tions, subject communities and research funders pre- tors, nurses and allied health professionals make clin- dominantly set up repositories to provide access to ical decisions based on an array of sources (Four digital objects (Pinfield, 2009). Aggregators actively Corners ABC, 2015). Australia publishes on average harvest data from multiple sources such as reposi- 50,000 biomedical and health sciences research arti- tories, and make repositories searchable and available cles annually (Elsevier BV, 2017). Medical research in a uniform way (Przybyła et al., 2016). Open access consumes a significant investment of $5.9bn annually literature is content that is online, digital, free of of Australian public money (Research Australia, charges and without most of the copyright and licen- 2016). In 2007–2009, the Australian Government admi- sing restrictions (Suber, 2015). nistered the Australian Scheme for Higher Education A subject or disciplinary repository is defined as a Repositories (ASHER) programme, during which repository ‘that collects and provides access to the digital institutional repositories throughout Australian literature of a single subject or a set of related sub- universities received $26m. ‘Enhancing access to jects’ (Huber and Swogger, 2014: 71). According to research through the use of digital repositories’ was Bjo¨rk (2014), subject repositories may contain article the aim of ASHER, though at the time much of the metadata, as well as research data and full text of allocation was assigned to developing closed collec- scholarly publications which is available free of tions for the Excellence in Research Australia (ERA) charge and is searchable by web robots. project (Steele, 2013). Subject and national repositories help scholars to Regardless of the vast investment in establishing navigate the vast amount of knowledge, though insti- and operating repositories throughout Australia, most tutional repositories have been less successful as out- of the university repositories, according to the Direc- lets for this endeavour (Armbruster and Romary, tor of the Australian Open Access Strategy Group, 2009). Institutional repositories, such as those devel- achieve around 20–25% compliance with open access oped in Australia, do aggregate with the National mandates (Barbour, 2017). Europe PMC achieves Library of Australia’s repository TROVE. Most insti- much higher compliance with making research papers tutional repositories harvest quality metadata and full- openly available on behalf of their 29 research funders text articles from subject repositories such as Europe (e.g. Wellcome Trust reports compliance of around PMC. Repositories exist to provide value and rele- 80%) (Lariviere and Sugimoto, 2018). vance of research; they do not exist to archive every There is no government long-term funding for Aus- research output (Armbruster and Romary, 2009). tralian university institutional repositories and no An is a recognition that scho- oversight of their development at a national level larship of universities and organizations is in digital (Barbour, 2017). Heriyanto (2018) reports on the dif- form. An institutional repository is a means to make ficulties authors experience in complying with funder research output available to members of their commu- mandates. He explains that authors are confused by nities and the public (Huber and Swogger, 2014: 71). the concept of publication versions (e.g. preprint, post Examples of subject repositories that work effectively print, publisher versions) and this hinders their ability alongside institutional repositories, include ArXiv (an to submit publications to their institutional repository. open access e-prints repository in Physics, Mathe- Other challenges include low author motivation and matics, Computer Science, Quantitative Biology, limited participation in submitting content to institu- Quantitative Finance and Statistics) (arXiv.org), PMC tional repositories (Cullen and Chawner, 2011; Joo 236 IFLA Journal 45(3) et al., 2018). Fragmentation is another issue high- lighted in our recent research (Kruesi et al., 2019). For instance, a user locating a reference without the accompanying full-text article in an institutional repo- sitory may need to search in numerous repositories. This fragmentation creates flow on challenges with accessibility, discoverability, interoperability and per- manency (Kruesi et al., 2019). At a time when major world universities and insti- tutions are taking the initiative and developing an ‘open’ infrastructure, it is important to undertake studies on the open biomedical repositories to help Figure 2. PMC International landscape. guide the future direction for library services and the wider research ecosystem (Dizikes, 2016; Science 2001). The US NLM PMC is the parent site of Europe Europe, 2015). PMC. The purpose of Europe PMC, established in From 2006 onwards, major world institutions have 2007, is to expand the participation in the PMC repo- introduced open access mandates and plans, such as: sitory and add to the increasing corpus of open access Wellcome Trust (Wellcome Trust, 2006); research. PMC Canada was operational over the US National Institutes of Health (US Depart- period 2009–2018, as another child site of the US ment of Health and Human Services, National PMC. Institutes of Health, 2008); The most successful repositories are disciplinary or NHMRC (National Health and Medical national in scope rather than institutional repositories Research Council (Australia), 2018); (Poynder, 2016). Two Australian PhD studies (Ken- ARC (Australian Research Council, 2013); nan, 2008; Kingsley, 2010) traced the open access European Union (Science Europe, 2015); scholarly publishing transformation over recent cOAlition S, (cOAlition S, 2019). decades and the role of institutional repositories. Whereas Kennan’s research focused on the introduc- In 2015, the importance of Findable, Accessible, tion of institutional repositories, Kingsley raised the Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR) data and research need for institutional repositories to ‘adapt dramati- output principles were established by a group at a cally’ in order for the academic community to adopt workshop in Leiden in the Netherlands and later them into practice and suggested the alternative is for adopted by major world bodies (cOAlition S, 2019). communities to develop subject-based repositories (Kingsley, 2010: 210). PubMed and PMC PubMed is an openly accessible aggregator data- The US National Library of Medicine (NLM), creator with over 29.2 million biomedical literature cita- of PubMed, established an open biomedical and life tions from MEDLINE, life science journals, and sciences repository of freely accessible full-text jour- online books (see Figure 2). PubMed citations may nal literature, PMC, in 2000. PubMed is an aggregator include links to full-text, peer reviewed articles that database, the precursor of which was the printed Index are accessible from the repository PMC. Medicus that began in 1879 (Greenberg and Galla- PMC is a free repository of biomedical and life gher, 2009). PMC, as an open biomedical repository, sciences journal literature. PMC was an initiative of enables the publications resulting from the funded the Nobel laureate NIH Director, Harold Varmus, set research of the National Institutes of Health, the up in 2000 (Sequeira et al., 2001; US National Library Health Research Alliances (75 non-profit research of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 2011). funders) and other private and international partners PubMed and MEDLINE, and PMC as a subset of to be openly and permanently available from the PubMed, all of which are part of the Entrez series of NLM’s website (US National Library of Medicine, repositories, is one of the world’s largest and freely National Institutes of Health, 2018b). available biomedical databases (Yoo and Marinov, According to Richard Roberts, executive editor of 2010). Healthcare practitioners rely on PubMed as the journal, Nucleic Acids Research and Nobel Prize an important and trusted digital biomedical library winner for medicine in 1993, the goal of PMC is not to (Nankivell et al., 2001). A major ‘objective of the replace the journal. The objective of a PMC is to databases is to make the path from basic research distribute knowledge as widely as possible (Roberts, findings to clinical applications as smooth as Kruesi et al.: Advancing scholarly publishing through open access biomedical repositories 237 possible’ (McEntyre and Lipman, 2001: 1319; US registries. It could consolidate biomedical research National Library of Medicine, 2018). The ‘tentacles’ findings and provide an outlet for linking research and of PubMed are far reaching, with at least 28 by- data to clinical outcomes. The core of an Australasia products of PubMed existing to optimize searching PMC could potentially be PubMed, US PMC and of this resource, to help create meaning when extract- Europe PMC. There are various options available to ing results from the 29 million plus bibliographic populate an Australasia PMC. Harvesting citations records (Lu, 2011). PMC is dependent upon PubMed from existing repositories and inviting Australasian for bibliographic metadata. In 2019, there are over 5.2 researchers to deposit their research papers directly million articles in PMC. in an Australasia PMC are options for consideration. In 2018, PMC Canada ceased operation and insti- An Australasia PMC could be a permanent repository tutional repositories took over the management of of a high standard for now and into the future. author submissions. Europe PMC in contrast to PMC Canada continues to expand functionality and con- tent. In 2018 Europe PMC was one of the few repo- Research design sitories that has most of the technical requirements This research is the basis of an exploratory study on specified by the open access publishing initiative Plan the establishment of an Australasia open access bio- S (cOAlition S, 2019). In addition, many of the medical repository. Based on action research com- cOAlition S funders use Europe PMC as their reposi- menced in 2016, the intervention is PMC tory for managing their publication outputs from life International, as a role model open access biomedical science funding projects (Europe PMC, 2019). repository. Knowledge management (KM) theory underpins the research on the concept and opportunity for an Australasia PMC repository. In addition, the Statement of the problem Evidence-Based Healthcare (EBHC) pyramid is the Even though funding bodies such as the NHMRC and model adopted to investigate the biomedical knowl- the ARC have open access mandates, less than 50% of edge transfer and dissemination role of a PMC. their funded research outputs are accessible as open The study comprises three cycles. The first action access articles from Australian institutional reposi- cycle identified significant interest in an investigation tories. A repository such as Europe PMC, in contrast on an Australasia PMC (Kruesi, 2018). This paper is to PMC Canada, has achieved open access compli- based on the second research cycle, which adopts KM ance rates of 80% on behalf of their funders such as theory to develop a conceptual design for an Austra- Wellcome Trust (Lariviere and Sugimoto, 2018). lasia open access biomedical repository. During the In the Australasia region, there has not been a con- third and final cycle KM theoretical models will be certed effort to address the problems of fragmenta- used to guide and evaluate the functional design for a tion, accessibility, discoverability, interoperability potential Australasia open biomedical repository and permanency of biomedical research output system. (Kruesi et al., 2019). An Australasia PMC Working Group comprising librarian members from Australian and New Zealand major universities, set up in 2016, is KM theory and the EBHC model providing advice and feedback on an Australasia KM systems aim at getting the right knowledge to the PMC investigation. right user and using this knowledge to improve orga- An Australasia PMC could be a biomedical nizational and/or individual performance (Jennex regional repository to access research output and a et al., 2009). A set of techniques and technologies for means to demonstrate the value and impact of the getting the most out of knowledge resources under- annual investment in health care by Australians (Aus- pins the KM system architecture (Becerra-Fernandez tralian Government Productivity Commission, 2015). and Sabherwal, 2015). There is a prolific amount of An Australasia PMC could mirror and contribute to research literature on KM with a focus on achieving other world PMCs and potentially include biomedical competitive advantage for organisations (Argote and research output with an Australian, New Zealand and Ingram, 2000; Halawi et al., 2005; Ma˚rtensson, 2000). Pacific Islands focus. It could apply to become a Based on a thorough search of the literature and ‘child’ of the US PMC. The research output in an discussions with leaders in healthcare, biomedical Australasia PMC could include openly available jour- research and open access fields, there are no previous nal literature, preprints, guidelines, conference pro- academic studies on the concept, viability and poten- ceedings, reports, patents, books, images and could tial for an Australasia PMC repository from a KM link to research data, such as the world clinical trial perspective. A vast amount of academic research on 238 IFLA Journal 45(3)

Table 1. Summary of KM process models aligned with biomedical research activities.

References Knowledge management processes

Grouping 1. 2. 3. 4.

Nonaka (1994) Socialization Externalization Combination Internalization Alavi and Leidner Creation Storage and retrieval Transfer Application (2001) Becerra-Fernandez Discovery Capture Sharing Application and Sabberwal, (2015) Maier (2007) Discovery Publication Collaboration Learning

Biomedical research activities

NHMRC (Australia) Conception, planning and Data collection, processing, Dissemination of Translation of (2016) commencement of the analysis, storage and results and data research research management access Kramer and Bosman Preparation, discovery and Writing and publication Outreach Assessment (2017) analysis more generic open access publishing and repositories Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), is available. 2016) and preparation and analysis (Kramer and Bos- KM is concerned with the discovery of tacit and man, 2016) are key activities in knowledge discovery explicit knowledge from data and information or from and creation processes. the synthesis of prior knowledge (Becerra-Fernandez KM processes align with biomedical knowledge and Sabherwal, 2015: 59). The discovery activity of creation activities. For example, there is correlation research involves iterations of searching and reading of the KM storage and retrieval processes with the (Kramer and Bosman, 2017). biomedical research activities: data collection, pro- Four groupings of KM processes are summarised cessing, analysis, storage and management (National in Table 1. Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), The groupings are based on KM theory and their 2016) in addition to writing and publication (Kramer alignment with biomedical research activities, as and Bosman, 2017). defined by the Australian National Health and Medi- KM processes provide the theoretical perspective for cal Research Council (NHMRC) and the authors Bos- this research. KM processes are fundamental to devel- man and Kramer (Kramer and Bosman, 2016; oping worldopen biomedical research systems. Accord- National Health and Medical Research Council (Aus- ing to Tuomi (1999), when we explicitly address tralia), 2016). Each of the knowledge creation modes processes that underpin the establishment of shared identified by Nonaka (1994) is vital to the transforma- understanding, it is then we develop KM systems. tion of research by health practitioners, industry, or KM processes are important throughout key consumers to adopt the findings as knowledge. A research activities (Saito et al., 2007). The conduct social process, which often involves checking with of clinical trials is a major biomedical research activ- other practitioners and gaining insight from a range ity that requires registration of data and report plan- of sources occurs to form part of a ‘mindline’, the ning at an early stage of the research. KM is knowledge in context that is used in practice. This concerned with data, when knowledge discovery social activity underpins the constant and repeated occurs through data mining techniques, and biomedi- process to transform research into knowledge (Gab- cal repositories are becoming a major means to bay and le May, 2010: 102). manage and disseminate research data (Becerra- Information systems that support collaboration, Fernandez and Sabherwal, 2015: 40). coordination and communication processes can In addition, the Evidence-Based Healthcare increase a researcher’s contact with colleagues. These (EBHC) pyramid model, developed by Haynes information systems underpin knowledge creation (2001, 2006), is the lens adopted to explain the use activities (Alavi and Leidner, 2001). Conception, of biomedical repositories for retrieval of quality planning and commencement of research (National research findings. Kruesi et al.: Advancing scholarly publishing through open access biomedical repositories 239

Figure 3. Evidence-Based Healthcare (EBHC) pyramid.

PMC predominantly comprises individual, primary Discussion research studies that are the foundation of the EBHC The United Nations International Scientific Informa- pyramid. For example, Europe PMC, when accessed tion System (UNISIST) model of scientific and tech- on 26 October 2017, comprised 4.4 million articles of nical communication is an example of a proposed which 430,168 were reviews, 11,060 were books and universal international communication structure. documents, and the remainder were primary studies Authors who have reviewed the UNISIST model (Europe PMC, 2017). The primary studies form a argue that national or regional information substruc- pyramid within the EBHC pyramid (Figure 3). The tures exist, and it is important to consider regional studies hierarchy commences with laboratory developments in particular, when US databases are research, followed by expert opinion in the form of developed based on US standards and culture (Fjord- case reports and case series, case-control studies, back Søndergaard et al., 2003). Development of a cohort studies, randomized controlled trials (RCT) regional open access repository presents an opportu- and has systematic reviews and meta-analyses above nity to address the imbalance, such as the bias of the individual studies (Petrisor and Bhandari, 2007; indexing language and focus on local systems design Sackett, 2000; Shaneyfelt, 2016). RCTs are the gold standard in clinical research, based on a rigorous needs. methodology that helps to eliminate bias (Grimes and The need for archiving and making openly acces- Schulz, 2002). Primary studies, based on the EBHC sible national and regional substructures of research model, are located at the bottom of the pyramid (Fig- output is evidenced by the establishment of Europe ure 3). The pyramid is the model adopted to explain PMC in 2007, followed by PMC Canada in 2009 the biomedical knowledge transfer and dissemination (Figure 2), as PMC International (Europe PMC Con- role of a PMC. sortium, 2015; National Research Council Canada, Progressing beyond systematic reviews in the pyr- 2017). In 2018, PMC Canada ceased operation, alle- amid, the next level includes synopses, such as criti- ging that institutional repositories could replace their cally appraised primary studies. Continuing upwards role. In Australia not all institutional repositories in the pyramid evidence-based guidelines, and then achieve satisfactory levels of compliance; they have synthesized summaries (evidence-based textbooks) no coordinating authority and often suffer from lack and systems are at the apex. The apex represents the of resources (Council of Australian University Librar- integration of evidence within hospital clinical deci- ians, 2017). sion systems, which along with digitized patient PMC Canada commenced in 2009, as a service health records help to achieve individualized health- within the Canadian Institute for Health Research care. Knowledge synthesization is not typically (CIHR). In 2010, CIHR lost 60% of their staffing included in generic KM processes though is essential during a restructure. For several years though there for users of a PMC. were at least 20 employees assigned to PMC Canada. 240 IFLA Journal 45(3)

Table 2. Top six open access repositories with health and in their collection (Loan and Sheikh, 2016). Open- medicine content based on record count. DOAR states their focus is on sites that embrace open access to full-text resources for an academic audience. Metadata The top six OpenDOAR repositories based on record Name records Full text count of health and medicine content is summarized 1. Europe PMC 35 million 5.2 million in Table 2. Of these top six repositories, it is important 2. PMC 28 million 5.2 million to note that even though they are individual reposi- 3. German Medical Science 77,496 77,496 tories in OpenDOAR, some of the repositories contain 4. bioRxiv 40,558 40,558 duplicate content, such as Europe PMC, being a mir- 5. APO: Analysis & Policy 38,626 16,372 ror site of the US PMC and bioRxiv (a biological Observatory sciences preprint repository) that is discoverable from 6. LENUS (Irish Health Resources) 29,082 29,082 the Europe PMC repository. The Analysis & Policy Observatory (number five in the list) is a multidisci- In the later years of PMC Canada, there were signif- plinary repository, with a focus on public policy research, that includes medical and health content. icant staff reductions. Information technology (IT) LENUS (number six in the list) is the Irish Health staff were lost and IT service was devolved to central Research repository and according to their website services, constraining the maintenance and develop- is the leading source for Irish research in health and ment of PMC Canada. There were major difficulties social care. The opportunity to complement, collabo- with KM processes associated with the creation, stor- rate and standardize services between regional open age, retrieval, transfer and application of knowledge. access biomedical repositories, in addition to institu- For example, creation of records in PMC Canada was tional repositories, is essential for the future (Dr Stee- difficult for researchers due to an antiquated submis- vens’ Library, n.d.). sion system and confusion with processes such as the One of the authorities for the German Medical Sci- alternative avenues for depositing their articles in ence site advised that this resource was not a reposi- either PMC Canada, the US PMC or Canadian insti- tory; however, the German open access biomedical tutional repositories. There was no collaboration repository is the Repository for Life Sciences which between PMC Canada and Europe PMC. Most of the has 9395 metadata records and the same amount of communication with the US PMC was for technical full text (ZB Med Information Centre for Life support (Landa, 2017). Sciences, 2018). The OpenDOAR health and medi- In the planning for the development of an Austra- cine repositories reveal a wide lack of standardization lasia PMC, the current research is building on the within the field of open biomedical repositories foundation of KM theory. A thorough understanding worldwide. The Table 2 figures are from the reposi- of knowledge processes and their related biomedical tory website or a contact working for the repository or research activities is informing the design of such a the OpenDOAR database entry for the repository; repository. It is anticipated that this systematic anal- January 2019 is the date of the figures. ysis will help avoid some of the operational chal- The open science movement has gained significant lenges experienced by PMC Canada. momentum over the past two decades. During this The Directory of Open Access Repositories (Open- time, institutional and disciplinary repositories have DOAR) ‘is a quality-assured global directory of aca- significant KM process roles throughout the biomedi- demic open access repositories’ (University of cal knowledge creation stages of discovery, creation, Nottingham (UK), 2019). OpenDOAR provides infor- representation, storage, retrieval, transfer and applica- mation on sites that fully embrace open access to full- tion (Kruesi et al., 2018). There are further opportu- text resources that are of use to academic researchers; nities for repositories to work together to achieve the sites that require authentication and are metadata only FAIR principles. are not included. A search of OpenDOAR on the sub- Plan S, an initiative for open access publishing, ject, ‘Health and Medicine’ returns a listing of 359 open released in 2018 and supported by cOAlition S, repositories. Of these repositories, 45 are disciplinary; requires that from 2020, scientific publications result- this grouping includes PMC and Europe PMC. Within ing from research funded by public grants, be pub- the disciplinary grouping PMC and Europe PMC pro- lished in journals or platforms that are open access vide vastly more metadata and full text content than the compliant (cOAlition S, 2019). Europe PMC fully other 43 repositories in the disciplinary category. supports the mission of Plan S to drive universal open The majority of the databases in OpenDOAR are access for research articles (Europe PMC, 2019). institutional, though these have fewer than 5000 items Many of the cOAlition S funders use Europe PMC Kruesi et al.: Advancing scholarly publishing through open access biomedical repositories 241 as their repository for deposit of their publication out- KM processes can inform the design for a success- puts from publicly funded biomedical projects. Eur- ful regional or national repository such as an Austra- ope PMC meets all the requirements outlined in the lasia PMC; this will be tested in the third cycle of this implementation plans and points out that this action research. According to senior staff from the approach provides the best opportunity for discovery, National Library of Australia, KM process principles interoperability and reuse of the full-text content of were a key reason for the success of their legal deposit research articles, and therefore contributes effectively online system. Senior National Library of Australia to open science (Europe PMC, 2019). staff indicated the balance of technology, people, con- Over 600 organizations have responded to Plan S tent and process were essential to the legal deposit from over 40 countries (cOAlition S, 2019). One of system that is being implemented throughout the the responses from the United Kingdom Council of National and State libraries in Australia. Research Repositories (UKCORR) (2019) raises con- In November 2018, the Council of Australian Uni- cerns over the potential for Plan S to marginalize. versity Librarians (CAUL) and the Australasian Open UKCORR (2019) argues: Access Strategy Group’s (AOASG) submission on establishing a strategic approach to open scholarship Open access repositories add to the diversity of open was recognized in a report by a Standing Committee research platforms and should therefore be nurtured and on Employment, Education and Training. According supported by funding bodies to become an essential to Ginny Barbour (2018), AOASG Director: component of the scholarly communication landscape. Failure to do so will exclude a large proportion of ‘APC we should publish research as a fully interconnected, poor’ authors from their participation in scholarly dis- purposefully designed, equitable, global scholarly eco- course, as well as inhibit the growth and exposure of system supported by a wide variety of open access pub- high-value grey research literature. lishing models, underpinned by sophisticated linking of well-curated, interoperable research articles and other The vast majority, if not all, Australasian reposi- outputs, including data and software. tories at present do not comply with the technical requirements of Plan S. Nevertheless, Europe PMC The emphasis is on removing barriers to the effec- is one of the few repositories that does comply with tive dissemination of knowledge. Plan S and its adoption in the Australasia region Evidence exists of the success and pervasive nature would be a means to achieve immediate open access of PMC International as a repository. Reports include to publications from publicly funded research. PMC being able to satisfy funder requirements to AmeliCA’s (Ameli, open Knowledge for Latin publish open access articles within 12 months or ear- America and the Global South) goal is to achieve a lier (Lariviere and Sugimoto, 2018). Other evidence non-commercial open access, multi-institutional plat- of Europe PMC International’s effectiveness is evi- form to develop technology and generate knowledge dent from the ongoing development of system fea- (AmeliCA, 2019). In Australia, universities place tures and services that are wide ranging, such great importance on their global rankings. In some features that allow reporting on grants and research cases, publication and citation in the leading journals findings, author profiles linked to ORCID, text min- determines a major part of university rankings, e.g. ing, related articles and an annotations service (Eur- the Shanghai Jiao Tong University rankings (Margin- ope PMC, 2018; Europe PMC, 2019). son, 2007). There are some synergies with the situa- A PMC itself is not a panacea for all regions. A PMC tion in Latin America for researchers in the requires a very significant investment and strict qualifi- Australasia region; in particular, by researchers who cations exist to become a member of PMC International. are unable to publish in the top journals, such as the It is the PMC model that is available to all open access journals indexed by MEDLINE (Kruesi et al., 2019). biomedical repositories and is worthy of attention. Plan S necessitates we continue to work with publish- A limitation of this research is the focus on biome- ers. Establishment of an Australasia PMC would be a dical research output and not multi-disciplinary start to establishment of a regional open access bio- research output. However, we proposed and success- medical repository infrastructure that could poten- fully tested the use of a KM perspective as a general tially fuse traditional approaches to scholarly approach to describe how academic publications are publishing with innovative approaches, to help serving the purposes of systematic management of encourage academic institutions to retain ownership scientific knowledge and the role of open access pub- and disseminate their research output as widely as lications in complementing and addressing the chal- possible. lenges of the regional KM. 242 IFLA Journal 45(3)

Conclusion papers.cfm? abstract_id¼1506905 (accessed 10 March 2019). The research based on action research methodology is Australian Government Productivity Commission (2015) proving an effective approach to producing new Efficiency in health. Productivity Commission Research knowledge about scholarly communications whilst Paper. Available at: www.pc.gov.au/research/com also addressing practical problems. The problems pleted/efficiency-health/efficiency-health.pdf (accessed include an inadequate system for researchers to com- 13 January 2019). ply with funders’ open access requirements, fragmen- Australian Research Council (2013) In: ARC Open Access tation of institutional repository content, along with Policy Version 2017.1. 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In: National Health and Medical Research suitable starting point to commence development of Council, The REWARD Alliance. Seventh annual an open access biomedical repository for the Austra- NHMRC symposium on research translation: Ensuring lasia region. value in research, Sydney, Australia, 27–28 November ‘An old tradition and a new technology have con- 2018. Available at: https://vimeo.com/album/5683547 verged to make possible an unprecedented public (accessed 10 March 2019). good’ (Budapest Open Access Initiative, 2002). There Becerra-Fernandez I and Sabherwal R (2015) Knowledge is great opportunity to accelerate the advancement of Management: Systems and Processes.NewYork: scholarly publishing through open access biomedical Ebooks, Corporation. repositories. Bjo¨rk BC (2014) Open access subject repositories: An overview. Journal of the Association for Information Declaration of Conflicting Interests Science and Technology 65(4): 698–706. The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest Brooks P (2011) Explainer: Why Australia needs with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication Advanced Health Research Centres. The Conversation. of this article. Available at: https://theconversation.com/explainer- why-australia-needs-advanced-health-research-centres- Funding 1139 (accessed 10 March 2019). The author(s) received no financial support for the Budapest Open Access Initiative. (2002) Budapest Open research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Access Initiative. Available at: http://www.soros.org/ openaccess/ (accessed 14 January 2018). ORCID iD cOAlition S (2019) ‘Plan S’ and ‘cOAlition S’: Accelerat- Lisa Kruesi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6629-9138 ing the transition to full and immediate open access to Kerry Tanner https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6290-8610 scientific publications. Available at: https://www.coali tion-s.org/ (accessed 13 January 2019). 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US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of RMIT University in Melbourne, Victoria Australia. She has Health (2018b) PMC International. Available at: published throughout her career in the field of librarianship. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/about/pmci/ Lisa has over 30 years of experience as a senior library (accessed January 11 2019). manager working in top Australian research universities Wellcome Trust (2006) Open access policy. Available at: and the CSIRO. http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/About-us/Policy/Policy- and-position-statements/WTD002766.htm (accessed 10 Kerry Tanner is currently an Affiliate, and previously a March 2019). Senior Adjunct Research Fellow and Senior Lecturer at Williamson PO and Minter CI (2019) Exploring PubMed as Monash University Faculty of IT. She has spent most of a reliable resource for scholarly communications ser- vices. Journal of the Medical Library Association: her professional career in LIS/IKM education at Monash JMLA 107(1): 16–29. University, RMIT University, Melbourne State College and Yoo I and Marinov M. (2010) Recent research for MED- the Victorian Education Department. Her research and pub- LINE/PubMed: Short review. Proceedings of the lications are in the fields of knowledge management, com- ACM fourth international workshop on Data and text munity informatics, information systems management, LIS mining in biomedical informatics. Association for education and continuing professional development, and Computing Machinery, 69–70. Available at: https:// various aspects of librarianship. dlnext.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1871871 (accessed 10 March 2017). Frada Burstein is Professor of the Information Systems ZB Med Information Centre for Life Sciences (2018) Repo- group at Monash University, Australia. Professor Burstein sitory for Life Sciences. Available at: https://www.pub has a strong international reputationindecisionsupport lisso.de/en/publishing/repositories/repository-for-life- and knowledge management. Frada has been at the sciences/ (accessed 15 January 2019). Faculty of Information Technology at Monash University since 1992, and is currently Director of the Knowledge Author biographies Management Research Program and a Laboratory spon- Lisa Kruesi is a doctoral candidate at the Faculty of Infor- sored by industry. She published more than 200 articles mation Technology, Monash University and is the Faculty that appear in top quartile journals in computer science Librarian for Health and Life Sciences at The University of and information systems. She is a Fellow of the Australian Melbourne. Lisa undertook her MBIT and B Soc. Sci at Computer Society.