Education, Science and Social Darwinism in Nazi Germany

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Education, Science and Social Darwinism in Nazi Germany Education, science and social Darwinism in Nazi Germany: formation of a society based on the myth of blood and superiority of the Aryan race Autor(es): Rodrigues, Daniel Publicado por: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra URL persistente: URI:http://hdl.handle.net/10316.2/31294 DOI: DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-0342-1_19 Accessed : 7-Oct-2021 11:47:03 A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. pombalina.uc.pt digitalis.uc.pt A presente colecção reúne originais de cultura científica resultantes da investigação no Ana Leonor Pereira | João Rui Pita Pedro Ricardo Fonseca Ana Leonor Pereira One hundred and fifty years ago, more precisely on the 24th of November of 1859, Darwin âmbito da história das ciências e das técnicas, da história da farmácia, da história da Darwin, introduced a new paradigm in natural history with the publication of On the origin of species medicina e de outras dimensões das práticas científicas nas diferentes interfaces com a João Rui Pita by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. As Pedro Ricardo Fonseca epistemology has already acknowledged, the Darwinian theory of descent with modification or sociedade e os media. Colecção Evolution, (eds.) theory of natural selection took around twenty years to be formulated, roughly between 1837 and Ciências e Culturas assume a complexidade das relações históricas entre as práticas Ciências e Culturas 18 1859. The history of Darwinism and of evolution clearly illustrates the fertility of the theory of científicas, o poder político e as utopias sociais. Coimbra 2011 A própria ciência é considerada uma cultura e fonte de culturas como a ficção científica, Evolutionisms natural selection, in the field of the sciences of life and of man, as in the cultural field. Like almost o imaginário tecnológico e outras simbologias enraizadas nas práticas científicas e everywhere else across the globe, Portugal’s reception of Darwin began in the 1860’s, featuring fortemente comprometidas com os respectivos contextos históricos. surprising novelties, especially if we take into account the country’s level of development at the nd Em Ciências e Culturas o e não é apenas união; é relação conjuntiva, fonte de inovação pelo time. The meeting “Darwin, Darwinisms and evolution” took place in Coimbra between the 22 rd enlace de diferentes, como dois mundos abertos um ao outro em contínuo enamoramento. and the 23 of September 2009. This meeting’s main purpose was to provide a space of open discussion to all of those interested in the issue, both on the national and the international level. Ana Leonor Pereira - Doutorada em História da Cultura com a dissertação “Darwin em Portugal. Filosofia. História. Engenharia Social 1865-1914” (2 vols., 1998). É Professora da Faculdade de TÍTULOS PUBLICADOS Letras da Universidade de Coimbra e Investigadora do Grupo de História e Sociologia da Ciência do CEIS20 da mesma Universidade. Tem coordenado e participado em projectos de investigação nacionais e internacionais neste âmbito, alguns financiados pela FCT, FCG e Ministerio de Ciencia 7 - Marco Steinert Santos — Virchow: medicina, ciência e sociedade no seu tempo (2008) e Innovación (Espanha). É autora / co-autora de mais de 150 publicações sob a forma de livros, Darwin, Evolution, Evolutionisms capítulos de livros e artigos publicados em revistas científicas e obras colectivas em Portugal e 8 - Ana Isabel Silva — A Arte de Enfermeiro. Escola de Enfermagem Dr. Ângelo da Fonseca (2008) no estrangeiro e é autora / co-autora de centenas de comunicações e conferências apresentadas em reuniões nacionais e internacionais. Integra redes de investigação internacionais. Além das 9 - Sara Repolho — Sousa Martins: ciência e espiritualismo (2008) teses de mestrado e doutoramento orientadas, em 2011 é orientadora /co-orientadora de onze doutoramentos e pós doutoramentos dos quais nove financiados pela FCT. 10 - Aliete Cunha-Oliveira — Preservativo, Sida e Saúde Pública (2008) João Rui Pita - Doutorado em Farmácia com uma tese de história da farmácia (1995). É Profes- 11 - Jorge André — Ensinar e estudar Matemática em Engenharia (2008) sor da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra e Investigador do Grupo de História e Sociologia da Ciência do CEIS20 da mesma Universidade. Tem coordenado e participado em 12 - Bráulio de Almeida e Sousa — Psicoterapia Institucional: memória e actualidade (2008) 9 789892 601373 projectos de investigação nacionais e internacionais neste âmbito, sendo alguns deles financiados pela FCT, FCG e Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Espanha). É autor de livros, capítulos de livros 13 - Alírio Queirós — A Recepção de Freud em Portugal (2009) e artigos publicados em revistas científicas e obras colectivas em Portugal e no estrangeiro e é autor / co-autor de comunicações e conferências apresentadas em reuniões nacionais e inter- 14 - Augusto Moutinho Borges — Reais Hospitais Militares em Portugal (2009) nacionais.. Além de várias teses de mestrado e doutoramento orientadas, em 2011 é orientador / co-orientador de quinze doutoramentos e pós doutoramentos dos quais doze financiados pela FCT. 15 - João Rui Pita — A Escola de Farmácia de Coimbra (2009) Pedro Ricardo Fonseca - Licenciado em História pela Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de 16 - António Amorim da Costa — Ciência e Mito (2010) Coimbra. É Bolseiro de Doutoramento da FCT inscrito para doutoramento em História da Ciência, da Técnica e da Cultura Científica na Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra. É Inves- 17 - António Piedade — Caminhos de Ciência (2011) tigador do Grupo de História e Sociologia da Ciência do CEIS20. O seu tema de doutoramento é “Darwin em Portugal (1910-1974)” sendo orientado pelos Profs Doutores Ana Leonor Pereira e João Rui Pita. É autor de vários trabalhos científicos sobre a temática da sua tese e tem apre- sentado os resultados da sua investigação em reuniõies científicas nacionais e internacionais. verificar medidas da capa/lombada com 10 mm Daniel Rodrigues CES-Centro de Estudos Sociais, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal EducatIon, SciencE and SocIal darwInism In nazI gErmany: formatIon of a Society based on thE myth of blood and SupErIorIty of thE aryan racE Introduction The book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection…, published in 1859, opposed its author, Charles Darwin, to those who opposed his ideas. By defending natural selection and evolution, the new theory shocked with the pre-existing vision according to which God was the creator of all living beings, including the human being. However, Darwin’s ideas were assimilated, incorporated and even forged. The importance of Darwinism in the mentalities at the end of the 19th century is evident in their application to all areas of knowledge and in the birth of new disciplines. Such is the case of social Darwinism. Historians saw in social Darwinism the renovation of a nationalist, racist and militarist German ideology (Weindling, 1993: 26). Ernst Heinrich Haeckel was important for the discussion between politics and Darwinism. The most important discoveries related to this issue were done in a strong patriotic environment and the belief in evolution as a natural philosophy (Idem: 40-41). Haeckel sought to make the connection between biology and its possible application in the organization of society. According to him, if experimental biology was capable of giving data relative to concepts such as order, hierarchy or control, it was normal to state that each citizen was a cell in the midst of social organization (Idem: 43). As in any political system governed by a central government, organs of the human body would be under the domain of the brain. This justified the importance of biology as a social science which, according to Haeckel, was not an autonomous science but an extension of history and archaeology (Idem: 42). This version was used by nationalist ideologists that saw the sustainability of their own theories in it. Being the brain the strongest and the organs the weakest, it would be necessary for one of them to subdue and dominate the other. In the words of Rudolf Hess, “… le national-socialisme n’est rien d’autre que de la biologie appliquée.” (apud Hannoun, 1997: 24). Thus, let us see how it was applied to Nazi education and science. Race as an ideological matrix The concept of race was never used by Darwin with the intent of classifying men, having nevertheless been attributed to him. This new concept was based on biological 145 differences as well as psychological and/or cultural, real or imaginary differences. Physical anthropology had here an important role and, as such, the recognition on behalf of the Nazi regime, hostile to any science considered “useless”. To educate ideologically became the leitmotiv of the Nazi educational policy. If the question of race was inscribed in the historical transformation of the West looking to dominate all the people on Earth, at a biological and anthropological level, it was necessary to apply the concept to science.
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