s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
America America • • Brian D. Keller Brian D. Keller Ecosystem Effects Ecosystem Effects Regional Science Coordinator Regional Science Coordinator Florida Keys National Marine Florida Keys Florida Keys National Marine Florida Keys Everglades Restoration and the Everglades Restoration and the Sanctuary: Monitoring for Possible NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries Sanctuary: Monitoring for Possible NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries Southeast, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Region Southeast, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Region
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
roves, seagrass beds, & coral reefs America America
l reef development – little generally • • ng – S. of Miami to Dry Tortugas over the past 30 yr - Caribbean-wide 7,000 years of reef growth resilient to additional stressors The system may not be very resistant or The Florida Keys global st
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries 1997-98 1 accretion over the past 6,000- •Major declines in live coral cover •Bleaching events: •Diseases •Overfishing •Florida Keys Reef Tract 350 km lo •Nationally significant system of mang •Near northern limit of Atlantic cora E Park Key Largo S N NMS 1975 1968/1980 Biscayne Nat. W 1934 Nat. Park Everglades s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’ Looe Key Florida Bay Florida Bay NMS 1981
America America
Atlantic Ocean • • … … Gulf of Mexico John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park 1960 South Florida Marine Ecosystem South Florida Marine Ecosystem National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries Nat. Park 1935/1992 Dry Tortugas 60 0 60 120 Miles Evolution of Protection Evolution of Protection Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Florida Bay
s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
America America • • th 2 2 9,844 km 9,844 km
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Gulf of Mexico zone) implemented in 2001 protected (no-take) marine zones • by Congress in 1990 Designated • plan 1997: 23 highly Management • Ecological Reserve (24 Tortugas s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
America America • •
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries peak discharge/nutrient flux from Shark River watershed Diatom bloom began Apr-Jun near Cape Sable during and the Florida Keys Connectivity Between Southwestern Florida s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
America America • • 2008
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries & MODIS images patches not uncommon “streamers” from Everglades dark water from near Charlotte Harbor to the Tortugas • 1997-2004 SeaWiFS • Dark water plumes or • 1997, 2000, & 2002 • 1998, 2001, & 2003 Hu and Muller-Karger s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’ “signal” (tannins, humic acid) R. Stumpf, NOAA CoastWatch
America America • • True color image for blackwater Image enhanced
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries 9 January 2002 Winter 2001-2002 Blackwater Event: a
s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’ monitoring began in 1995 (Courtesy J. Boyer, FIU/SERC)
Highest concentration of chlorophyll America America measured in this region since quarterly • •
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries R. Stumpf, NOAA CoastWatch 1/9/02: Image enhanced for chlorophyll concentration (amount of phytoplankton) Mar 20 Blackwater Feb 4
s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’ CoastWatch CoastWatch
America America • • 2002 Transport of Jan 19 R. Stumpf, NOAA R. Stumpf, NOAA
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries Jan 9 s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’ plankton bloom branching westward America America • • NOAA R. Stumpf Blackwater Plankton
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries north of the Marquesas and moving through Lower Keys 28 March 2002: remnant blackwater and s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
America America • • in 2004 Advection of a Harmful Algal Bloom
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
America America • •
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
America America sp. • • Cell Counts Cell
Rhizosolenia Cell Counts for Dec. 13, 2004
K. brevis for Dec. 13, 2004
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
America America • • Cell sp.
K. brevis Dec. 22, 2004 Cell Counts (cells/liter) Counts (cells/liter) Rhizosolenia Dec. 22, 2004
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
America America • • Cell sp.
K. brevis Jan. 6, 2005 Cell Counts (cells/liter) Jan. 6, 2005 Counts (cells/liter) Rhizosolenia
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries ): ): : http://comps.marine.usf.edu
s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’ CoastWatch CoastWatch ): ): http://imars.marine.usf.edu/
America America Coast (FWC FWRI):Coast (FWC http://www.floridamarine.org/
IMaRS • IMaRS • alreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/ge/ and Stations (NOAA AOML/RSMAS): Current Conditions Reports (Mote): and Stations (NOAA AOML/RSMAS): iction System (USF COMPS): iction System hwest Florida Coast (FWC FWRI): ediction System (USF COMPS) ediction System ring Program reports (Mote): ring Program reports (Mote): Marine Automated Network) Stations (FIO) Marine Automated Network) Stations (FIO) - - term Monitoring Program: term Monitoring Program: - - MAN (Coastal MAN (Coastal - - Long Long South Florida and the FKNMS (1) South Florida and the FKNMS (1) National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries monthly Cruise Tracks, Drifters, monthly Cruise Tracks, Drifters, - - Coral Reef Watch (NOAA): Bi SEAKEYS C Gulf of Mexico Harmful Algal Bloom Bulletins (NOAA Red Tide Status reports, Sout Florida Keys Red Tide Monito Pred Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Sensing (USF Remote Institute for Marine FKNMS Thermographs (FKNMS) http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/sfp/ Coral Reef Watch (NOAA):Coral Reef http://cor Bi SEAKEYS C Gulf of Mexico Harmful Algal Bloom Bulletins (NOAA http://coastwatch.noaa.gov/hab/bulletins_ms.htm Sensing (USF Remote Institute for Marine FKNMS Thermographs (FKNMS) Red Tide Status reports, Southwest Florida Tide Red http://isurus.mote.org/Keys/red_tide.phtml Florida Keys Red Tide Monito Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Pr Coastal Ocean Monitoring & http://isurus.mote.org/Keys/bleaching.phtml Fixed instruments, near-real-time Cruises – instruments and samples Remote sensing Fixed instruments, periodic data collection – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – BleachWatch Florida Keys Program, South Florida Coastal Ocean Observations South Florida Coastal Ocean Observations • • IO/DISL/GSU) IO/DISL/GSU) 80s] 80s] - -
s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’ wide since mid wide since mid - - America America • • tment, and Juvenile Dynamics (F Juvenile tment, and tment, and Juvenile Dynamics (F Juvenile tment, and ch (NOAA/RSMAS/UMASS) n Cruise (EPA, FKNMS, +) ch (NOAA/RSMAS/UMASS) n Cruise (EPA, FKNMS, +) bottom Communities (FWC FWRI) (FWC bottom Communities bottom Communities (FWC FWRI) (FWC bottom Communities - - Wide Status and Trends: Water Quality Protection Program Wide Status and Trends: Additional Projects Wide Status and Trends: Water Quality Protection Program Wide Status and Trends: Additional Projects - - - - Long-term Monitoring Program: Long-term Monitoring Program:
South Florida and the FKNMS (2) National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries South Florida and the FKNMS (2) Queen Conch (FWC FWRI) [protected state FWRI) Queen Conch (FWC Spiny Lobster (FWC FWRI) Coral Reef and Hard Coral Reef Reef Fishes (NOAA NMFS/RSMAS and REEF) Seagrasses (FIU SERC) Seagrasses Coral Disease and Conditio Rapid Ecological AssessmentsRapid (UNCW/NURC) Water Quality (FIU SERC) Florida Reef Resilience Program (TNC) Coral Community Structure, Recrui Queen Conch (FWC FWRI) [protected state FWRI) Queen Conch (FWC Spiny Lobster (FWC FWRI) Coral Reef and Hard Coral Reef Reef Fishes (NOAA NMFS/RSMAS and REEF) Seagrasses (FIU SERC) Seagrasses Rapid Ecological AssessmentsRapid (UNCW/NURC) Coral Disease and Conditio Water Quality (FIU SERC) Florida Reef Resilience Program (TNC) Coral Community Structure, Recrui – – – – – – – – – – http://ocean.floridamarine.org/fknms_wqpp/ – – – – – – – – – – http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/research_monitoring/ Spatial patterns Temporal trends Effects of no-take zones Socioeconomic changes Human knowledge and perceptions Sanctuary Sanctuary Marine Zone Monitoring Program Human Dimensions Resear Sanctuary Sanctuary Marine Zone Monitoring Program Human Dimensions Resear • • • • • • • • s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’ Lee et al. 2002 Lee et al. 2002
America America • •
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
America America • • Water Quality Monitoring Project Water Quality Monitoring Project FKNMS and Southwest Florida Shelf added in 1995 Water Quality Monitoring Network started in 1989 Florida International University FKNMS and Southwest Florida Shelf added in 1995 Water Quality Monitoring Network started in 1989 Florida International University http://serc.fiu.edu/wqmnetwork/ National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries • • • • • • gone gone 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’ trends? trends?
America America • • rtain parameters have come and rtain parameters have come and a - 3 8&1 > 5 6 3 (best) 8: highest chlorophyll TP/turbidity 8&1: highest NO 5&6: elevated development 5: shoreline nutrients 3: lowest offshore gradient along the Keys offshore gradient along the Keys - - National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries scale oceanographic drivers of scale oceanographic drivers of -83.0 -82.8 -82.6 -82.4 -82.2 -82.0 -81.8 -81.6 -81.4 -81.2 -81.0 -80.8 -80.6 -80.4 -80.2 - - 26.0 25.8 25.6 25.4 25.2 25.0 24.8 24.6 24.4 Spatial Pattern, Temporal Trends Spatial Pattern, Temporal Trends Large Significant multiyear trends in ce Oligotrophic offshore water Onshore Large Significant multiyear trends in ce Oligotrophic offshore water Onshore • • • • • • • • , FIU , FIU N-limited
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ion u at N ic h www.fiu.edu www.fiu.edu op tr u E s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’ James W. James W. P-limited Leaf tissue P content (% of dry weight) Oligotrophic 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 http:// http:// 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 a change in species composition occurs
America America dry weight) dry f o (% content N tissue f Lea • • May allow for detection of eutrophication
before Trophic state Seagrass Monitoring Project Seagrass Monitoring Pro
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries Eutrophication model Thalassia testudinum Syringodium filiforme Halodule wrightii Ruppia maritima Macroalgae Microalgae
Oligotrophic Eutrophic Relative Importance Relative s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
America America • • P-limited South Florida 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
N-limited National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries N:P of leaves Thalassia testudinum Spatial Pattern of Nutrient Limitation in N = 10 N = 12 N = 11 N = 4
s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
America America • •
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries Coral Reef Evaluation and Monitoring Project Coral Reef Evaluation and Monitoring Project Four Bleaching Hurricanes
s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
America America • • http://www.floridamarine.org Georges Hurricane Mass CREMP: Overall Coral Cover Over Time CREMP: Overall Coral Cover Over Time Bleaching
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
America America • •
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries S. Miller, M. Chiappone, L. Rutten, D. Swanson, et al. Marker 49 Sunshine Key
s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
America America • • Cheeca Rocks SPA
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries Mid-channel Patch Reefs South of Marathon s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
America America • • Conclusions
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries Well-monitored marine ecosystem Potential for analyses of changes related to Everglades restoration Large-scale drivers appear to be important: oceanographic (multi-year water quality trends), warming (coral bleaching) Need for further cause/effect research Seagrass tissue N/P “early warning” for potential changes in species distribution and abundance Recent significant coral losses associated with major bleaching events and storms Climate change . reef growth →
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America America • • – in calcification reductions – possible increased pulses of – part of Everglades = future Climate Change Impacts
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries fresh water and increased physical damage extension of Florida Bay rates, e.g., corals, coralline algae Source: www.epa.gov/climatechange/effects/ coastal/slrmaps Source: www.epa.gov/climatechange/effects/ coastal/slrmaps • Influx Freshwater • Storm Intensity • Ocean Warming • Acidification Ocean •Rising Sea Level Sea •Rising ) to ) to ” ” ” ”
s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’ adaptation adaptation “ “
America America • • buys some time buys some time “ “ Further Conclusions
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries Climate change impacts likely will strengthen in their effects on South Florida marine ecosystem Adjusting management ( climate change Need to greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions Climate change impacts likely will strengthen in their effects on South Florida marine ecosystem Adjusting management ( climate change Need to greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions • • • • • • s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’ C: M. Chiappone, S. Miller, L.
America America • • Miller, P. Ortner, R. Stumpf tion Commission: C. Beaver, M. ther, F. Muller-Karger, R. Weisberg Boyer, J. Fourqurean, R. Jones Bartels, C. Walter Acknowledgments
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries Dauphin Island Sea Lab: R. Aronson, T. Murdoch Florida Institute of Oceanography: J. Fajans, J. Ogden Florida International Univ.: J. Florida Fish & Wildlife Conserva Georgia State Univ.: S.R. Smith Mote Marine Lab.: E. M. NOAA: J. Bohnsack, E. Johns, Univ. of Georgia: J. Porter Univ. of Miami/RSMAS: J. Ault, V. Kourafalou, T. Lee, Luo, G. Meester, S. Smith, D. Swanson Univ. of N. Carolina Wilmington/NUR Univ. of S. Florida: C. Hu, M. Lu Callahan, W. Jaap, R. Ruzicka, J. Wheaton Rutten s Ocean Treasures s Ocean Treasures ’ ’
America America • •
National Marine Sanctuaries National Marine Sanctuaries