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Cuarte and Pueyo De Fañanás (Huesca, Aragón, Spain), Two Andalusíes Archaeological Sites of Hoya De Huesca

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Cuarte and Pueyo De Fañanás (Huesca, Aragón, Spain), Two Andalusíes Archaeological Sites of Hoya De Huesca SALDVIE n.os 11-12 2011-2012 pp. 49-71 Cuarte y Pueyo de Fañanás. Dos asentamientos rurales andalusíes de la Hoya de Huesca Cuarte and Pueyo de Fañanás (Huesca, Aragón, Spain), two andalusíes archaeological sites of Hoya de Huesca José Ángel Asensio Esteban1 Resumen El presente trabajo presenta dos conjuntos arqueológicos inéditos, conservados en las localidades altoaragone- sas de Cuarte y Pueyo de Fañanás (Huesca, Aragón, España), pertenecientes al grupo de obras defensivas an- dalusíes construidas con un característico opus quadratum en el área norte de la marca Superior de al-Andalus entre fines del siglo IX y probablemente las últimas décadas del X. Palabras clave: Marca Superior de al-Andalus, Alta Edad Media, arquitectura defensiva, opus quadratum, Cuar- te, Pueyo de Fañanás, Huesca, Aragón, España. Abstract This paper introduces two archaeological sites, remaining in Cuarte and Pueyo de Fañanás (Huesca, Aragón, Spain), which belong to the group of defensive facilities built in regular ashlar, opus quadratum, in the north of the Upper March of al-Andalus between the end of the IXth and probably the last decades of the Xth century. Keywords: Upper March of al-Andalus, Early Middle Ages, defensive architecture, opus quadratum, Cuarte, Pueyo de Fañanás, Huesca, Aragón, Spain. 1. Introducción habían identificado hasta el momento, que sepamos, El presente trabajo pretende dar a conocer dos vestigios arqueológicos relacionables con los datos conjuntos de restos arquitectónicos de gran interés ar- procedentes de los diplomas latinos. queológico, que hasta ahora habían pasado desaper- Los restos andalusíes de Cuarte aparecen integra- cibidos, pertenecientes a otras tantas fortificaciones dos en la fábrica de la iglesia parroquial de La Nativi- rurales andalusíes del entorno de Huesca localizadas dad de Nuestra Señora (láms. 1-8), mientras que los en los actuales cascos urbanos de Cuarte (municipio documentados en Pueyo de Fañanás a duras penas de Huesca) y Pueyo de Fañanás (municipio de Alcalá mantienen hoy algunos vestigios en torno al banco de de Obispo, Huesca). A este respecto, la documenta- arenisca sobre el que en el siglo XVII se erigió la pa- ción cristiana de los siglos XI y XII, como iremos vien- rroquial dedicada a San Pedro de Verona (lám. 12), si do, demuestra que tanto Cuarte como Pueyo de Faña- bien en 2007 aún se conservaba en buen estado en su nás existían ya a fines del siglo XI en el contexto de la cara norte un imponente paño de cantería andalusí conquista de Huesca y su territorio por parte de las (láms. 9 y 11) que en fechas recientes fue por desgra- tropas de Pedro I de Aragón y Pamplona, si bien no se cia torpemente reformado y mutilado (lám. 10). 1 Grupo de Investigación URBS - Gobierno de Aragón. Miembro del Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses. 50 JOSÉ ÁNGEL ASENSIO ESTEBAN Lámina 1 Cuarte. Restos andalusíes Iglesia parroquial inéditos integrados de la Natividad en la fábrica de la de Nuestra Señora. misma. Concreta- Fachada occidental; mente, en el muro muro del Evangelio. del Evangelio y base de la torre- campanario. Lámina 2 Cuarte. Restos inéditos de Iglesia parroquial opus quadratum de la Natividad andalusí integrados de Nuestra Señora. en el exterior del muro del Evangelio y la base de la torre-campanario. Lámina 3 Cuarte. Detalle de la base Iglesia parroquial inferior de la de la Natividad torre-campanario, de Nuestra Señora. de opus quadratum andalusí a tizón. Cuarte y Pueyo de Fañanás. Dos asentamientos rurales andalusíes de la Hoya de Huesca 51 Lámina 4 Cuarte. Cara norte de la Iglesia parroquial torre de la iglesia. de la Natividad Sillares andalusíes, de Nuestra Señora. dispuestos a tizón, provistos de almohadillado alisado y listel perimetral. Los bloques de la parte central han sido en parte retallados. Lámina 5 Cuarte. Cara norte de la Iglesia parroquial torre de la iglesia. de la Natividad Sillares andalusíes. de Nuestra Señora. Detalle de la terminación externa de los mismos, con listel perimetral enmarcando un almohadillado alisado a puntero. Lámina 6 Cuarte. Muro del Evangelio Iglesia parroquial y base de la torre, de la Natividad con los sillares de Nuestra Señora. andalusíes conservados bajo la puerta tapiada del edificio y en la esquina de la base del campanario. 52 JOSÉ ÁNGEL ASENSIO ESTEBAN Lámina 7 Cuarte. Muro del Evangelio Iglesia parroquial y base de la torre. de la Natividad Detalle de los de Nuestra Señora. sillares andalusíes a tizón conservados bajo la puerta tapiada del edificio, retallados para asentar una zarpa escalonada desaparecida en este tramo. Lámina 8 Cuarte. Ángulo formado Iglesia parroquial por el muro del de la Natividad Evangelio y la torre. de Nuestra Señora. Fábrica andalusí de opus quadratum, repicada en una fase posterior. Lámina 9 Pueyo de Fañanás. Paño de cantería andalusí a tizón, Iglesia parroquial de San Pedro conservado entonces en buen de Verona, vista desde el noroeste estado, perteneciente al recinto en 2007. amurallado de la fortaleza previa al templo. Cuarte y Pueyo de Fañanás. Dos asentamientos rurales andalusíes de la Hoya de Huesca 53 Lámina 10 Pueyo de Fañanás. Estado actual de los restos Iglesia parroquial de San Pedro de opus quadratum andalusí de Verona desde el noroeste, pertenecientes al recinto amuralla- en 2012. do de la fortaleza, recientemente mutilados y enmascarados con ladrillos y cemento. Lámina 11 Pueyo de Fañanás. Detalle del muro Iglesia parroquial andalusí de opus de San Pedro quadratum a tizón, de Verona en 2007. con bloques de Cara norte-noroeste. entre 0’35 y 0’40 m de lado, que ya no puede apreciarse en la actualidad. Lámina 12 Pueyo de Fañanás. Restos de opus Iglesia parroquial quadratum andalusí de San Pedro sobre el sustrato de de Verona, en 2012. arenisca, previa- Muro norte. mente trabaJado. 54 JOSÉ ÁNGEL ASENSIO ESTEBAN A juzgar por sus características físicas, ambos 1987a; Esco, C., Giralt, J. y Sénac, Ph: 1988, p. 27-28) conjuntos pertenecerían en origen a obras de enver- (láms. 13 y 14), Lérida (Loriente, A, Gil, I. y Payà, X.: gadura, fabricadas en época andalusí por medio de un 1997, p. 94-97; Payà, X. y Loriente, A.: 1998; Loriente, vistoso opus quadratum de gran módulo que hay que A. 2007, p. 189) y Barbastro (Huesca) (Juste, N.: 1995, incluir en el grupo arquitectónico, fundamentalmente p. 76-79), la muralla de Pla d’Almatà (Alòs, C. et alii: de naturaleza defensiva, existente en el extremo norte 2007; Monjo, M., Alòs, C. y Solanes, E.: 2009) (lám. de la Marca Superior en lo que por entonces eran los 16) y el Castell Formós de Balaguer (Lérida) (Ewert, distritos de Huesca, Barbastro y Lérida. Ch.: 1979; Esco, C., Giralt, J. y Sénac, Ph: 1988, p. 20- 23) (lám. 17), así como otras importantes fortificacio- nes rurales como las de Alberuela de Tubo (Sodeto- 2. El opus quadratum andalusí del extremo Alberuela de Tubo, Huesca) (Esco, C., Giralt, J. y norte de la Marca Superior Sénac, Ph: 1988, p. 30-31; Sénac, Ph.: 2000, p. 244- Este conjunto de obras arquitectónicas, como se 249; Sénac, Ph.: 2009, p. 26-27) (lám. 18), Tamarite de viene observado desde hace al menos tres décadas, Litera (Huesca) (Castán, A.: 2004, p. 461-462; Gonzá- presenta una notable uniformidad en cuanto a técnica lez, J. R. y Rubio, d.: 1997) (lám. 19), Els Castellassos constructiva, módulo y concepción, lo que parece ser de Albelda (Huesca) (González, J. R.: 1997b) o La Igle- indicio de que podrían obedecer a un ambicioso pro- sieta de Gabarda (municipio de Huerto, Huesca) grama edilicio relativamente localizado en el tiempo (Esco, C., Giralt, J. y Sénac, Ph: 1988, p. 28-30; Sé- cuyos máximos exponentes serían los recintos amura- nac, Ph.: 1990; Sénac, Ph.: 2000, p. 237-244; Sénac, llados urbanos de Huesca (Esco, C. y Sénac, Ph.: Ph.: 2009, p. 23-25) (lám. 20). Lámina 13 Huesca. Aparejo a tizón de Muralla andalusí, bloques de c. 0’37 sector oriental m de lado asenta- (Trasmuro). dos con tendeles Paño de opus de mortero. quadratum. Lámina 14 Huesca. detalle del aparejo Muralla andalusí, a tizón con sector norte. Calle almohadillado Joaquín Costa. alisado poco prominente enmarcado con listel perimetral. Cuarte y Pueyo de Fañanás. Dos asentamientos rurales andalusíes de la Hoya de Huesca 55 Lámina 15 Huesca. Muro de aterraza- Calle Doña Petronila, miento andalusí, lado norte, fabricado con números 5-7. sillares lisos de pequeño módulo (unos 0’30 m de lado) asentados a tizón con tendeles de mortero. Lámina 16 Balaguer (Lérida). Aparejo de tipo Pla d’Almatà; zócalo «poligonal» con de opus quadratum engatillamientos y de la muralla norte, bloques terminados crecida en tapial de con almohadillado tierra. alisado y listel perimetral. Lámina 17 Balaguer (Lérida). Aparejo de opus Castell Formós. quadratum que Muralla norte. alterna sogas y dos tizones al modo omeya. 56 JOSÉ ÁNGEL ASENSIO ESTEBAN Lámina 18 Castillo de Aparejo de bloques Alberuela de Tubo provistos de (Sodeto-Alberuela almohadillado de Tubo, Huesca). alisado con listel Muralla noreste. perimetral, asentados con finos tendeles de mortero. Lámina 19 Castillo de Tamarite Basamento de de Litera (Huesca). opus quadratum Cubo central de la atizonado con muralla occidental. bloques asentados con mortero y alzado de mampos- tería concertada encofrada. Lámina 20 Iglesieta de Aparejo en seco Gabarda de bloques a tizón, (Huerto, Huesca). almohadillados y Cara norte. Muralla con listel perimetral. y cubo de opus quadratum con zarpa escalonada. Cuarte y Pueyo de Fañanás. Dos asentamientos rurales andalusíes de la Hoya de Huesca 57 Lámina 21 Castillo de Ayerbe (Huesca). Detalle del aparejo andalusí Muralla occidental. Restos de atizonado con bloques provistos de aparejo andalusí de opus quadra- almohadillado alisado muy poco tum a tizón bajo la fábrica medieval prominente con listel perimetral.
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