DOCSLIB.ORG

Review Comments1 of These Kinds of Situations in Which California and Perhaps South Africa Are at One Extreme and North Africa, Mexico, and Chile Are Closer to the E

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Review Comments1 of These Kinds of Situations in Which California and Perhaps South Africa Are at One Extreme and North Africa, Mexico, and Chile Are Closer to the E Review Comments1 of these kinds of situations in which California and perhaps South Africa are at one extreme and North Africa, Mexico, and Chile are closer to the E. R. Fuentes2 other. In central Chile, for example, the matorral occurs along a 1000-mile-wide altitudinal vege- tation belt on the longitudinally extended Andes and on the Coastal Ranges. The central valley between these mountain ranges is occupied by a I would like to make two opening observations: savanna, and the marine terraces along the coast were occupied by a mixture of evergreen and (1) I will speak as a biologist and as a con- drought-deciduous shrublands. Further north, cerned citizen of a developing country where ever- drought-deciduous plants dominate. Towards the green shrublands (chaparral/matorral) are an south, the predominant elements are evergreen important resource. (2) Although the responsi- forests. bility for these comments is mine, they were discussed with the other Chilean participants in Chilean evergreen shrub lands are thus part of this meeting and are thus part of a consensus wider management units in which the various alti- among us. tudinal and to a lesser degree latitudinal vegeta- tion belts offer different resources and impose Whereas there are many striking similarities different constraints. Along the wider valleys between the various Mediterranean ecosystems where there is irrigation, fruits and other crops around the world, there are very important differ- are grown. On the dry, flat areas, the main ences in sociocultural aspects. Thus, whereas the problem now is grazing. Fires seem not to have biology satisfies a convergence criterion in many been part of the natural situation in Chile. cases, the history of management, the history of science, and the aims and resources of the people Historical grazing management units seem to inhabiting those areas do not converge. People in have been strips of land that would allow animals the various Mediterranean areas seem to impact to graze at low elevations during the winter and different requirements on their ecosystems. In early spring, and the high altitude grasses during part, these differences are due to the fact that the summer and early fall. Today, this is still the use of the Mediterranean-type ecosystems largely the case, although a more sedentary situa- shrublands, from man's point of view, is not tion also holds. In both cases, however, manage- independent from the use of other ecosystems. ment questions could be roughly dichotomized into Thus, for example, the California chaparral is a problems in the dry, flat areas and those on the heavily subsidized system in which the possible slopes. uses are only in response to needs of city dwellers: water management, fires, and recre- On the flatter areas, continuing research is ation. The income and resources required by dealing with substituting the existing shrub cover people inhabiting the area of the California with more palatable species (i.e., Atriplex spp.). chaparral come from sources other than the chap- This arrangement should provide grasses during one arral ecosystems. This situation is most likely part of the year with the shrubs buffering the to be different just across the Mexican inter- animal's requirement when the grasses are dry. national border. There, although the biology Animal science, management of plant cover, animal would probably be very similar to the one we see loads, and optimization are key phrases. A poster here, the system is much less subsidized and was presented during these meetings which explains people have to live out of what the Mediterranean the research efforts and results in more detail. ecosystems can supply them. There, uses are not as much associated with requirements of city By contrast on the slopes, potential erosion is dwellers as to people actually living in the high enough so that only animal numbers can be shrublands. The situation with California Indians managed. Removal of the shrub cover could cause might have been similar to that in developing severe soil losses and is no longer recommended. countries. In fact, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, the removal of shrubs was done and severe erosion In fact, observing across the various Mediter- followed. Here, along the steeper slopes which is ranean-type ecosystems, there is a whole spectrum where the poorest people live, the key phrases for us are ecosystems resilience, management of goats, and fuel extraction for domestic purposes. 1 Presented at the Symposium on Dynamics and Earlier in this meeting, J. Simonetti and I Management of Mediterranean-type Ecosystems, presented some results concerning the possible June 22-26, 1981, San Diego. California. devastating consequences of the introduction of 2 goats into Chilean shrublands. We even posed the Professor of Biological Sciences, Pontificia question that eventually goats may so devastate Universidad Catolica de Chile. Casilla 114-D, the vegetation that they may have to be replaced Santiago, Chile. as a source of income. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-58. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1982. 565 However, since there are people living in and In this meeting, as well as in a previous one out of the Chilean shrublands, biological con- held in Chile about 10 months ago, I found that siderations have to be compromised with studies of there is a "gap" between managers and scientists. human desires and needs. Therefore, as it is This should decrease in the future and instead of likely to be the case in other Mediterranean being a drawback, it should be a reason for more ecosystem regions, biological research in the meetings of this sort--international and diverse. Chilean matorral must include collaboration from Particularly, as a biologist from a developing scientists in nonbiological disciplines. Thanks country, I think there is need for true integra- to the efforts of the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) tion among disciplines in which the biology of Program, this collaboration is occurring. human use is studied and later set into a wider perspective in collaboration with researchers from I do not need to refer here to the problems other disciplines. Within this context, the that arise when this kind of effort must be imple- differences between Mediterranean ecosystems and mented. I believe, though, that symposia such as the aims and uses people make of them could actu- the one this week will help increase the under- ally become a source of fruitful comparisons and standing between people working in various disci- inspiration for us all. plines. Meetings should include not only biologi- cal and physical scientists and managers but also social scientists. 566 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Flora of the Mediterranean Basin in the Chilean Espinales: Evidence of Colonisation
    PASTOS 2012. ISSN: 0210-1270 PASTOS, 42 (2), 137 - 160 137 FLORA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN IN THE CHILEAN ESPINALES: EVIDENCE OF COLONISATION I. MARTÍN-FORÉS1, M. A. CASADO1*, I. CASTRO2, C. OVALLE3, A. DEL POZO4, B. ACOSTA-GALLO1, L. SÁNCHEZ-JARDÓN1 AND J. M. DE MIGUEL1 1Departamento de Ecología. Facultad de Biología. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid (España). 2Departamento de Ecología. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid (España). 3Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA-La Cruz. La Cruz (Chile). 4Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Universidad de Talca. Talca (Chile). *Author for correspondence: M.A. Casado ([email protected]). SUMMARY In Chile’s Mediterranean region, over 18% of plant species are alien. This is particularly noteworthy in some agrosilvopastoral systems such as the espinales, which are functionally very similar to the Spanish dehesas and are of great ecological and socioeconomic interest. In the present paper we analyse Chile’s non-native flora, considering three scales of analysis: national, regional (the central region, presenting a Mediterranean climate) and at community level (the espinales within the central region). We compare this flora with that recorded in areas of the Iberian Peninsula with similar lithological and geomorphological characteristics, and land use. We discuss possible mechanisms that might have been operating in the floristic colonisation from the Mediterranean Basin to Chile’s Mediterranean region. Key words: Alien plants, biogeography, Chile, life cycle, Spain. INTRODUCTION Historically, the transit of goods, domestic animals and people has favoured the flow of wild organisms around the planet (Lodge et al., 2006), a fact that is often associated with the introduction of cultural systems, which have contributed to generating new environmental and socioeconomic scenarios (Le Houérou, 1981; Hobbs, 1998; Grenon and Batisse, 1989).
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Dry-Season N Input on the Productivity and N Storage of Mediterranean-Type Shrublands
    Ecosystems (2009) 12: 473–488 DOI: 10.1007/s10021-009-9236-6 � 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Effects of Dry-Season N Input on the Productivity and N Storage of Mediterranean-Type Shrublands George L. Vourlitis,1* Sarah C. Pasquini,1,2 and Robert Mustard1 1Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, San Marcos, California 92096, USA; 2Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA ABSTRACT Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition is a globally leaching in chaparral but not CSS. Nitrogen addi­ important source of N that is expected to increase tion also lead to an increase in litter and tissue N with population growth. In southern California, N concentration and a decline in the C:N ratio, but input from dry deposition accumulates on vegeta­ failed to alter the ecosystem productivity and N tion and soil surfaces of chaparral and coastal sage storage of the chaparral and CSS shrublands over scrub (CSS) ecosystems during the summer and fall the 4-year study period. The reasons for the lack of and becomes available as a pulse following winter a treatment response are unknown; however, it is rainfall. Presumably, N input will act to stimulate possible that these semi-arid shrublands are not N the productivity and N storage of these Mediterra­ limited, cannot respond rapidly enough to capture nean-type, semi-arid shrublands because these the ephemeral N pulse, are limited by other nutri­ ecosystems are thought to be N limited. To assess ents, or the N response is dependent on the amount whether dry-season N inputs alter ecosystem pro­ and/or distribution of rainfall.
    [Show full text]
  • Threats from Human Land Use and Climate Change to the Kodkod Leopardus Guigna
    Assessing the distribution of a Vulnerable felid species: threats from human land use and climate change to the kodkod Leopardus guigna G RIET A.E. CUYCKENS,MIRIAM M. MORALES and M ARCELO F. TOGNELLI Abstract Climate change and habitat fragmentation are Introduction considered key pressures on biodiversity, and mammalian carnivores with a limited geographical distribution are limate change and destruction of natural habitats particularly vulnerable. The kodkod Leopardus guigna,a Cthrough human activities are major threats to terres- small felid endemic to the temperate forests of southern trial biodiversity. These pressures have led to substantial ’ Chile and Argentina, has the smallest geographical range range contractions and species extinctions (Parmesan & 2003 2003 2004 of any New World felid. Although the species occurs in Yohe, ; Root et al., ; Opdam & Wascher, ), 2008 protected areas in both countries, it is not known how well including for mammals (Schipper et al., ), and species 1991 these areas protect the kodkod either currently or under at high altitudes are particularly vulnerable (Innes, ; 1997 2003 climate change scenarios. We used species distribution Diaz & Bradley, ; Burns et al., ; Thomas et al., 2004 models and spatial analyses to assess the distribution of the ). Knowledge of the geographical distribution of species 2000 kodkod, examining the effects of changes in human land use is essential to assess these threats (Regan et al., ; Conrad 2006 and future climate change. We also assessed the species’ et al., ) but data on the distribution of rare species is 2006 2009 present representation in protected areas and in light of limited (Hernandez et al., ; Thorn et al., ).
    [Show full text]
  • Patagonian Bats
    Mammalia 2020; 84(2): 150–161 Analía Laura Giménez* and Mauro Ignacio Schiaffini Patagonian bats: new size limits, southernmost localities and updated distribution for Lasiurus villosissimus and Myotis dinellii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2019-0024 (i.e. intra and interspecific interactions) and abiotic Received March 10, 2019; accepted June 7, 2019; previously published factors (i.e. temperature, altitude, precipitation and pro- online July 16, 2019 ductivity), together with dispersal ability capacities and the evolutionary history of each lineage (Gaston 2003, Cox Abstract: Vespertilionid species are widely distributed and Moore 2005, Soberón and Peterson 2005). As abiotic in South America. They are highly diverse, with physio- factors are not evenly distributed in space or time, they logical and behavioral adaptations which allow them to shape the borders of species’ distributions trough extreme extend their distributions into temperate areas. In Patago- values (e.g. minimum or maximum temperatures, dry or nia, this family is represented by seven species in three humid areas), which in turn influence resource availabil- genera (Histiotus, Lasiurus and Myotis). In this study, we ity and impose limits to reproduction and survival (Mackey analyzed the distribution of two vespertilionid species, and Lindenmayer 2001, Gaston 2003). In this way, those Lasiurus villosissimus and Myotis dinellii, including new areas with more favorable abiotic (and biotic) conditions southernmost records, and their relationship with envi- will show the highest relative abundance, while records ronmental variables. Two different spatial scales were will become more scarce and more far away from each analyzed: a continental approach for species distribu- other toward the borders of a species’ distribution (Brown tion analyses (South America), and local trapping of bats 2003 and references therein).
    [Show full text]
  • Shrub Defoliation in the Chilean Matorral: What Is Its Significance?
    Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 60: 276-283, 1987 Shrub defoliation in the Chilean matorral: what is its significance? Defoliaci6n de arbustos en el matorral chileno: ¿cuál es su significado? EDUARDO R. FUENTES, ALDO POAINI & JUAN D. MOLINA Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. Casilla 114-D. Santiago - Chile. ABSTRACT This paper reviews the available information on shrub defoliation in the Chilean matorral. The phenomenon and its patterns in space and time are described. The roles of climate, predators, plant defenses and competition are analyzed within a comprehensive model. Key words: Defoliation, climatic constraint, predation, competition, plant defenses. RESUMEN Este articulo recopila la informacion disponible acerca del papel de Ia defoliacion en el matorral chileno. Se describe el fenomeno y sus manifestaciones en el tiempo y en el espacio. Luego se discute un modelo en que se destacan Ia im- portancia del clima, depredadores, defensas de las plantas, y de la competicion. Palabras claves: Defoliacion, restricciones climaticas, depredaci6n, competici6n, defensas de las plantas. INTRODUCTION 1979, Fuentes & Etchégaray 1981) have This contribution is a complement to E. shown that herbivores can greatly modify Bucher's presentation (in this volume) on the physiognomy of the landscapes of the role of native grazers and browsers in central Chile. We do not intend to further South America. Similarly to what seems to discuss these phenomena. be the Argentinian case, in the Chilean Instead we will identify potentially in­ temperate areas there are still not many teresting questions in relation with a still studies of this type. Most studies of inter- little understood phenomenon: the defoli- actions between terrestrial native herbi- ation of large woody plants in the mediter- vores and plants have been done rather ranean-type shrublands.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chaparral Vegetation in Mexico Under Nonmediterranean Climate: the Convergence and Madrean-Tethyan Hypotheses Reconsidered1
    American Journal of Botany 85(10): 1398±1408. 1998. THE CHAPARRAL VEGETATION IN MEXICO UNDER NONMEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE: THE CONVERGENCE AND MADREAN-TETHYAN HYPOTHESES RECONSIDERED1 ALFONSO VALIENTE-BANUET,2,4 NOEÂ FLORES-HERNAÂ NDEZ,2 MIGUEL VERDUÂ ,3 AND PATRICIA DAÂ VILA3 2Instituto de EcologõÂa, Universidad Nacional AutoÂnoma de MeÂxico, Apartado Postal 70±275, UNAM, 04510 MeÂxico, D.F.; and 3UBIPRO, ENEP-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional AutoÂnoma de MeÂxico, Apartado Postal 314, MeÂxico, 54090, Tlalnepantla, MeÂxico A comparative study between an unburned evergreen sclerophyllous vegetation located in south-central Mexico under a wet-summer climate, with mediterranean regions was conducted in order to re-analyze vegetation and plant characters claimed to converge under mediterranean climates. The comparison considered ¯oristic composition, plant-community struc- ture, and plant characters as adaptations to mediterranean climates and analyzed them by means of a correspondence analysis, considering a tropical spiny shrubland as the external group. We made a species register of the number of species that resprouted after a ®re occurred in 1995 and a distribution map of the evergreen sclerophyllous vegetation in Mexico (mexical) under nonmediterranean climates. The TehuacaÂn mexical does not differ from the evergreen sclerophyllous areas of Chile, California, Australia, and the Mediterranean Basin, according to a correspondence analysis, which ordinated the TehuacaÂn mexical closer to the mediter- ranean areas than to the external group. All the vegetation and ¯oristic characteristics of the mexical, as well as its distribution along the rain-shadowed mountain parts of Mexico, support its origin in the Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis of Axelrod. Therefore, these results allow to expand the convergence paradigm of the chaparral under an integrative view, in which a general trend to aridity might explain ¯oristic and adaptive patterns detected in these environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Exotic Herbivores As Drivers of Plant Invasion and Switch to Ecosystem Alternative States
    Biological Invasions 4: 25–33, 2002. © 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. Review Exotic herbivores as drivers of plant invasion and switch to ecosystem alternative states Milena Holmgren Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 342, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands (e-mail: [email protected]) Received 23 October 2001; accepted in revised form 25 March 2002 Key words: Chilean matorral, exotic herbivores, Mediterranean ecosystems, plant invasion Abstract This paper discusses the evidence of the way in which coupled herbivore and plant invasions altered the structure and functioning of ecosystems in central Chile, and compares these patterns to results from other Mediterranean ecosystems around the world. In pre-Columbian times, sclerophyllous ‘matorral’ forests largely covered mediter- ranean Chile. Remnants of the original, continuous matorral can now be found only on relatively humid slopes of the Coastal Range. In the Intermediate Depression, a long central valley, it has been replaced by extensive savannas dominated by the exotic Acacia caven, whereas the matorral remains on dry slopes as isolated shrub clumps. Experimental work suggests that introduced cattle have played a major role in promoting the shift to Acacia savanna, whereas introduced European rabbits prevent the recolonization of clearings by matorral on the slopes. As in other regions of the world, the loss of woodlands in Chile is likely to have resulted in reduced carbon storage capacity and nutrient recycling, and in increased erosion and climatic aridity within the region. Numerous exotic herbs and grasses now dominate the open areas, and experiments indicate that the dry conditions in the absence of woodland cover in combination with loss of soil fertility and severe grazing by introduced mammals has pushed the competitive balance from native to exotic species.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliographies on Coastal Sage Scrub and Related Malacophyllous Shrublands of Other Mediterranean- California Wildlife Type Climates Conservation Bulletin No
    Bibliographies on Coastal Sage Scrub and Related Malacophyllous Shrublands of Other Mediterranean- California Wildlife Type Climates Conservation Bulletin No. 10 1994 Table of Contents: John F. O'Leary Department of Geography San Diego State Preface University San Diego, CA 92182- 1. Animals 4493 2. Autecology 3. Biogeography, Evolution, and Systematics Sandra A. DeSimone Department of Biology 4. Community Composition, Distribution, and San Diego State Classification University 5. Comparisons with Other Malacophyllous San Diego, CA 92182- Shrublands in Mediterranean Climates 0057 6. Conservation, Restoration, and Management 7. Fire, Diversity, and Succession Dennis D. Murphy Center for Conservation 8. Maps Biology 9. Mediterranean Systems (Malacophyllous Only) of Department of Other Regions Biological Sciences 10. Morphology, Phenology, and Physiology Stanford University 11. Mosaics: Coastal Sage Scrub/Chaparral or Stanford CA 94305 Grasslands Peter Brussard 12. Productivity and Nutrient Use Department of Biology 13. Soils and Water Resources University of Nevada Reno, NV 89557-0015 Michael S. Gilpin Department of Biology University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093 Reed F. Noss 7310 N.W. Acorn Ridge Drive Corvallis, OR 97330 Bibliography on Coastal Sage Scrub Shrublands Page 1 of 2 Preface Coastal sage scrub is often referred to as "soft chaparral" to differentiate it from "hard chaparral," the more widespread shrub community that generally occupies more mesic sites and higher elevations in cismontane California. Unlike evergreen, sclerophyllous chaparral, coastal sage scrub is characterized by malacophyllous subshrubs with leaves that abscise during summer drought and are replaced by fewer smaller leaves (Westman 1981, Gray and Schlesinger 1983). Sage scrub also contrasts with chaparral in its lower stature (0.5 - 1.5 meters vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomass of Root and Shoot Systems of Quercus Coccifera Shrublands in Eastern Spain Isabel Cañellas Rey De Viñas, Alfonso San Miguel Ayanz
    Biomass of root and shoot systems of Quercus coccifera shrublands in Eastern Spain Isabel Cañellas Rey de Viñas, Alfonso San Miguel Ayanz To cite this version: Isabel Cañellas Rey de Viñas, Alfonso San Miguel Ayanz. Biomass of root and shoot systems of Quercus coccifera shrublands in Eastern Spain. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2000, 57 (8), pp.803-810. 10.1051/forest:2000160. hal-00883436 HAL Id: hal-00883436 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883436 Submitted on 1 Jan 2000 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ann. For. Sci. 57 (2000) 803–810 803 © INRA, EDP Sciences Original article Biomass of root and shoot systems of Quercus coccifera shrublands in Eastern Spain Isabel Cañellas Rey de Viñasa,* and Alfonso San Miguel Ayanzb a Dpto Selvicultura, CIFOR-INIA, Ap.8.111, 28080 Madrid, Spain b Dpto. Silvopascicultura, E.T.S.I. Montes, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain (Received 12 October 1999; accepted 14 February 2000) Abstract – Belowground and aboveground biomass of kermes oak shrublands (Quercus coccifera L.), an evergreen sclerophyllous species common in garrigue communities in Spain, have been studied by controlled excavation and harvesting.
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonality, Growth, and Net Productivity of Herbs and Shrubs Of
    Abstract: The physiognomy and species composition Seasonality, Growth, and Net Productivity of of the matorral, as well as growth period and net Herbs and Shrubs of the Chilean Matorral1 productivity of shrubs, change with altitude. In shrubs, vegetative growth period is shorter at higher altitudes; leaf area indices are signifi- cantly higher at lower sites, while biomass Gloria Montenegro, María E. Aljaro, Alan Walkowiak, and indices increase with altitude. At the community 2 Ricardo Saenger level, productivity is lower in the montane matorral. Growth and productivity of the herba- ceous understory markedly varies depending on precipitation. Most vegetative growth occurs between winter and early spring. Chile, located between 18° and 56° latitude The midelevation matorral in the Coastal Range south, has a climate which markedly varies accord- and the sclerophyllous scrub at the foothills of ing to geographical position (Di Castri 1968, the Andes are replaced at about 1850 m by a mon- Hajek and Di Castri 1975). Drought predominates tane evergreen scrub community (Mooney and others in the north of the country and rainfall is char- 1970, Rundel and Weisser 1975, Hoffmann and acteristic of the central and southern regions. Hoffmann 1978, Montenegro and others 1979b). At The natural vegetation is closely related to the 2300 m in the Andes the matorral gives way to a different climatic patterns. The northern part of low subalpine scrub. Over 3000 m, alpine herbs the country is desertic, while evergreens predomi- and cushion plants predominate (Villagran and nate in the south (Pisano 1954, Di Castri 1968, others 1979, Arroyo and others 1979).
    [Show full text]
  • Chilean Blind Spots in Soil Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function Research
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.24.449754; this version posted June 25, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Chilean blind spots in soil biodiversity and ecosystem function research 2 3 César Marín1*, Javiera Rubio2, Roberto Godoy3 4 5 1Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 25243, Průhonice, Czech Republic. 6 2Escuela de Geografía, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja s/n, 7 5090000, Valdivia, Chile. 3Instituto Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, 8 Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja s/n, 5090000, Valdivia, Chile. 9 10 *Corresponding author: César Marín, E-mail: [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.24.449754; this version posted June 25, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 11 Abstract 12 Soil harbor up to a quarter of the world’s biodiversity, contributing to many ecosystem functions. It is 13 of great importance to identify distribution patterns of soil organisms and their ecosystem functions to 14 support their conservation and policy building. This has been recently analyzed at macroecological 15 scales, but analyses at national/local scales are scarce.
    [Show full text]
  • Allelopathic Effects of the Chilean Matorral Shrub Flourensia Thurifera
    Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 60: 57-62, 1987 Allelopathic effects of the Chilean matorral shrub Flourensia thurifera Efectos alelopaticos del arbusto de matorral Flourensia thurifera EDUARDO R. FUENTES, GUILLERMO A. ESPINOZA and GLORIA GAJARDO Laboratorio de Ecologia, Pontificia Universidad Cat61ica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile ABSTRACT This paper reports 4 types of evidence of the allelopathic effect of the drought-deciduous shrub F1ourensia thuri[era (Compositae) on forbs and shrubs. Field evidences include: (1) observed differences in grass abundances at neigh- boring sites with and without (Temoved) F. thuri[era; (2) measured grass abundances at various distances and directions from isolated F. thurifera shrubs; and (3) the results of experiments in which F. thurifera was cut and the ensuing increment in the relative grass densities monitored. Laboratory evidences pertain to relative germination rates of rye and shrub seeds when irrigated with water in which shrub leaves had been soaked. All four evidences point in the same direction, namely, that F. thurifera produces water-soluble chemical substances capable of inhibiting the germination of other plant species. In addition, the paper supports previous results regarding the lack of demonstrable allelopathic effects in some evergreen species of shrubs. Finally, the ecological significance of these results is discussed. Key words: Allelopathy, Forb densities, forb supression, germination rates. RESUMEN Este articulo informa sobre 4 tipos de evidencias que sugieren que el arbusto deciduo de verano F1ourensia thuri[era (Compositae) tiene efectos alelopaticos sobre hierbas y arbustos. Las evidencias de campo incluyen: (1) Observaciones de abundancia de hierbas en sitios vecinos con y sin F.
    [Show full text]