Journal of of Multidisciplinary Multidisciplinary Studies Studies Vol. 5,5, IssueIssue No.No. 1,1, pp.pp. 16-37,16-37, AugustAugust 20162016 ISSN 2350-70202350-7020 (Print) ISSN 2362-94362362-9436 (Online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v5i1.1016

Life Challenges Among the Street Children in Ozamiz City, Philippines

Korina Jean A. Dano, Marilyn B. Decena, Jay Ann Grace S. Nano, Eric T. Trabasas, Genevive R. Gordove

College of Arts and Science, Misamis University, H. T. Feliciano St., Ozamiz City, Philippines Corresponding author: Genevive R. Gordove, email: [email protected]

Abstract

Th phenomenon of street children is a significant social problem. By knowing more about this marginalized population in the society may lead to finding some interventions and opportunities that would likely bring a better change to their lives. Hence, this study aimed to determine the life challenges among the street children in Ozamiz City, Philippines, giving more focus on their demographic profile, reasons why they leave home to stay on streets, their duration in streets and the socioeconomic activities they do, and their unpleasant experiences as street children. This study employed the descriptive design and survey method using questionnaire and interview. The participants were 20 street children regularly monitored by the City Social Welfare and Development. Findings revealed that most street children are boys within the 7-12 years age group and have experienced nonnormative adversities in life such as poverty, neglect, drop-out from school, and have chosen to stay in streets that are rich in resources where there are many people to beg and earn from. They leave home to live a life on streets because of peer influence, employment, and encouragement from parents and relatives. They have been street children for a long time already and have been bullied in streets and school. These findings can be utilized by the city government and other organizations to generate an effective means to reduce or eradicate the problem on street children in Ozamiz City.

Keywords: adversities, employment, home, neglect, poverty

16 Life Challenges Among the Street Children KK.. JJ.. A. Dano, MM.. B. Decena, JJ.. A. GG.. S. NanoNano,, in Ozamiz City, Philippines E. T. Trabasas, G. R. Gordove

Introduction

The definition of street children is varied depending on the views and experiences of the one who defines it. The Inter-Non-Governmental Organizations defines street children as those for whom the street has become their real home more than their family, a situation in which there is no protection, supervision or direction from responsible adults (Ennew, 1994). For West (2003), “street children” is used as shorthand for children who might transit to the street, children on the street, or children who previously lived on the street, with a variety of occupations. In the study of Boakye-Boaten (2008), all children who spend the bulk of their time on the streets either working all day on the streets and returning home or sleeping on the streets, without a responsible adult supervision and are not enrolled in any educational training or program were considered as street children. There are three categories of street children that are generally accepted by social workers. “Children on the streets” make up approximately 75% of the street children in the Philippines. They work on the streets but do not live there. They generally have a home to return to after working, and some even continue to attend school while working long hours on the streets. “Children of the street” make their homes on the street. They make up 25%-30% of the street children in the country. They often create a sort of family with their fellow street children. Some of them still have family ties, but may either rarely tend to them or view them negatively. “Completely abandoned children” have no family ties and are entirely on their own for physical and psychological survival. They make up approximately 5%-10% of the street children in the Philippines (Cullen, 2005). The phenomenon of street children is global (Le Roux & Smith, 1998), and street children in the Philippines is a significant problem. There are about 1.5 million street children in the country, and every day, at least a street child is seen walking along the streets, looking for a place to stay (UNICEF, 1998). At present, the number of children and youth living part of their lives on the streets in the Philippines could reach two million. A combination of multiple factors drives

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children to a life on the streets, including poverty, neglect, the breakdown of the family, losing one or both parents, and verbal, physical, and sexual abuse (Aptekar, 1994; Tantoco, 1993). The influx of street children is also observed in Ozamiz City. Possible reason is the resources that the city could offer to these children as one of the centers for commerce, health, transportation, and education in Region 10, Mindanao. The study conducted by Bocar (2015) with street children in the city was more focused on the reasons of their existence. Panter-Brick (2004) argued that there should be a shift in the paradigm of analysis on the street child from the street as the primary focus to the children and their experience and views. There are still many aspects to examine about the street children in Ozamiz City that may pave way to a deep understanding of their situation and the life they live on streets. By knowing more about this marginalized population in the society may lead to finding some interventions and opportunities that would likely bring a better change to their lives. This study aimed to determine the life challenges among the street children in Ozamiz City, giving more focus on their demographic profile, reasons why they leave home to stay on streets, their duration in streets and the socioeconomic activities they do, and their unpleasant experiences as street children. The findings of this study may be utilized by the government and other organizations to generate an effective means to reduce or eradicate the problem on street children in Ozamiz City.

Material and Methods

This study employed the descriptive design and survey method using questionnaire and interview as tools to gather the data. The questionnaire was developed based on the study of Mugove and Lincoln (2015) with modifications to fit the scope of this study. The questionnaire has three sections. The first section is about the demographic profile of street children including their reasons for stopping school. The second section consists of items that inquire about

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the reasons of street children for leaving home to stay on streets, their duration in the streets, socioeconomic activities and the time they spent working on streets. The third section consists of items that inquire about their unpleasant experiences as street children. The four-point Likert scale was used in the third section with the mean of their responses interpreted as follows: 1.00-1.74 – Never; 1.75-2.40 – Sometimes; 2.50-3.24 – Often; 3.25-4.00 – Always. The participants of this survey were 20 street children who were regularly monitored by the City Social Welfare and Development (CSWD) staff. These children usually stay in the barangays of Baybay Triunfo, Tinago and Carmen in Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental province. Baybay Triunfo is famous for its Cotta Fort and shrine as the historical landmarks of the place located near the Port of Ozamiz. Its population as determined by the 2015 Census was 2,817 (PhilAtlas, 2016a). This represented 1.99% of the total population of the city. Baybay Triunfo shares a common border with Carmen that has a population of 6,135 as determined by the 2015 Census which represented 4.33% of the total population of Ozamiz City (PhilAtlas, 2016b). Two Jollibee outlets and other fast-food chains like Greenwich, Chowking are all situated in Carmen. Tinago is the most populated barangay with a population of 10,596 as determined by the 2015 Census which represented 7.47% of the total population of Ozamiz City (PhilAtlas, 2016c). Tinago has one of the two big malls in the city. The purpose and nature of the study were explained to the participants and written informed consent was obtained from them. Informed assent from parents or guardians of street children was also procured. Before the data collection, the children were first gathered per location and brought to a restaurant to establish the rapport and trust in them and to make them comfortable. A CSWD staff accompanied the children all throughout while interacting with the children to ensure that their rights are always protected while participating in the study. The approval from the CSWD was also obtained before interacting with the children. A pilot test was carried out to five target respondents before the actual data gathering. The items in the questionnaire were found clear

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for them and no modifications were further made. The street children were personally asked with the questions guided by the questionnaire and their responses were recorded through writing. Since the respondents were still children, it was assured that the items are made clear to them and that they are made comfortable while responding to the queries. Adequate time was given to the children to deliver their responses. Follow-up interviews were carried out during the answering of the questionnaire to obtain a clear account of their responses. The percentage and means from the tally based on their responses were calculated and analyzed.

Results and Discussion

Table 1 shows the demographic profile of 20 street children in Ozamiz City. Many fell within the age group of 7 to 12 years old. The child’s age may be a factor that contributes to neglect and abuse as the child’s vulnerability to maltreatment increases. Homeless children are vulnerable population as they have often dealt with difficult situations on the streets (Thompson et al., 2010), and at this young age, street children are helpless (Abraham, 2015). Most street children in this study are boys which is similar with the finding of other studies (Nada & El Daw, 2010; Malindi & Machenjedze, 2012; Kumalasari & Wijayanti, 2013; Sehra et al., 2016). Street works are relatively heavy and girls could hardly bear these types of work so more street children are boys. Girls are traditionally responsible for staying home and attending to their younger siblings but culturally, boys tend to be adventurous and move out of their homes in search of better lives for themselves and families (Gebers, 1990). Many of the street children in this current study have both parents alive, some have only a father, while a considerable number does not have an idea about their parents and can be also considered as orphans. Many of them come from a large household of six or more siblings. More than half of the street children in Ozamiz City have both parents without work. A greater percentage of the street children stay with their grandparents or parents, there are few who stay with relatives

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and friends, but no one stays with the father, instead choses to be with the company of the mother.

Table 1. Demographic profile of street children in Ozamiz City.

Variable Characteristics Frequency Percentage

Age 4-6 4 20 7-9 8 40 10-12 7 35 13-16 1 5 Gender Boys 15 75 Girls 5 25 Status of parents Mother Alive 3 15 Father Alive 2 20 Both parents alive 9 45 Both parents died 2 10 No idea of parents 4 20 Number of siblings 1 0 0 2 2 10 3 4 20 4 3 15 5 5 25 6 and above 6 30 Working status of parents Working 9 45 Not working 11 55 Persons with whom street Father 0 0 children live with Mother 2 10 Parents 6 30 Grandparents 7 35 Relatives 3 15 Friends 2 10 Where on streets staying Cotta Fort 11 55 Geege Mall area 5 25 Jollibee Drive Thru Area 4 20 Schooling status Regularly attending school 8 40 Stopped attending school 5 25 Always absent from classes 7 35

Three areas in Ozamiz City where these street children were found during the data gathering. They preferred to stay around the Cotta Fort, outside a mall, and near a food chain. The Cotta Fort is one of the oldest forts in the Philippines and always visited by many people from

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the city or other nearby places. One of the walls of the fort is carved with the Blessed Virgin of Immaculate Conception and this place is called the Cotta Shrine where devotees always visit to pray. Their preference on Cotta Shrine compared to other places could be attributed to the help they could get from the religious people visiting the place. Hence, many street children roam around the fort hoping for people to give them money or food, or buy their candles. The Geege Mall is one of the two big malls in Ozamiz City. One portion of the ground floor is occupied by McDonalds and street children outside wait for people to give them money or food, or for them to get paid as they watch cars parked outside the mall. Jollibee is also an area where street children stay. They find these public spaces ideal not only because they can beg for food but find ways to earn from people. Kipyegon et al. (2015) reported that majority of street children in Kenya have staked out the most beautified areas of the city such as squares, major highways, outside shopping centers, markets, fountains, tourist attractions, and near restaurants. These areas of the city are rich in resources like people to beg from, tourists to sell small items to, restaurants that hand out free food, grass to sleep on, fountains to wash in, and plenty of areas to play. Aside from this, the children find the street as haven from the negative family relations and an ideal place because of its visibility to police where their safety are assured (Van Blerk, 2012). Many street children in this study indicated that they still attend school but they are always absent from classes. Others opted not to attend school anymore which the respondents claimed to have been driven mainly by lack of parents’ guidance, poverty, and peer influence (Table 2). For them, it would be better to work on streets and earn instead of studying. Rafi et al. (2012) point out that problems faced by street children in their environment is also the lack of, or limited educational opportunities. Most street children do not go to school since there are some administration fees to be paid. Some street children really struggle for survival and when survival becomes compromised, getting an education can be constrained by the need to fulfill the most basic necessities of life (Awatey, 2014). Street children in this study expressed that they stopped from school so they could continue to work in streets

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to support their family and they found it difficult to combine work and education. However, more than half of the street children admitted their laziness for school which could be the result of being tired working on streets to get food to eat or money to give to their families. Children have the right to education but street-working children experience multiple human rights abuses and most anti-poverty programs failed to target sufficiently their needs (Grugel & Ferreira, 2012).

Table 2. Reasons for stopping school.

Reasons Percentage (%)

Poverty 65 Better to work and receive salary than studying 55 Peer influence/invitation to the street 60 Lack of parents’ guidance 70 Laziness 55

Street children in Ozamiz City indicated several reasons for leaving home to stay on streets (Table 3). Mainly because they are invited by other street children who had pushed them to become one. Another reason by almost all street children was for employment to provide income for their family. The most unlikely reason of these street children in leaving their homes is the encouragement from their parents and relatives. This finding is an indication of dysfunctional families as one reason why children would leave home to stay on streets. Dysfunctional families also account for the increasing number of street children in Cameroon (Cumber & Tsoka-Gwegweni, 2016). Orphanhood and neglect or abandonment had been the reasons for a considerable number of street children to live a life on the streets. A least number of street children experienced abuse by their parents, guardian or care givers which pushed them to stay on streets. The study of Bocar (2015) did not show that invitation of other street children as a pull factor. It is not possible to point that the same respondents were considered by this previous study but the possibility seems to appear unlikely based on the result of this current study. However, similarity of results of this current study with the previous

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study is seen on poverty and orphanhood as the push factors for the street children in Ozamiz City.

Table 3. Reasons of street children for leaving home to stay on streets.

Reasons Percentage (%)

Invited by other children on the street 95 Employment 90 Encouraged by parents or relatives 75 Earning income for family 70 Orphanhood 45 Neglected or abandoned by parents 45 Abused by parents, guardians or care givers 20

Most of the street children are from disadvantaged families marked by poverty and unemployment (Anich et al., 2011). A 2014 report from the Philippine Institute for Development Studies shows that the number of income poor children in the Philippines has now reached 13.4 million, over 1/3 of all children aged below 18 (van der Hor, 2015). Notwithstanding these numbers in income poverty, the same report identifies about 10 million children suffering other deprivations particularly in health, education, and living standards – to include decent shelter, safe water, and sanitary toilet facilities. Poverty creates a perpetual cycle of “psychological poverty” and this complex phenomenon is in need of much attention from communities and policymaker (Brink, 2015). Children suffer the most when a society fails to fulfil its social contract towards the poor (Morrison et al., 2014). Lack of economic opportunities may pressure children of poor families in the urban centers to work on the streets to supplement family income (Sta. Maria et al., 2010). Orphanhood or single parenthood can also drive children to stay on the streets that can be associated with low income (Githaiga & Kay, 2015). Children also become motivated to leave home, or may even be driven out in circumstances where there is neglect (Le Roux & Smith, 1998). A child participant from the study of Boakye-Boaten (2008) defined street children as “Children who have been neglected by

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their family, and have to struggle every day to find food to eat”. The likelihood of child neglect in the Philippines is higher because families are typically more exposed to poverty and associated issues (Ramiro et al., 2010). With extreme poverty in some areas in the country, providing children with food, clean water, medical care and education is extremely difficult which would constitute neglect (Lansford et al., 2015). The effects of child neglect are the most harmful to children. Childhood physical neglect was associated with a twofold increase in likelihood of using alcohol and illicit drugs in the Philippines (Ramiro et al., 2010). Furthermore, economic hardship may lead to increased family violence and physical and emotional abuse at home may in turn push children to migrate to the streets (McAlpine et al., 2010; Mello et al., 2014). Figure 1 presents the duration of respondents in the streets of Ozamiz City. They have lived or worked long already in the streets even to more than six years. This situation depicts a society that seems incapable to bring these children a life that allows them to access even the basic necessities they always deserve. The City Social Welfare and Development (CSWD) in Ozamiz City has been trying to solve the problem on street children in collaboration with the local government in the city. The CSWD has been implementing programs that may aid poverty reduction but this problem is too huge to solve as a result of several factors spanning this issue including the sociopsychology of families and significant others of street children. These children tend to go back to a life on streets in spite of several interventions of the CSWD. The existence of street children is most viewed as a significant problem, stripping youth of their humanity and burdening them with the everyday concern of survival (O’Haire, 2011). There are few scientific studies about the economy of Ozamiz City, but it has become one of the centers for commerce, health, transportation, and education in Region 10 of Mindanao considering its good harbor location as the main gateway for agricultural products of the city or nearby provinces. However, several people have not been employed in good jobs that could adequately support the family. Many are tricycle drivers and street vendors with unstable income.

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Hence, it is not surprising seeing street children roaming around the city for quite a long time as also observed in other urban places in the Philippines (Banaag, 1997; Bacos et al., 2005; Sta. Maria et al., 2014).

15% 30%

20%

15%

20%

Within 1 year up to 2 years More than 2 years up to 3 years More than 3 years up to 4 years More than 4 years up to 5 years More than 5 years

Figure 1. Percent distribution of respondents as to their duration in the streets of Ozamiz City.

The Conditional Cash Transfer program of the Philippines, locally known as the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or (4Ps) has provided financial support to indigent Filipino families (Curry et al., 2013), but not all stories seemed successful as there are recipients who spend the money for vices (personal observation) leaving the children with no choice but to earn in streets to feed one’s self or support their families. Street children in Ozamiz City indicated that they participated in socioeconomic activities such as watching cars parked outside malls

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and fast-food chains, begging, vending candles, and fetching water (Figure 2). The study of Kieni (2015) also showed that begging and fetching water are among the socioeconomic activities of street children in Kenya. These activities of the street children in Ozamiz City compared to other places are not violating laws and do not pose troubles to society. Other studies, however, showed that street children are engaged in drug selling, pick-pocketing, gambling, or even prostitution and other hazardous jobs just to survive (Hai, 2014; Kieni, 2015). It is so horrible that most street children have to take harmful jobs in exchange for food and shelter (Hossain, 2016).

5% 20%

15% 60%

Car watcher Candle vendor Beggar Water boy

Figure 2. Percent distribution of street children as to their socioeconomic activities in Ozamiz City.

Figure 3 shows the time spent by street children in Ozamiz City working in streets. A greater percentage indicated that they worked after school which is beyond 16:00 or 17:00. They usually stay at night in streets and go home at around 21:00 or 22:00. Lack of economic opportunities may pressure children of poor families in the urban centers to work on the streets to supplement family income (Sta. Maria et al.,

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2014). Still the street children indicated the importance of education and expressed their desire to go to school despite their situation. The local government of Ozamiz City and non-governmental organizations including academic institutions should come forward to rehabilitate these children and initiate education or training programs to bring change to their lives for their better future.

5% 5% 25% 15%

40%

All day All night Throughout When out of school Now and then

Figure 3. Time spent by street children in Ozamiz City working in streets.

Table 4 presents the unpleasant experiences of the respondents as street children in Ozamiz City. Bullying on streets is often experienced. They also experience bullying in schools sometimes. Being abandoned, or lacking the protection of family, street children are subjected to numerous and unrelenting victimizations from fellow street children that often make their lives miserable (Hartjen & Priyadarsini, 2011). Family trouble is also an unpleasant experience indicated by street children. Family problems and broken homes can cause children

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running away from their family and live a life on the streets (Dabir & Athale, 2011). A greater percentage of street children come from dysfunctional or broken families as it also creates step- mothers who tend to maltreat the children (Bocar, 2015). Family breakdown causes children at increased risk of adverse outcomes that can persist into adulthood (Coleman & Glenn, 2010). If this situation is continuously experienced by the street children, it is very likely that staying longer on streets could be their best option. The results of this current study showed that street children did not experience physical fight with other street children or any physical and sexual abuse unlike the report of Lalor (1999) wherein half of the street boys in Ethiopia were being “regularly” physically attacked. The street children in Ozamiz City may have probably developed resilience in streets since they only indicated few unpleasant experiences. Marginalized populations may employ atypical or hidden strategies towards resilience (Ungar, 2006; Canvin et al., 2009). Coping strategies and negotiation for resources of street children may not be apparent to the outside observer and may even seem maladaptive or socially inappropriate (Libório & Ungar, 2010; Malindi & Theron, 2010). Within this premise, the government in Ozamiz City and other organizations have to work together promptly to bring out these children from the life on streets and help them live a normative life before horrible and traumatic circumstances could happen to them.

Table 4. Unpleasant experiences as street children in Ozamiz City.

Experiences Mean Interpretation

Bullied on streets 2.65 Often Bullied in school 2.15 Sometimes Family trouble 1.85 Sometimes Physical fight with other street children 1.70 Never Physical and sexual abuse 1.00 Never

1.00-1.74 – Never; 1.75-2.40 – Sometimes; 2.50-3.24 – Often; 3.25-4.00 - Always

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Conclusions and Recommendations

This study provides a clear view about the street children in Ozamiz City showing that this young and boys-dominated marginalized population in the society have experienced nonnormative adversities in life such poverty, neglect, drop-out from school and have chosen to stay in streets that are rich in resources where there are many people to beg and earn from. They leave home to live a life in streets because of peer influence, employment, and encouragement from parents and relatives to support financially the family. They have been street children for a long time already and have been bullied in streets and school, a situation that depicts the failure of the society to allow them access to the basic necessities in life. It is recommended that academic institutions in collaborations with the non-governmental organizations in the city would initiate community extension programs or interventions to aid the local government resolve the issue on street children. Social researchers are also urged to conduct further studies that generate new frameworks that fit to the conditions of street children in Ozamiz City to shed light to this enormous social problem.

Acknowledgment

The authors are very grateful to the City Social Welfare and Development in Ozamiz City for the support given. The street children in the city are recognized for the cooperation extended.

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