DOCSLIB.ORG

Journal of Psychopharmacology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Journal of Psychopharmacology Journal of Psychopharmacology http://jop.sagepub.com/ Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder: a preliminary report José Alexandre S Crippa, Guilherme Nogueira Derenusson, Thiago Borduqui Ferrari, Lauro Wichert-Ana, Fábio Duran, Roci•o Marti•n-Santos, Marcus Vinícius Simões, Sagnik Bhattacharyya, Paolo Fusar-Poli, Zerrin Atakan, Alaor Santos Filho, Maria Cecí•lia Freitas-Ferrari, Phillip McGuire, Antonio Waldo Zuardi, Geraldo Busatto and Jaime Eduardo Cecílio Hallak J Psychopharmacol published online 9 September 2010 DOI: 10.1177/0269881110379283 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jop.sagepub.com/content/early/2010/09/08/0269881110379283 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: British Association for Psychopharmacology Additional services and information for Journal of Psychopharmacology can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jop.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jop.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Downloaded from jop.sagepub.com at UNIV DE SAO PAULO BIBLIOTECA on September 13, 2010 J Psychopharmacol OnlineFirst, published on September 9, 2010 as doi:10.1177/0269881110379283 Original Paper Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social Journal of Psychopharmacology anxiety disorder: a preliminary report 0(0) 1–10 ! The Author(s) 2010 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav 1,2 1,2 DOI: 10.1177/0269881110379283 Jose´ Alexandre S Crippa , Guilherme Nogueira Derenusson , jop.sagepub.com Thiago Borduqui Ferrari1,2, Lauro Wichert-Ana3,Fa´bio LS Duran4, Rocio Martin-Santos2,5, Marcus Vinı´cius Simo˜es3,6, Sagnik Bhattacharyya5, Paolo Fusar-Poli5, Zerrin Atakan5, Alaor Santos Filho1,2, Maria Cecı´lia Freitas-Ferrari1,2, Philip K McGuire2,5, Antonio Waldo Zuardi1,2, Geraldo F Busatto4 and Jaime Eduardo Cecı´lio Hallak1,2 Abstract Animal and human studies indicate that cannabidiol (CBD), a major constituent of cannabis, has anxiolytic properties. However, no study to date has investigated the effects of this compound on human pathological anxiety and its underlying brain mechanisms. The aim of the present study was to investigate this in patients with generalized social anxiety disorder (SAD) using functional neuroimaging. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) at rest was measured twice using (99m)Tc-ECD SPECT in 10 treatment-naı¨ve patients with SAD. In the first session, subjects were given an oral dose of CBD (400 mg) or placebo, in a double-blind procedure. In the second session, the same procedure was performed using the drug that had not been administered in the previous session. Within-subject between-condition rCBF comparisons were performed using statistical parametric mapping. Relative to placebo, CBD was associated with significantly decreased subjective anxiety (p < 0.001), reduced ECD uptake in the left parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, and inferior temporal gyrus (p < 0.001, uncorrected), and increased ECD uptake in the right posterior cingulate gyrus (p < 0.001, uncorrected). These results suggest that CBD reduces anxiety in SAD and that this is related to its effects on activity in limbic and paralimbic brain areas. Keywords Cannabidiol, CBD, social anxiety, regional cerebral blood flow, SPECT Introduction Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is one of the most common and impairing anxiety conditions. However, 1Departments of Neurosciences and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, the pharmacological treatment of SAD remains problematic University of Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil. since it is poorly controlled by the currently available drugs, 2NCT Translational Medicine. with only about 30% of the subjects achieving true recovery 3Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeira˜o Preto, University or remission (Blanco et al., 2002). Therefore, there is a clear of Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil. need to develop and explore novel therapeutic agents for the 4Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sa˜o Paulo, management of SAD. Brazil. Although it is well recognized that cannabis use can cause 5Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neuroimaging, adverse effects, including anxiety, there is consistent evidence Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, UK. 6 that many individuals use the drug to obtain relief from anx- Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeira˜o Preto, University of Sa˜o iety symptoms (Crippa et al., 2009). Moreover, it has been Paulo, Brazil. suggested that individuals with SAD are more likely to use Corresponding author: cannabis than those with other anxiety disorders to ‘self-med- Jose´ Alexandre S Crippa, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosciences and icate’ anxiety reactions (Buckner et al., 2008). These appar- Behavior, Division of Psychiatry; Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeira˜o ently conflicting statements may partly reflect the fact that Preto; Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Hospital das Clı´nicas - Terceiro Andar; 9 low doses of the best-known constituent of the plant, Á -tet- Av. Bandeirantes, 3900; Ribeira˜o Preto, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil rahydrocannabinol (Á9-THC), have anxiolytic-like effects, Email: [email protected] Downloaded from jop.sagepub.com at UNIV DE SAO PAULO BIBLIOTECA on September 13, 2010 2 Journal of Psychopharmacology 0(0) whereas higher doses produce anxiogenic reactions (Crippa scale, with a maximum total score of 68. Criterion validity et al., 2010; Fusar-Poli et al., 2009; Viveros et al., 2005). revealed excellent sensitivity and specificity for a cut-off score In addition, Cannabis sativa contains multiple compounds of 19. Other psychometric properties of both BSPS and SPIN which may have different psychoactive properties (Zuardi et al., have been consistently considered adequate in different stud- 2006). In particular, cannabidiol (CBD), one major non- ies and cultures. psychotomimetic compound from the Cannabis sativa plant, All subjects had total scores higher than 52 on the SPIN and has shown anxiolytic effects both in animals and in human higher than 54 on the BSPS, thus classified as suffering from studies (Zuardi et al., 1993b; Zuardi et al., 2006). Using func- severe social phobia. Their mean weight ranged between tional neuroimaging in healthy volunteers, we have recently 65–91 kg and their body mass index ranged between 21– observed that CBD has anxiolytic properties and that these 25 kg/m2. They were included into the study if they did not effects are associated with an action on limbic and paralimbic have a history of head trauma, neurological illness, electrocon- brain areas (Crippa et al., 2004; Fusar-Poli et al., 2009). vulsive therapy, current or previous drug/alcohol use or abuse We have thus hypothesized that CBD may be effective in or major medical illnesses, and had not received any medica- SAD. However, no study to date has investigated the effects of tion for at least 3 months before the study (Mathew et al., CBD on human pathological anxiety and its underlying brain 1992), based on a semi-standardized questionnaire and physi- mechanisms. Therefore, in the present study, we applied func- cal examination. All were non-smokers (tobacco), had not tional neuroimaging to investigate the neurophysiological used marijuana more than five times in their lifetime, with no basis of the effects of CBD in patients with SAD. Based on use in the past year. None had ever used any other illicit drug. previous Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Although no urine or blood tests were given to ensure absence (SPECT) (Crippa et al., 2004) and functional Magnetic of marijuana use, we have assessed past and current use of this Resonance Imaging (fMRI) (Fusar-Poli et al., 2009) studies or other illicit drugs use by means of a semi-structured ques- of CBD effects, we predicted that, relative to placebo, CBD tionnaire and the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) (McLellan would reduce anxiety in subjects with SAD and that this effect et al., 1980). No subject had previously undergone SPECT or would be associated with the modulation of the functional other nuclear medicine procedures. Clinical and demographic activity of temporo-limbic structures (amygdala-hippocampus information of the patient sample are shown in Table 1. All complex and parahippocampal gyrus) and paralimbic regions, subjects gave written informed consent after being fully including the cingulate cortex. To the best of our knowledge, informed of the research procedure, following approval by this is the first study to directly investigate the neural and/or the local ethical committee (HCRP No. 11559/04). behavioral effects of CBD in patients with an anxiety disorder. Drug Methods CBD (400 mg) approximately 99.9% pure (THC-Pharm; Subjects Frankfurt, Germany) was dissolved in corn oil. The same amount of corn oil was used as placebo. The drug and pla- Ten right-handed men with generalized SAD, recruited from cebo were packed inside identical gelatin capsules. Previous an epidemiological sample of 2320 university students, were studies showed that the plasma peak of an oral dose of CBD selected by the screening procedure described elsewhere usually occurs 1–2 h after ingestion (Agurell et al., 1981; (Crippa et al., 2008; De Lima Oso´rio et al., 2007). They had Borgwardt et al., 2008; Fusar-Poli et al., 2009). the SAD diagnosis confirmed by the SCID for the DSM-IV. Participants were aged between 20 and 33 years (mean age 24.2 years; SD 3.7), were treatment-naı¨ve and did not have Self-rating scale for subjective states during any comorbid psychiatric disorders. Their mean age of onset the SPECT imaging procedure of illness was 9.1 years (SD 1.53), and the mean illness dura- tion was 14.8 years (SD 3.12). Subjective states were evaluated by mean of the Visual Severity of SAD was assessed with the Portuguese version Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS) of Norris (1971), translated (Oso´rio et al., 2006, 2010) of the Brief Social Phobia Scale into Portuguese (Zuardi and Karniol, 1981). In this scale, (BSPS) (Davidson, et al., 1991) and using the Portuguese version (Oso´rio et al., 2009) of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) (Connor et al., 2000).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introduction to Psychopharmacology
    1 Introduction to Psychopharmacology CHAPTER OUTLINE • Psychopharmacology • Why Read a Book on Psychopharmacology? • Drugs: Administered Substances That Alter Physiological Functions • Psychoactive Drugs: Described by Manner of Use • Generic Names, Trade Names, Chemical Names, and Street Names for Drugs • Drug Effects: Determined by Dose • Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacogenetics • Psychoactive Drugs: Objective and Subjective Effects • Study Designs and the Assessment of Psychoactive Drugs • Validity: Addressing the Quality and Impact of an Experiment • Animals and Advancing Medical Research • Researchers Consider Many Ethical Issues When Conducting Human Research • From Actions to Effects: Therapeutic Drug Development • Chapter Summary sychoactive substances have made an enormous impact on society. Many people regularly drink alcohol or smoke tobacco. Millions of Americans take P prescribed drugs for depression or anxiety. As students, scholars, practitioners, and everyday consumers, we may find that learning about psychoactive substances can be invaluable. The chapters in this book provide a thorough overview of the Domajor not classes of psychoactive copy, drugs, including post, their actions inor the body distributeand their effects on behavior. 1 Copyright ©2018 by SAGE Publications, Inc. This work may not be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without express written permission of the publisher. 2 Drugs and the Neuroscience of Behavior Psychopharmacology Psychopharmacology Psychopharmacology is the study of how drugs affect mood, perception, think- Study of how drugs ing, or behavior. Drugs that achieve these effects by acting in the nervous system affect mood, perception, thinking, or behavior are called psychoactive drugs. The term psychopharmacology encompasses two large fields: psychology and pharmacology. Thus, psychopharmacology attempts to Psychoactive drugs Drugs that affect mood, relate the actions and effects of drugs to psychological processes.
    [Show full text]
  • From Sacred Plants to Psychotherapy
    From Sacred Plants to Psychotherapy: The History and Re-Emergence of Psychedelics in Medicine By Dr. Ben Sessa ‘The rejection of any source of evidence is always treason to that ultimate rationalism which urges forward science and philosophy alike’ - Alfred North Whitehead Introduction: What exactly is it that fascinates people about the psychedelic drugs? And how can we best define them? 1. Most psychiatrists will define psychedelics as those drugs that cause an acute confusional state. They bring about profound alterations in consciousness and may induce perceptual distortions as part of an organic psychosis. 2. Another definition for these substances may come from the cross-cultural dimension. In this context psychedelic drugs may be recognised as ceremonial religious tools, used by some non-Western cultures in order to communicate with the spiritual world. 3. For many lay people the psychedelic drugs are little more than illegal and dangerous drugs of abuse – addictive compounds, not to be distinguished from cocaine and heroin, which are only understood to be destructive - the cause of an individual, if not society’s, destruction. 4. But two final definitions for psychedelic drugs – and those that I would like the reader to have considered by the end of this article – is that the class of drugs defined as psychedelic, can be: a) Useful and safe medical treatments. Tools that as adjuncts to psychotherapy can be used to alleviate the symptoms and course of many mental illnesses, and 1 b) Vital research tools with which to better our understanding of the brain and the nature of consciousness. Classifying psychedelic drugs: 1,2 The drugs that are often described as the ‘classical’ psychedelics include LSD-25 (Lysergic Diethylamide), Mescaline (3,4,5- trimethoxyphenylathylamine), Psilocybin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) and DMT (dimethyltryptamine).
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Epigenetics and the Developmental Origins of Child Mental Health Disorders
    Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (2012), 3(6), 395–408. REVIEW & Cambridge University Press and the International Society for Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 2012 doi:10.1017/S2040174412000426 Behavioral epigenetics and the developmental origins of child mental health disorders B. M. Lester1,2,3,4*, C. J. Marsit5, E. Conradt1,4, C. Bromer6 and J. F. Padbury3,4 1Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk at Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA 2Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA 3Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpen Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA 4Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA 5Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Community & Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA 6Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Advances in understanding the molecular basis of behavior through epigenetic mechanisms could help explain the developmental origins of child mental health disorders. However, the application of epigenetic principles to the study of human behavior is a relatively new endeavor. In this paper we discuss the ‘Developmental Origins of Health and Disease’ including the role of fetal programming. We then review epigenetic principles related to fetal programming and the recent application of epigenetics to behavior. We focus on the neuroendocrine system and develop a simple heuristic stress-related model to illustrate how epigenetic changes in placental genes could predispose the infant to neurobehavioral profiles that interact with postnatal environmental factors potentially leading to mental health disorders.
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychopharmacology
    Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychopharmacology The Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychopharmacology area of concentration is designed to train students broadly in the general theoretical principles and technical approaches used to investigate the neurobehavioral mechanisms of alcohol and drug abuse. Psychopharmacological approaches to understanding basic principles of learning are also emphasized. Students receive a concentrated lab experience using either animal models (quail, mice or rats) or human subjects. Faculty in the program use different levels of analysis including cell culture models, neurochemical assays, developmental toxicology, classical conditioning of drug effects, operant conditioning, human behavioral pharmacology, and cognitive approaches to behavior. Students are expected to receive in depth training in at least one level of analysis although training that integrates more than one level of analysis is strongly encouraged. PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS COURSE REQUIREMENTS (1) Statistics sequence: PSY 610 - Experimental design PSY 611 - Correlational design (2) PSY 780 - Directed BNP studies PSY 780A - first year students only PSY 780B - first year and beyond (3) Any three proseminars selected from the following areas: Learning Cognitive processes Developmental Psychology Sensation & Perception Physiological Psychology (4) Four electives (a minimum of one of these must be outside of the Psychology Department) (see listing of some possible options on page **). (5) Additional course work as recommended by the advisory committee RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS It is expected that all students in the BNP area will be involved in research thorough out their course of study towards the Ph.D. The area has two formalized requirements that are designed to train the student in conducting research: (1) Master's thesis (2) Dissertation ALLIED AREA REQUIREMENT Each student is expected to develop an allied area to gain expertise in some area outside of the student's main research specialty.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of Psychopharmacology
    Handbook of Psychopharmacology Volume 7 Principles of Behavioral Pharmacology Handbook of Psychopharmacology SECTION I: BASIC NEUROPHARMACOLOGY Volume 1 Biochemical Principles and Techniques in Neuropharmacology Volume 2 Principles of Receptor Research Volume 3 Biochemistry of Biogenic Amines Volume 4 Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Volume 5 Synaptic Modulators Volume 6 Biogenic Amine Receptors SECTION II: BEHAVIORAL PHARMACOLOGY IN ANIMALS Volume 7 Principles of Behavioral Pharmacology Volume 8 Drugs, Neurotransmitters, and Behavior Volume 9 Chemical Pathways in the Brain SECTION III: HUMAN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Volume 10 N euro leptics and Schizophrenia Volume 11 Stimulants Volume 12 Drugs of Abuse Volume 13 Biology of Drug Effects in Affective Disorders Volume 14 Anxiety and Affective Disorders: Drug Actions in Man Volume 7 Principles of Behavioral Pharmacology Edited by Leslie L. Iversen Department of Pharmacology University of Cambridge Susan D. Iversen Department of Psychology University of Cambridge and Solomon H. Snyder Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Handbook of psychopharmacology. Includes bibliographies and indexes. CONTENTS: v. 1. Biochemical principles and techniques in neuropharmacology. -v. 2. Principles of receptor research.-v. 3. Biochemistry of biogenic amines.-v. 4. Amino acid neurotransmitters.-v. 5. Synaptic modulators.-v. 6. Biogenic amine receptors.-v. 7. Principles of behavioral pharmacology. 1. Psychopharmacology. I. Iversen, Leslie Lars. II. Iversen, Susan D., 1940- III. Snyder, Solomon H., 1938- [DNLM: 1. Psychopharmacology. QV77 H236j RC483.H36 615.78 75-6851 lSBN-13: 978-1-4613-4216-8 e-lSBN-13: 978-1-4613-4214-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-4214-4 © 1977 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1977 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Before They Called It Psychopharmacology* Heinz E
    NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 1993-VOL. 8, NO. 4 291 SPECIAL LECTURE Before They Called It Psychopharmacology* Heinz E. Lehmann, M.D. BEFORE THEY CALLED IT Johns Hopkins, who called the domain of psychophar­ PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY macology "certainly very meager." Macht conducted pharmacologic experiments with opium narcotics and It is a great privilege and honor to be here today, giv­ coal tar analgesics on reaction time, tapping speed, etc., ing the second annual lecture on the history of psy­ much as Kraepelin as early as 1883 had done in Wundt's chopharmacology. My friend Frank Ayd did such an laboratory with alcohol and caffeine, calling it then Phar­ admirable job with his lecture last year, on the early macopsychologie (Macht 1920). history, that I have had a hard problem finding gaps W. Freeman, in 1931, wrote a more general paper to fill. What I have finally chosen to do is to trace for in the Journal of the American Medical Association on you some of the early history, complete with anecdotes, what he called psychochemistry, and in 1935 Thorner which preceded our modern notions of psychology and wrote the fIrst paper resembling our modern concept pharmacology and then to tell you something of my of the term with "Psychopharmacology of Sodium own experiences and findings in the psychiatric world Amytal in Catatonia." I will discuss this paper in more of the 1940s and 1950s, a world that was remarkably detail later . After a careful search of the modern litera­ different and simplistic compared to today. I also in­ ture, I came to the conclusion that official general use tend to give you a subjective "oral history" of my own of the term psychopharmacology in publications dates stumbling attempts to make some sense out of the only to 1960, following a paper by Ross and Cole enti­ vague and somewhat chaotic potpourri of ideas and tled "Psychopharmacology," when also psychophar­ pharmacologic approaches to psychiatric problems a macology appears for the fIrst time as a free-standing half century ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychopharmacology, Neuropharmacology & Toxicology Expertise
    Psychopharmacology, Neuropharmacology & Toxicology Expertise October 2013 Dr Ken Gillman MBBS Re: MAOI anti-depressant drugs MRC Psych Dear Doctor and Colleague, Expert in A patient who wishes to consider treatment with MAOI anti- Psycho- depressant drugs (e.g. “Parnate”, “Nardil”) has obtained this letter pharmacology from my website. I am Dr Ken Gillman MRCPsych, a retired Serotonin academic & clinical psychiatrist. I have published many papers about toxicity psycho-pharmacology and am internationally acknowledged as an Neuroleptic expert on serotonin syndrome (aka serotonin toxicity) and drug-drug malignant interactions generally. You may verify my publications via the NLM syndrome at: Drug http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&term=Gillman interactions P MAOIs or at Google scholar (which also shows their high citation frequency) at: TCAs http://scholar.google.com.au/citations?user=ea6KeD0AAAAJ&hl=en SSRIs and you can get the free pdf from the British Journal of Pharmacology website of one of my recent major reviews ‘Tricyclic antidepressant pharmacology and therapeutic drug interactions updated’. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/sj.bjp.0707253/pdf I have also recently published a review of the MAOIs, ‘Advances pertaining to the pharmacology and interactions of irreversible nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2011. 31(1): p. 66-74’ I have had extensive experience of using monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) drugs (Nardil/phenelzine & Parnate/tranylcypromine) for severe and atypical depression and have written about this since these drugs are somewhat maligned and because reduced knowledge and awareness of them makes many doctors shy away from using them when they might be of considerable utility and benefit.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Work and Neurosciences: Speeches and Theoretical Contributions
    ISSN 2411-9563 (Print) European Journal of Social Science August 2018 ISSN 2312-8429 (Online) Education and Research Vol 5 No 2 DOI: 10.2478/ejser-2018-0046 Open Access. © 2018 João Cabral Sacadura and Helena Neves Almeida. This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License Social Work and Neurosciences: Speeches and Theoretical Contributions M.ª João Cabral Sacadura, PhD Student, Catholic University of Portugal and University of Coimbra, Portugal Helena Neves Almeida, PhD Professor and Researcher. Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences University of Coimbra, Portugal Abstract The concept of “neuroscience” sometimes referred to as “the last frontier of biology” (Squire et al., 2008, p. 3) was introduced in the mid-1960s and is now recognized as a multidisciplinary field that analyzes the nervous system to understand the biological basis of human behavior. The ongoing developments and the arising production regarding the deepening of the structure, functions and functioning of the brain and its interaction with the environment enabled the identification of key elements reaching an unprecedented level of knowledge in the history of humankind. The multidisciplinary scientific approach, including non-clinical areas such as music, philosophy, education, mathematics, economics and physics, has also contributed to its further deepening. In the light of this scenario of interdependencies and disciplinary alliances, the discipline of the social and human sciences – social work – whose subject is conceived “from and for the practice” (Parton, 1996) in the day-to-day work with challenging social problems of various types and with different publics. Therefore, the present article aims to analyze what has been done to date since 2001, namely the input and contributions of authors and researchers in the field as well as to understand the input of neuroscience developments in their education and research.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychedelic Resting-State Neuroimaging: a Review and Perspective on Balancing Replication and Novel Analyses
    Psychedelic resting-state neuroimaging: a review and perspective on balancing replication and novel analyses Drummond E-Wen McCulloch1, Gitte Moos Knudsen1,2, Frederick Streeter Barrett3, Manoj Doss3, Robin Lester Carhart-Harris4,5, Fernando E. Rosas5,6,7, Gustavo Deco8,9,10,11,12, Katrin H. Preller13, Johannes G. Ramaekers14, Natasha L. Mason14, Felix Müller15, Patrick MacDonald Fisher1 1Neurobiology Research Unit, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark 2Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark 3Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 4Neuroscape, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, USA 5Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2DD, UK 6Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK 7Centre for Complexity Science, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK 8Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain, 9Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain, 10Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain, 11Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany, 12School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia 13Pharmaco-Neuroimaging
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Psychology with Psychopharmacology
    Special Section Integrating Psychology with Psychopharmacology Special Section Editor: Joseph J. Zielinski, PhD e will encounter diagnostic conundrums in our daily practice whether we know it or not. As psychologists, we need to answer for ourselves whether we are Wprepared to service patients who consult us with complex medical problems or medical problems presenting as “psychological” symptoms. The aging of our population will make this an increasing occurrence. Our psychiatrist colleagues sometimes overlook medical issues and ignore laboratory diagnostics, failing to inspire confidence from our patients. Primary care physicians readily admit that they are less than confident when pre- scribing psychotropic medications due to the necessary broadness of their training. Whether or not psychologists prescribe, and I think we should, we need appropriate train- ing in both physical diagnosis and psychotropics in order to help diagnose previously undi- agnosed medical illnesses. We also need to respond confidently when we encounter side effects in our patients already on medication. We have been living with a shared delusion that our patients do not have or do not develop medical illnesses while they are in psy- chotherapy with us. We know that the DSM-IV is more a medical classification than a diagnostic system. However, its diagnostic flow chart has great utility. Its diagnostic algorithm is an explicit, sequential consideration of the following diagnostic entities: medical illness, substance abuse, and mood disorders, before considering other diagnoses. Chance favors the pre- pared mind. Consider the following cases from the author’s own practice. A 50-year old office worker was suspected of substance abuse because of falling asleep after lunch.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuropsychopharmacology - Mirjam A.F.M
    PHARMACOLOGY – Vol. I - Neuropsychopharmacology - Mirjam A.F.M. Gerrits and Jan M. van Ree NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Mirjam A.F.M. Gerrits and Jan M. van Ree Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands Keywords: psychopharmacology, neuropharmacology, central nervous system, antipsychotics, schizophrenia, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, benzodiazepines Contents 1. Introduction 2. Chemical synaptic transmission in the central nervous system 3. Psychopharmacology and psychotropic drugs 4. Antipsychotics 4.1. Schizophrenia 4.2. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia 4.3. Antipsychotic Drugs 4.3.1. Mechanism of Action 4.3.2. Side Effects of Antipsychotics 4.3.3. Novel Targets for Antipsychotic Drug Action 5. Antidepressants and mood stabilizers 5.1. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Affective Disorders 5.2. Antidepressive Drugs and Mood-stabilizers 5.2.1. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors 5.2.2. Tricyclic Antidepressants 5.2.3. Selective 5-HT Uptake Inhibitors 5.2.4. Newer, ‘Atypical’ Antidepressant Drugs 5.2.5. Mood-stabilizers 6. Anxiolytics 6.1. Benzodiazepines 6.1.1. Mechanism of Action 6.1.2. Therapeutic and Side Effects 6.1.3. Pharmacokinetic Aspects Acknowledgements GlossaryUNESCO – EOLSS Bibliography Biographical SketchesSAMPLE CHAPTERS Summary Neuropsychopharmacology is a broad and growing field that is related to several disciplines, including neuropharmacology, psychopharmacology and fundamental neuroscience. It comprises research on the action of psychoactive drugs on different levels. This ranges from molecular and biochemical characterization, to behavioral effects in experimental animals, and finally to clinical application. Over the years, the developments in the neuropsychopharmacological field have led to advances in our ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) PHARMACOLOGY – Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Today in Psychopharmacology and Neuropharmacology Jie Wu* Barrow Neurological Institute and St
    mac har olo P gy : & O y r p t e s i n Biochemistry & Pharmacology: Open Wu, Biochem & Pharmacol 2013, S1 A m c e c h DOI: 10.4172/2167-0501.S1-e001 e c s o i s B Access ISSN: 2167-0501 Editorial Open Access Today in Psychopharmacology and Neuropharmacology Jie Wu* Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix AZ 85013, USA Psychopharmacology and Neuropharmacology are two rapidly area (VTA), an important brain reward center. Devin Taylor et al. developing branches of pharmacology. Psychopharmacology focuses described a significant effect of nicotine on VTA GABA neuron firing on the actions and effects of psychoactive drugs that have potential or in anesthetized mice, mouse VTA slices, and single GABA neurons effective therapy for mental health disorders. Neuropharmacology is freshly isolated from mouse VTA. They found that systemic or local the study of how drugs affect nervous system functions from molecular, administration of nicotine or α7 nicotine acetylcholine receptor cellular, synaptic, network and behavioral levels; in turn treating a variety (nAChR) agonists increased VTA GABA neuronal firing. This effect of neurological diseases. Both of these branches are closely associated is likely mediated by α7 nAChRs located on glutamatergic terminals/ since they are concerned with the interactions with neurotransmitters, boutons on VTA GABA neurons. These two research articles will help neuropeptides, neuromodulators, enzymes, receptor proteins, second us better understand mechanisms of nicotine reward and reinforcement messengers, co-transporters and ion channels in the central and occurring through the receptors, synapses and neuronal circuits peripheral nervous systems.
    [Show full text]