Terroir of Wine (Regionality)
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Viticulture and Winemaking Under Climate Change
agronomy Editorial Viticulture and Winemaking under Climate Change Helder Fraga Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; [email protected]; Tel.: +351-259-350-000 Received: 12 November 2019; Accepted: 19 November 2019; Published: 21 November 2019 Abstract: The importance of viticulture and the winemaking socio-economic sector is acknowledged worldwide. The most renowned winemaking regions show very specific environmental characteristics, where climate usually plays a central role. Considering the strong influence of weather and climatic factors on grapevine yields and berry quality attributes, climate change may indeed significantly impact this crop. Recent-past trends already point to a pronounced increase in the growing season mean temperatures, as well as changes in the precipitation regimes, which has been influencing wine typicity across some of the most renowned winemaking regions worldwide. Moreover, several climate scenarios give evidence of enhanced stress conditions for grapevine growth until the end of the century. Although grapevines have a high resilience, the clear evidence for significant climate change in the upcoming decades urges adaptation and mitigation measures to be taken by the sector stakeholders. To provide hints on the abovementioned issues, we have edited a special issue entitled: “Viticulture and Winemaking under Climate Change”. Contributions from different fields were considered, including crop and climate modeling, and potential adaptation measures against these threats. The current special issue allows the expansion of the scientific knowledge of these particular fields of research, also providing a path for future research. -
2017 COQUEREL Terroir Cabernet Sauvignon NAPA VALLEY
2017 COQUEREL terroir cabernet sauvignon NAPA VALLEY OVERVIEW Coquerel Family Wine Estates is located just beyond the town of Calistoga at the north end of the Napa Valley. The heart and soul of our winery is our estate vineyard, a gorgeous, oak-studded property that sits in the afternoon shadows of the Mayacamas Mountains. Since 2005, we have done extensive enhancement and replanting of the site to ensure world-class fruit from vintage to vintage. The combination of warm temperatures and deep, clay soils makes this ideal terroir for Sauvignon Blanc, our flagship variety. It also produces exceptional Verdelho, Tempranillo, Petite Sirah, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc. In 2015 we planted 4 acres of Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc on our estate. These were planted at a density of 3000 vines/acre using 3309 rootstock and 2 clones 269 and 4. In addition to our estate fruit, we source Cabernet and other noble grapes from a handful of premier growers throughout the Napa Valley. VINTAGE Vintage 2017 was our first crop of Cabernet Sauvignon off our estate vineyard. The year started with high rainfall after six years of drought in the Napa Valley. Due to the rain the vine canopy grew very quickly. As a result, all of our canopy management work had to be done earlier and quicker than in previous years. Overall, the season was relatively cool which gave a nice aroma to the fruit. We hand harvested our first crop on October 19th in the early morning. WINEMAKING The fruit was destemmed into a half ton bin and was cold soaked for 24 hours. -
Dusty Red Napa Valley
DUSTY RED NAPA VALLEY VINTAGE: 2012 VARIETAL COMPOSITION: 37% Merlot, 31% Cabernet Franc, 26% Syrah, 3% Cabernet Sauvignon ALCOHOL: 14.6 Percent OAK PROGRAM: 24 Months in French oak CASE PRODUCTION: 630 Cases WINEMAKER’S NOTES: Composed primarily of Merlot harvested from Gargiulo Vineyards in Oakville and Cabernet Franc harvested from Carpenter Vineyards in Saint Helena, the 2012 Dusty Red is a perfect balance of spicy aromas and fruit-forward favors. Each varietal was individually fermented and aged, then drawn from barrels and blended prior to bottling. UPC CODE NUMBER: 852024001774 - 750 ml GOLD DENVER INTERNATIONAL 89 WINE COMPETITION www.gibbsnapavalley.com MERLOT Money Road Vineyard OAKVILLE • NAPA VALLEY VINTAGE: 2012 VARIETAL COMPOSITION: 84% Merlot, 14% Petit Verdot, 2% Other ALCOHOL: 14.9 Percent OAK PROGRAM: 24 Months in French and American oak CASE PRODUCTION: 505 Cases WINEMAKER’S NOTES: Our current release from the 2012 vintage is the result of a growing season that saw minimal frost, mild weather without extended heat waves, and huge yields for growers all around Napa Valley. Made with Merlot grapes harvested from Gargiulo Vineyards in Oakville, a grower we have been working with since 2007. After harvest we utilized extended maceration (soaking the juice with skins and seeds as long as possible to extract color and tannins) to create a beautifully dark and complex wine that was then sent to barrel for 24 months. UPC CODE NUMBER: 826453521011 - 750 ml 89 SILVER www.gibbsnapavalley.com CABERNET FRANC Carpenter Vineyard SAINT HELENA • NAPA VALLEY VINTAGE: 2013 VARIETAL COMPOSITION: 95% Cabernet Franc, 5% Petit Verdot ALCOHOL: 15.7 Percent OAK PROGRAM: 20 Months in French oak CASE PRODUCTION: 371 Cases WINEMAKER’S NOTES: Harvested from family-owned vineyards in Saint Helena, the 2013 Cabernet Franc is a wonderful expression of a lesser-known Napa Valley varietal. -
Starting a Vineyard in Texas • a GUIDE for PROSPECTIVE GROWERS •
Starting a Vineyard in Texas • A GUIDE FOR PROSPECTIVE GROWERS • Authors Michael C ook Viticulture Program Specialist, North Texas Brianna Crowley Viticulture Program Specialist, Hill Country Danny H illin Viticulture Program Specialist, High Plains and West Texas Fran Pontasch Viticulture Program Specialist, Gulf C oast Pierre Helwi Assistant Professor and Extension Viticulture Specialist Jim Kamas Associate Professor and Extension Viticulture Specialist Justin S cheiner Assistant Professor and Extension Viticulture Specialist The Texas A&M University System Who is the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service? We are here to help! The Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service delivers research-based educational programs and solutions for all Texans. We are a unique education agency with a statewide network of professional educators, trained volunteers, and county offices. The AgriLife Viticulture and Enology Program supports the Texas grape and wine industry through technical assistance, educational programming, and applied research. Viticulture specialists are located in each region of the state. Regional Viticulture Specialists High Plains and West Texas North Texas Texas A&M AgriLife Research Denton County Extension Office and Extension Center 401 W. Hickory Street 1102 E. Drew Street Denton, TX 76201 Lubbock, TX 79403 Phone: 940.349.2896 Phone: 806.746.6101 Hill Country Texas A&M Viticulture and Fruit Lab 259 Business Court Gulf Coast Fredericksburg, TX 78624 Texas A&M Department of Phone: 830.990.4046 Horticultural Sciences 495 Horticulture Street College Station, TX 77843 Phone: 979.845.8565 1 The Texas Wine Industry Where We Have Been Grapes were first domesticated around 6 to 8,000 years ago in the Transcaucasia zone between the Black Sea and Iran. -
Terroir and Precision Viticulture: Are They Compatible ?
TERROIR AND PRECISION VITICULTURE: ARE THEY COMPATIBLE ? R.G.V. BRAMLEY1 and R.P. HAMILTON1 1: CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Food Futures Flagship and Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture PMB No. 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia 2: Foster's Wine Estates, PO Box 96, Magill, SA 5072, Australia Abstract Résumé Aims: The aims of this work were to see whether the traditional regionally- Objectifs : Les objectifs de ce travail sont de montrer si la façon based view of terroir is supported by our new ability to use the tools of traditionnelle d’appréhender le terroir à l'échelle régionale est confirmée Precision Viticulture to acquire detailed measures of vineyard productivity, par notre nouvelle capacité à utiliser les outils de la viticulture de précision soil attributes and topography at high spatial resolution. afin d’obtenir des mesures détaillées sur la productivité du vignoble, les variables du sol et la topograhie à haute résolution spatiale. Methods and Results: A range of sources of spatial data (yield mapping, remote sensing, digital elevation models), along with data derived from Méthodes and résultats : Différentes sources de données spatiales hand sampling of vines were used to investigate within-vineyard variability (cartographie des rendements, télédétection, modèle numérique de terrain) in vineyards in the Sunraysia and Padthaway regions of Australia. Zones ainsi que des données provenant d’échantillonnage manuel de vignes of characteristic performance were identified within these vineyards. ont été utilisées pour étudier la variabilité des vignobles de Suraysia et Sensory analysis of fruit and wines derived from these zones confirm that de Padthaway, régions d’Australie. -
Vineyard and Winery Information Series: VITICULTURE NOTES
Vineyard and Winery Information Series: VITICULTURE NOTES ........................ Vol. 25 No. 2, March - April, 2010 Tony K. Wolf, Viticulture Extension Specialist, AHS Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Winchester, Virginia [email protected] http://www.arec.vaes.vt.edu/alson-h-smith/grapes/viticulture/index.html I. Current situation .................................................................................. 1 II. Question from the field: replanting decisions ...................................... 2 III. Climbing cutworm update ..................................................................... 4 IV. New pesticides listed in 2010 PMG ...................................................... 5 V. Early season grape disease management .......................................... 7 VI. Upcoming meetings ............................................................................. 8 I. Current situation: Pest Management Guide (PMG) can be downloaded at: New Viticulture website: Cooperative http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-017/Section- Extension and Virginia Agricultural 3_Grapes-2.pdf Experiment Station websites were upgraded The pesticide recommendations are annually to a new server and hosting system which prepared by pest management specialists required a revision of content and change of with grape expertise at Virginia Tech, and URL. The new viticulture website is: form the basis of our grape pest http://www.arec.vaes.vt.edu/alson-h- management program. Pesticide smith/grapes/index.html recommendations augment cultural control -
Loire Valley
PREVIEWCOPY Introduction Previewing this guidebook? If you are previewing this guidebook in advance of purchase, please check out our enhanced preview, which will give you a deeper look at this guidebook. Wine guides for the ultra curious, Approach Guides take an in-depth look at a wine region’s grapes, appellations and vintages to help you discover wines that meet your preferences. The Loire Valley — featuring a compelling line-up of distinctive grape varieties, high quality winemaking and large production volumes — is home to some of France’s most impressive wines. Nevertheless, it remains largely overlooked by the international wine drinking public. This makes the region a treasure trove of exceptional values, just waiting to be discovered. What’s in this guidebook • Grape varieties. We describe the Loire’s primary red and white grape varieties and where they reach their highest expressions. • Vintage ratings. We offer a straightforward vintage ratings table, which affords high-level insight into the best and most challenging years for wine production. • A Loire Valley wine label. We explain what to look for on a Loire Valley wine label and what it tells you about what’s in the bottle. • Map and appellation profiles. Leveraging our map of the region, we provide detailed pro- files of appellations from all five of the Loire’s sub-regions (running from west to east): Pays Nantais, Anjou, Saumur, Touraine and Central Vineyards. For each appellation, we describe the prevailing terroir, the types of wine produced and what makes them distinctive. • A distinctive approach. This guidebook’s approach is unique: rather than tell you what specific bottle of wine to order by providing individual bottle reviews, it gives the information you need to make informed wine choices on any list. -
Food Pairings: Viticulture Notes: Winemaking Notes
“WILD FERMENT” VINTED. 2018 TASTE: A clean, crisp, unoaked Chardonnay with flavors of apple, lemon meringue, pineapple, honey and hints of butter cream. The “wild” fermentation enhances both the aromatics and the fruit flavors, allowing the true varietal characteristics of Chardonnay to shine through. FOOD PAIRINGS: APPELLATION: This wines pairs wonderfully with roasted chicken or pork Clarksburg loin, any seafood dish, including lobster and crab, roasted root ALCOHOL: vegetables and creamy pasta dishes. !".#$ by Vol. RESIDUAL SUGAR: VITICULTURE NOTES: %.& g/!%% mL ($) The Chardonnay grape is one of the leading white grape PH: varieties in the world for production of high quality white ".#' wines. Its origins have been traced back to the Burgundy TOTAL ACIDITY: region of France, and it has been a part of the emerging (.% g/L as Tartaric Acid California wine industry since the late 1800’s. The Clarksburg HARVESTED: appellation is ideal for producing it, mainly due to its ideal September ", &%!) microclimate. Our vineyards enjoy warm Mediterranean-like BRIX AT HARVEST: weather, which allows for flavor development. They are also &".)˚ Brix Average exposed to cool maritime breezes that come in the evenings, BOTTLED: maintaining the grapes’ fresh acidity. January &!, &%&% WINEMAKING NOTES: PRODUCTION: "## cases Our “Wild Ferment” Chardonnay was made by harvesting the grapes in the cool morning, then quickly pressing the juice away from the grapes. The juice was cold settled in a chilled stainless steel tank, and racked off any solids. The juice was allowed to sit cold until a spontaneous fermentation began. After 30 days of fermentation, the wine was racked again, and allowed to sit on the natural yeast lees for several months before bottling. -
The Story of Our Biodynamic Vineyard Biodynamics at Eco Terreno
The Story of Our Biodynamic Vineyard Biodynamics at Eco Terreno We staunchly believe that in order to become understanding of water usage to planting a successful grape growers and winemakers, we substantial bee garden, all of our work has must first create a healthy native ecosystem directly translated into us becoming more for our vineyards. In fact we’re so passionate informed stewards of our resources. In about being dedicated caretakers of the restoring the natural riparian areas on land that we named ourselves our property along the Russian “Great wines are not produced, Eco Terreno, which means “of River’s native wild habitats they are carefully cultivated.” the land” in Italian and “Land we are joining the cultivated Ecology in Spanish.” This and the non-cultivated lands passion has led to our transition together. We believe that by Mark Lyon, WINEMAKER to organic and biodynamic actively promoting biodiversity farming practices that are necessary to in our vineyards, we will explicitly becoming strong regenerative growers. From produce grapes and wine that reflect the planting cover crops to developing a holistic full expression of our terroir. The Biodynamic farming standard was the world’s first organic standard, started in 1928, by farmers in Austria and Germany. Today farmers in more than in 42 countries practice Biodynamic farming. how biodynamic is different Biodynamics is a holistic approach to farming In short, biodynamic viticulture takes us developed in the 1920’s as a response to the beyond organic farming, to a system where failures of chemical agriculture. Founded the subtle influences of the seasons, the by scientist and philosopher Rudolf Steiner, movement of the moon and planets, and the ancient practices were married with an dynamic interplay of life above and below understanding of chemistry and plant ground coalesces in the grapes grown and physiology to create a system that treats wines made. -
Chardonnay Educator Guide
CHARDONNAY EDUCATOR GUIDE AUSTRALIAN WINE DISCOVERED PREPARING FOR YOUR CLASS THE MATERIALS VIDEOS As an educator, you have access to a suite of teaching resources and handouts, You will find complementary video including this educator guide: files for each program in the Wine Australia Assets Gallery. EDUCATOR GUIDE We recommend downloading these This guide gives you detailed topic videos to your computer before your information, as well as tips on how to best event. Look for the video icon for facilitate your class and tasting. It’s a guide recommended viewing times. only – you can tailor what you teach to Loop videos suit your audience and time allocation. These videos are designed to be To give you more flexibility, the following played in the background as you optional sections are flagged throughout welcome people into your class, this document: during a break, or during an event. There is no speaking, just background ADVANCED music. Music can be played aloud, NOTES or turned to mute. Loop videos should Optional teaching sections covering be played in ‘loop’ or ‘repeat’ mode, more complex material. which means they play continuously until you press stop. This is typically an easily-adjustable setting in your chosen media player. COMPLEMENTARY READING Feature videos These videos provide topical insights Optional stories that add from Australian winemakers, experts background and colour to the topic. and other. Feature videos should be played while your class is seated, with the sound turned on and SUGGESTED clearly audible. DISCUSSION POINTS To encourage interaction, we’ve included some optional discussion points you may like to raise with your class. -
CONTENTS ABSTRACT P.3 INTRODUCTION P.5 1. Picolit Grape……………………………………………………………
CONTENTS ABSTRACT p.3 INTRODUCTION p.5 1. Picolit grape……………………………………………………………… ….. p.5 2. Microorganisms from vineyard to wine environment……………………... p.7 2.1. Yeast evolution during fermentation……………………………… ….. p.8 2.2. Lactic Acid Bacteria evolution during fermentation………………….. p.10 2.3. Yeast and Lactic acid bacteria interaction…………………………….. p.13 3. Microorganism identification: Traditional Methods Vs Molecular Methods p.14 4. Polymerase chain reaction…………………………………………………… p.16 5. Theoretical aspects of Denaturant Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) p.18 MATERIALS AND METHODS p.20 1. Samples and Sampling procedures…………………………………………. p.20 1.1. Vineyard………………………………………………………………. p.20 1.2. Winery………………………………………………………………… p.20 1.3. Zymaflore ST Active dry yeast……………………………………… p.21 1.4. Must and wine………………………………………………………… p.21 2. Revitalization of vineyard and winery samples……………………………. p.24 3. Morphologic classification and identification……………………………… p.26 3.1. Storage of pure colonies………………………………………………. p.27 4. DNA extraction ……………………………………………………………… p.28 4.1. DNA extraction from isolated colonies……………………………….. p.28 4.2. DNA extraction from must and wine samples………………………… p.29 5. DNA Standardization………………………………………………………… p.29 6. Molecular analysis……………………………………………………………. p.30 6.1. PCR-DGGE protocol for Lactic Acid Bacteria……………………….. p.30 6.2. PCR-DGGE protocol for Saccharomyces sensu stricto strains……….. p.32 1 6.3. Nested PCR-DGGE protocol for non-Saccharomyces yeasts……….. p.34 7. Sequencing…………………………………………………………………… p.37 7.1. Issuing of the samples………………………………………………… p.38 RESULTS p.39 1. Bacteria differentiation…………………………………………………….. p.39 2. Saccharomyces differentiation …………………………………………….. p.43 3. Non Saccharomyces differentiation ……………………………………….. p.45 CONCLUSIONS p.49 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS p.50 REFERENCES p.51 2 ABSTRACT Usually all attempts to characterize the microbial diversity in wine fermentations have employed standard methods of enrichment and isolation to cultivate various microbial constituents before taxonomic identification. -
'Terroir' the Port Vineyards Are Located in the North East of Portugal in The
Geography and ‘terroir’ The Port vineyards are located in the north east of Portugal in the mountainous upper reaches of the Douro River Valley. This region lies about 130 kilometres inland and is protected from the influence of the Atlantic Ocean by the Marão mountains. The vineyard area is hot and dry in summer and cold in winter, excellent conditions for producing the concentrated and powerful wines needed to make port. The coastal area is humid and temperate, providing the ideal conditions in which to age the wine. The grapes are grown and turned into wine in the vineyards of the Douro Valley. In the spring following the harvest, the wine is brought down to the coast to be aged in the warehouses of the Port houses, known as ‘lodges’. The ‘lodges’ are located in Vila Nova de Gaia, a town located on the south bank of the River Douro facing the old city of Oporto. Until about sixty years ago, the wine was brought down the river from the vineyards to the coast in traditional boats called ‘barcos rabelos’. Most of the vineyards are planted on the steep hillsides of the Douro River valley and those of its tributaries, such as the Corgo, the Távora and the Pinhão. The oldest vineyards are planted on ancient walled terraces, some made over two hundred years ago. These have been classified as a UNESCO World Heritage site. The Douro Valley is considered to be one of the most beautiful and spectacular vineyard areas in the world. The soil of the Douro Valley is very stony and is made up of schist, a kind of volcanic rock.