DOCSLIB.ORG

Download the Full Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download the Full Report HUMAN RIGHTS “We Are Not The Enemy” Violations of Workers’ Rights in Kazakhstan WATCH “We Are Not the Enemy” Violations of Workers’ Rights in Kazakhstan Copyright © 2016 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-34259 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org NOVEMBER 2016 ISBN: 978-1-6231-34259 “We Are Not the Enemy” Violations of Workers’ Rights in Kazakhstan Map .................................................................................................................................... i Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 5 To the Government of Kazakhstan ............................................................................................. 5 To the Ministry of Healthcare and Social Protection ................................................................... 7 To National and Foreign Companies Operating in Kazakhstan.................................................... 7 To the EU, EU member states, US, and Kazakhstan’s Other Key International Partners .............. 8 To the International Labour Organization ................................................................................. 8 To the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ............................................ 9 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 10 Surveillance by the Authorities ............................................................................................... 12 I. Background ................................................................................................................... 13 Economy Before Political Reform ............................................................................................. 13 Violence in Zhanaozen, Subsequent Crackdown, Legislative Initiatives ................................... 14 Trade Union Movement Since Independence ........................................................................... 17 II. Restrictions on Freedom of Association and Right to Organize ...................................... 18 Threats and Reprisals Against Worker Rights Activists ............................................................. 18 Dismissals or Threats of Dismissal Apparently Linked to Union Activity ................................... 19 Government Surveillance and Intimidation.............................................................................. 24 Legal Action Against Trade Union Leaders .............................................................................. 26 A Restrictive New Trade Union Law .......................................................................................... 30 Restrictions on Cooperation with Global Trade Unions ............................................................ 43 III. Restrictions on Collective Bargaining and Right to Strike ............................................. 45 New Labor Code ..................................................................................................................... 45 Collective Bargaining .............................................................................................................. 47 Right to Strike ......................................................................................................................... 52 IV. Key Responsibilities of Companies .............................................................................. 60 V. Violations of the Right to Freedom of Assembly ............................................................ 63 VI. Protection and Redress ............................................................................................... 66 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................... 69 Annex I: Human Rights Watch Letter to Minister of Healthcare and Social Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan .............................................................................................. 70 Threats and Reprisals Against Labor Activists.......................................................................... 71 2014 Trade Union Law ............................................................................................................. 72 2015 Labor Code ..................................................................................................................... 74 Restrictions on the Right to Strike ........................................................................................... 76 Annex 2: Response from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs .................................................... 78 Annex 3: Human Rights Watch Letter to KazStroyService Group ........................................ 80 Strike and Apparent Retaliatory Dismissals ............................................................................. 81 Corporate Responsibility and Freedom of Association ............................................................ 82 Annex 4: Response from KazStroyService ......................................................................... 84 Map Cities and towns where Human Rights Watch conducted research on labor rights for this report. I HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH | NOVEMBER 2016 Summary The government of Kazakhstan fails to guarantee workers’ rights to freedom of association and to fully protect their interests in the workplace. Workers must overcome significant obstacles established in law and in practice to organize in Kazakhstan. Legislative changes in recent years have made it more difficult for workers to freely form unions and bargain collectively, and have introduced criminal sanctions for leading or participating in illegal strikes. Outspoken trade leaders and worker activists face harassment, surveillance, and in some cases dismissal because of their labor activism. This report–based on interviews with over 50 trade union leaders, labor activists, and workers in key industries across Kazakhstan–documents retaliatory company action against workers and state and company harassment of labor rights activists. It identifies key labor rights concerns voiced by workers and activists, and details the restrictive labor and trade union legislation that makes it difficult to independently organize and defend workers’ rights in Kazakhstan. Human Rights Watch also sought the views and perspectives of the Ministry of Healthcare and Social Protection, as well as those of companies named in the report. There is limited space for dissent in Kazakhstan, the largest country by land mass in Central Asia with a workforce of approximately 8.9 million people. Kazakh authorities tolerate little public criticism of the government or its record. The government’s hostility towards activists inhibits the defense of workers’ rights in Kazakhstan. While the government of Kazakhstan has long restricted the right to freedom of association and the right to carry out peaceful dissent, in recent years the government has further tightened controls over trade unions and civil society groups. From May to December 2011, thousands of workers employed in Kazakhstan’s oil and gas sector undertook separate labor strikes at companies operating in the petroleum sector in western Kazakhstan. On December 16, 2011, violent clashes broke out in the central square of Zhanaozen, where one of the strikes had been ongoing for months, with law enforcement officers opening fire on workers and others, killing at least 12 people. 1 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH | NOVEMBER 2016 In July 2012, following those extended and unresolved labor strikes in western Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan’s president, Nursultan Nazarbaev, called for better regulations of employer- employee relations. Following his directive, the government adopted a new trade union law in June 2014 and a new Labor Code in November 2015. However, legislators ignored key recommendations by trade unions and the International Labour Organization, which provided technical expert analysis of the bills. Neither law fully complies with international standards on workers’ rights. As Kazakhstan’s economic growth has slowed in recent years due to the significant drop in the global price of crude oil, and the country’s national currency, the tenge, has lost value, the government has grown even more wary of possible unrest. In May 2016, for example, authorities took quick and decisive action against gatherings opposing land code reforms, detaining hundreds of protesters and bringing politically motivated criminal charges against peaceful activists. The current
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Printer-Friendly Version
    Global Rights Index 2018 - Violations of trade union rights increase in Europe The results of the latest ITUC Global Rights Index 2018 are worrying. The global union confederation notes that the democratic space is shrinking across the world. Corporate greed is on the rise as protection of workers is weakened and corporations like Amazon believe they can get away with anything that stands in the way of making profits. The number of countries with arbitrary arrests and detention of workers increased from 44 in 2017 to 59 in 2018, and freedom of speech was constrained in 54 countries. The global federation notes that more countries seek to exclude workers from labour law – “from migrant workers, public sector employees to workers in platform businesses, with 65% of countries excluding whole categories of workers from labour law.” The report notes that In Europe, 58% of countries violated collective bargaining rights, and three quarters of countries violated the right to strike. Italy is one of the countries mentioned in which there is an increase of workers exposed to physical violence and threats. Kazakhstan and Turkey are among the ten worst countries for workers’ rights in 2018. Macedonia and Spain saw a worsening of their rankings with a rise in attacks on workers’ rights in law and practice. The Global Rights Index reports on annual survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights. It ranks 142 countries against 97 internationally recognised indicators to assess where workers’ rights are best protected in law and in practice. The report rates countries from one to five according to these indicators, with an overall score placing countries in rankings of one to five.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade Union Rights Worldwide
    NORD|SÜD-NETZ Trade Union Rights Worldwide Why now is the time to fight for social justice and democracy www.nord-sued-netz.de NORD|SÜD NETZ »Being inconvenient is part of the freedom of trade unions. Trade unions are only convenient when they are forced to be by right-wing or left-wing dictatorships.« Richard von Weizsäcker, Federal President of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1984 to 1994. 3 IMPRINT Publisher: DGB Bildungswerk BUND e.V. President: Elke Hannack Executive director: Claudia Meyer Creation and coordination: Valerie Franze Editorial journalist & staff: Beate Willms, Valerie Franze Translation: team parafrasis Layout & Design: schrenkwerk.de Printing: graphik-und-druck, Cologne Cover photo: Demonstrations in São Paulo against reforms planned by the Brazilian government, May 2019. Photo: Cris Faga / ZUMA Wire / picture alliance Düsseldorf 2019 first edition Düsseldorf 2020 English edition DGB Bildungswerk BUND e.V. North-South-Network Franz-Rennefeld-Weg 5, 40472 Düsseldorf, Germany Phone: +49211/4301-320, Fax: +49211/4301-69320 [email protected] www.dgb-bildungswerk.de www.dgb-bildungswerk.de/weltweit/aktuelles The DGB Bildungswerk BUND e.V. is solely responsible for the content of this publication. The positions presented here do not reflect the viewpoint of Engagement Global gGmbH and the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. Funded by ENGAGEMENT GLOBAL with financial assistance by the 4 DGB BILDUNGSWERK BUND – NORD|SÜD NETZ Contents: Trade union rights worldwide Preface 6 Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • The 2017 ITUC Global Rights Index the WORLD's WORST
    THE WORLD'S WORST COUNTRIES FOR WORKERS The 2017 ITUC Global Rights Index | 4 The International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) is a confederation of national trade union centres, each of which links trade unions of that particular country. It was established on 1 November 2006, bringing together the organisations which were formerly affiliated to the ICFTU and WCL (both now dissolved) as well as a number of national trade union centres which had no international affiliation at the time. The new Confederation has 340 affiliated organisations in 163 countries and territories on all five continents, with a membership of 181 million, 40 per cent of whom are women. It is also a partner in “Global Unions” together with the Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD and the Global Union Federations (GUFs) which link together national unions from a particular trade or industry at international level. The ITUC has specialised offices in a number of countries around the world, and has General Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. The 2017 ITUC Global Rights Index | 6 Foreword .............................................9 ASIA .................................................. 70 Bangladesh ....................................... 71 Part I ..................................................13 Cambodia .......................................... 71 The 2017 Results ...............................14 China ................................................ 72 The ITUC Global Rights Index ...............19 Fiji
    [Show full text]
  • ITUC Global Rights Index WORKERS for COUNTRIES WORST WORLD's THE
    ITUC GLOBAL 2016 RIGHTS INDEX THE WORLD’S WORST COUNTRIES FOR WORKERS D/2015/11.962/9 ITUC International Trade Union Confederation 5 Bd Roi Albert II, Bte 1 – B-1210 Brussels, Belgium Tel.: + 32 2 224 02 11 – Fax: +32 2 224 02 97 E-mail: [email protected] – www.ituc-csi.org PUBLISHER RESPONSIBLE IN LAW: Sharan Burrow, General secretary INTERNATIONAL TRADE UNION CONFEDERATION THE WORLD'S WORST COUNTRIES FOR WORKERS The 2016 ITUC Global Rights Index | 2 The International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) is a confederation of national trade union centres, each of which links trade unions of that particular country. It was established on 1 November 2006, bringing together the organisations which were formerly affiliated to the ICFTU and WCL (both now dissolved) as well as a number of national trade union centres which had no international affiliation at the time. The new Confederation has 333 affiliated organisation in 162 countries and territories on all five continents, with a membership of 180 million, 40 per cent of whom are women. It is also a partner in “Global Unions” together with the Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD and the Global Union Federations (GUFs) which link together national unions from a particular trade or industry at international level. The ITUC has specialised offices in a number of countries around the world, and has General Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. The 2016 ITUC Global Rights Index | 4 Foreword .............................................7 Kenya .................................................62
    [Show full text]
  • If Not Us, Who?
    Dario Azzellini (Editor) If Not Us, Who? Workers worldwide against authoritarianism, fascism and dictatorship VSA: Dario Azzellini (ed.) If Not Us, Who? Global workers against authoritarianism, fascism, and dictatorships The Editor Dario Azzellini is Professor of Development Studies at the Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas in Mexico, and visiting scholar at Cornell University in the USA. He has conducted research into social transformation processes for more than 25 years. His primary research interests are industrial sociol- ogy and the sociology of labour, local and workers’ self-management, and so- cial movements and protest, with a focus on South America and Europe. He has published more than 20 books, 11 films, and a multitude of academic ar- ticles, many of which have been translated into a variety of languages. Among them are Vom Protest zum sozialen Prozess: Betriebsbesetzungen und Arbei­ ten in Selbstverwaltung (VSA 2018) and The Class Strikes Back: Self­Organised Workers’ Struggles in the Twenty­First Century (Haymarket 2019). Further in- formation can be found at www.azzellini.net. Dario Azzellini (ed.) If Not Us, Who? Global workers against authoritarianism, fascism, and dictatorships A publication by the Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung VSA: Verlag Hamburg www.vsa-verlag.de www.rosalux.de This publication was financially supported by the Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung with funds from the Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) of the Federal Republic of Germany. The publishers are solely respon- sible for the content of this publication; the opinions presented here do not reflect the position of the funders. Translations into English: Adrian Wilding (chapter 2) Translations by Gegensatz Translation Collective: Markus Fiebig (chapter 30), Louise Pain (chapter 1/4/21/28/29, CVs, cover text) Translation copy editing: Marty Hiatt English copy editing: Marty Hiatt Proofreading and editing: Dario Azzellini This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution–Non- Commercial–NoDerivs 3.0 Germany License.
    [Show full text]
  • ETI Base Code Guidance on Modern Slavery
    BASE CODE GUIDANCE: MODERN SLAVERY 1 Base Code Guidance: Modern Slavery Supported by Lead author: Klara Skrivankova, Anti-Slavery International Commissioning editor: Cindy Berman, Ethical Trading Initiative With thanks to the tripartite advisory group for their comments and Luca Ponzetta for coordination and support. Photos: ILO BASE CODE GUIDANCE: MODERN SLAVERY 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Modern slavery - a matter for business 3 2.1 ETI Base Code Clause 1 5 2.2 Identifying forced labour 6 2.3 Understanding the underlying issues 13 3. Modern slavery due diligence 14 3.1 STEP 1: Assessing the risk of modern slavery 15 4. STEP 2: Identifying leverage, responsibility and actions 19 4.1 Increasing capability of business to address the risk of modern slavery 20 4.2 Exercising leverage to reduce risk and influence change 22 5. STEP 3: Mitigating risk of modern slavery and remediating workers affected by modern slavery 24 5.1 Addressing the risk of modern slavery 25 5.2 Addressing a modern slavery situation 26 5.3 Preventing modern slavery from occurring/re-occurring 27 6. STEP 4: Monitor, review, report and improve 28 6.1 Transparency – a due diligence essential 28 6.2 Mandatory disclosure 30 ANNEX I CLAUSE 1 AND KEY INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS 32 ANNEX II SPECIAL CASES: STATE SPONSORED FORCED LABOUR 34 ANNEX III FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 38 ANNEX IV ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 42 BASE CODE GUIDANCE: MODERN SLAVERY 2 1. Introduction This guide will help businesses understand key concepts, Sections 3 and 4 will guide companies through the process legal definitions and their responsibility to tackle modern of remediation and provides tips on what to do when modern slavery.
    [Show full text]
  • Labour Market Profile Morocco – 2020/2021
    Labour Market Profile Morocco – 2020/2021 Danish Trade Union Development Agency The profile provides a comprehensive overview of the labour market’s structures, development, and challenges. Danish Trade Union Development Agency Morocco Labour Market Profile 2020/2021 PREFACE Danish Trade Union Development Agency (DTDA) is the development and legal reforms, status vis-à-vis ILO development organisation of the Danish trade union conventions and labour standards, among others. movement. This agency was established in 1987 by the two largest Danish confederations – Danish Federation Primary sources of data and information for LMPs are: of Trade Unions (Danish acronym: LO) and Danish Confederation of Professionals (Danish acronym: FTF). • As part of programme implementation and These confederations merged to become the Danish monitoring, national partner organisations provide Trade Union Confederation (Danish acronym: FH) in annual narrative progress reports, including January 2019. Correspondingly, former known as information on labour market developments. LO/FTF Council was changed to DTDA. • National statistical institutions and international The work of DTDA is in line with the global Decent Work databanks are used as a source for collection of Agenda (DWA) based on its pillars: creating decent jobs, general (statistical) data and information such as guaranteeing rights at work, extending social protection, ILOSTAT and NATLEX, World Bank Open Data, ITUC and promoting social dialogue. The overall development Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights, the U.S. objective of DTDA’s interventions in the South is to Department of State as well as other international eradicate poverty and support the development of just recognised labour-related global indexes. and democratic societies by furthering the DWA.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementation of International Framework Agreements In
    SindNova, Fondazione Di Vittorio, IRES France, Fundación 1° de Mayo FINAL REPORT Implementation of Edit by SindNova International Mariangela Zito, Michela Cirioni, Claudio Stanzani Framework Agreements in multinational companies From the International legal framework to the empirical analysis of IFAs study cases September 2017 EURIDE. Employee involvement in multinational companies: from knowing and demanding European rights to new kinds of contracts (TCA) VS/2017/0039 The project was realized with EU financial support INDEX INTRODUCTION EURIDE project: objectives, methodology, results achieved, general remarks 3 IFAs and EFAs: quantitative survey by Udo Rehfeldt 7 IFAs: role of European Works Councils and Global Works Councils by Mariangela Zito 10 LEGAL PROFILES Legal framework of TCAs. Open questions by Fausta Guarriello 14 Private international law and dispute resolution by Aukje Van Hoek 17 CASE STUDIES - NATIONAL STUDY REPORT Bosch, ENEL, Salini-Impregilo (Italy) by Michela Cirioni 21 ENI, Electrolux (Italy) by Salvo Leonardi 47 Renault, Solvay, GDF Suez (France) by Udo Rehfeldt 67 Endesa, OHL, Thyssenkrupp AG (Spain) by Jesús Cruces Aguilera 91 CONCRETE EXPERIENCES IFAs and BWI. Principles and objectives by Vicente Sanchez Jimenez 126 IFAs and sub-contracting: the best practice of Salini Impregilo IFA in constructions’ sector by Claudio Sottile 129 Bangladesh: a successful case on TCAs effectiveness by Gianni Alioti 131 CONCLUSIONS by Claudio Stanzani 135 INTRODUCTION EURIDE project: objectives, methodology, results achieved, general remarks The biannual Project “EURIDE. Employee involvement in multinational companies: from knowing and demanding European rights to new kinds of contracts (TCA)” VS/2017/0039 was granted by the European Commission in the framework of the budget heading VP/2015/003 “Information, consultation and participation of representative of undertakings”.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights Risks in the ICT Supply Chain
    Human rights risks in the ICT supply chain A collection of articles by Make ICT Fair 1 Make ICT Fair is an EU wide campaign that aims to improve the lives of workers and communities affected by the production of ICT devices such as smartphones and laptops. Through awareness raising, research and advocacy, the campaign highlights human rights impacts and environmental impacts along the ICT supply chains and inform on solutions. We target EU citizens, Public Procurers, Development Banks, Decision-makers and Companies to improve their purchasing practices and to align policies. Make ICT Fair is funded by the European Union, through the EU Dear Programme and involves eleven European civil society organisations and academia. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of Make ICT Fair and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union (https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/node/22_en). Lead author: Jeroen Merk (The University of Edinburgh). Contributors: Linda Scott Jakobsson (Swedwatch), Sebastian Smart (CATAPA and War on Want), Silke Ronsse (CATAPA and SNU), Community Mutual Assistance (Social NGO, commissioned by CEE Bankwatch Network), Daniel Popov (Za Zemiata, Friends of the Earth Bulgaria), Olof Björnsson (Swedwatch), Peter Pawlicki (Electonics Watch) and Josefine Hintz (ICLEI). Editor: bart plantenga. Layout and graphics: Alexandra Kuklinski (The University of Edinburgh) unless otherwise stated. Published: 2021. Special thanks to Alexis Heeren for coordinating this project. 2 1. Case studies from risk assessment and field research Chapter 1. Copper mining in Zambia: 7 access to clean water and sanitation Chapter 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade Union Freedom Guide
    Trade Union Freedom Guide Analysis, practices and solutions Index 2 Introduction Solutions: 4 Framework of laws and regulations 13 Complaint mechanisms 7 Analysis of issues 14 The role of governments 9 Worst practices 15 The role of customers, suppliers 11 Good practices and parent companies Introduction The right to organise in trade A fundamental right unions is a fundamental labour Yet, the right to organise in and human right. Unfortunate- trade unions is a fundamen- ly, in many countries, workers tal labour and human right. attempt many barriers to orga- This is usually referred to as: nizing. The right to free association in trade unions. Additionally, every It is not difficult to establish a individual has the right to collec- trade union in the Netherlands. tive bargaining over employment subsequently are laid down in The Dutch constitution recogniz- conditions. These rights are laid collective labour agreements. es the right to association and down in national and internation- Such working conditions may assembly since 1848. It is Article al legislation and regulations. refer to salary, remuneration, 9 of the current constitution. Such as the International Labour working hours and rest peri- In addition, in the Netherlands Organization (ILO) conventions, or ods. Usually, individuals are not there are no rules that hinder the OECD Guidelines for Multinational able to reach such agreements, establishment of a trade union, or Enterprises. where trade unions are suc- the execution of trade union activ- cessful. ities. Unfortunately, in many other Engaging in a meaningful In addition, trade unions can ne- countries it is much harder to es- dialogue gotiate with (representatives of) tablish a trade union or perform Why is trade union freedom so employers, about working con- union-related activities.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Case Study of Labor Disputes in the Philippines
    BEYOND MEDIATION BORDERS: A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF LABOR DISPUTES IN THE PHILIPPINES By Mary Jocelyn R. de la Cruz Submitted to Department of Political Science Central European University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science Supervisor: Associate Professor Anil Duman CEU eTD Collection Vienna, Austria 2021 ABSTRACT In developing countries with liberalized trade regimes, the presence of an economic zone authority and the firm’s foreign ownership create sufficient conditions to successfully conclude a labor dispute mediation, as exemplified by the absence of strikes relapse. This theory is derived from a qualitative comparative case study of NutriAsia and Lakepower, a local and a foreign firm operating in the Philippines with divergent mediation results despite sharing similar prior conditions. Earlier studies illustrate how industrial peace is locally controlled where economic zone authorities play a pivotal role, that multinational firms locate in these zones to maximize their global value chain participation, and that some firms are more vulnerable against uninterrupted production and worker instability than others. The thesis extends these findings by offering a theoretical guidance that links the firm’s ownership nationality and local institutional terrain as determinants of state-led mediation outcomes. Additionally, the thesis finds that public and private economic zones affect local labor control regimes differently, and workers’ bargaining power differ according to the firm’s GVC participation. While recognizing the variance of labor dispute systems globally, the findings emphasize that establishing multiple formal channels to resolve industrial conflict can be ineffective if institutions from the local to the national level allow employers to devise specific strategies to evade accountability.
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work: from Challenges to Opportunities
    Report VI Fundamental principles and rights at work: From challenges to opportunities International Labour Conference 106th Session, 2017 ILC.106/VI International Labour Conference, 106th Session, 2017 Report VI Fundamental principles and rights at work: From challenges to opportunities A recurrent discussion on the strategic objective of fundamental principles and rights at work, under the follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization, 2008 Sixth item on the agenda International Labour Office, Geneva ISBN 978-92-2-130577-4 (print) ISBN 978-92-2-130578-1 (Web pdf) ISSN 0074-6681 First edition 2017 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications and digital products can be obtained through major booksellers and digital distribution platforms, or ordered directly from [email protected]. For more information, visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns or contact [email protected]. Formatted by TTE: Confrep-ILC06-VI-[GOVER-170126-1]-En.docx Printed by the International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland Contents Page Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... v Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1.
    [Show full text]