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Partial List of Plumbing Hazards Illustrations of Backsiphonage

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Partial List of Plumbing Hazards Illustrations of Backsiphonage Appendix A Appendix B Partial List of Illustrations of Plumbing Hazards Backsiphonage Fixtures with Direct Sewer, sanitary The following illustrates typical undersized water service line Connections Sewer, storm plumbing installations where reduces the pressure at the Swimming pool backsiphonage is possible. water closets to atmospheric producing a reversal of the flow. Description C. Suggested Correction: The Backsiphonage water connection at the bedpan Air conditioning, air washer Fixtures with wash sink and the sterilizer Air conditioning, chilled water Submerged Inlets Case I (Fig. 44) should be provided with Air conditioning, condenser A. Contact Point: A rubber properly installed backflow water hose is submerged in a bedpan preventers. Description Air line wash sink. Aspirator, laboratory Baptismal fount B. Causes of Reversed Flow: Aspirator, medical Bathtub (I) A sterilizer connected to the Backsiphonage water supply is allowed to cool Aspirator, weedicide and Bedpan washer, flushing rim Case 2 (Fig. 45) without opening the air vent. fertilizer sprayer Bidet As it cools, the pressure within A. Contact Point: A rubber Autoclave and sterilizer Brine tank the sealed sterilizer drops below hose is submerged in a labora- Auxiliary system, industrial Cooling tower atmospheric producing a tory sink. Auxiliary system, surface water Cuspidor vacuum which draws the B. Cause of Reversed Flow: Auxiliary system, unapproved Drinking fountain polluted water into the sterilizer Two opposite multi-story contaminating its contents. (2) buildings are connected to the well supply Floor drain, flushing rim Boiler system The flushing of several flush same water main, which often Garbage can washer valve toilets on a lower floor lacks adequate pressure. The Chemical feeder, pot-type Ice maker which are connected to an building on the right has Chlorinator Laboratory sink, serrated nozzle installed a booster pump. Coffee urn Laundry machine FIGURE 44. Backsiphonage (Case 1). Cooling system Lavatory FIGURE 45. Backsiphonage (Case 2). Dishwasher Lawn sprinkler system Fire standpipe or sprinkler Photo laboratory sink system B Sewer flushing manhole Fountain, ornamental A Slop sink, flushing rim Hydraulic equipment Slop sink, threaded supply Laboratory equipment A Steam table Lubrication, pump bearings Urinal, siphon jet blowout Photostat equipment Vegetable peeler Plumber’s friend, pneumatic Water closet, flush tank, Pump, pneumatic ejector ball cock Pump, prime line Water closet, flush valve, Pump, water operated ejector siphon jet BB B 38 • CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL MANUAL When the pressure is inad- Backsiphonage Backsiphonage B. Cause of Reversed Flow: equate in the main, the build- Gasoline may enter the ing booster pump starts Case 4 (Fig. 47) Case 5 (Fig. 48) distribution system by gravity pumping, producing a negative A. Contact Point: The water A. Contact Point: The gasoline or by siphonage in the event of pressure in the main and supply to the dishwasher is not storage tank is maintained full a leak or break in the water causing a reversal of flow in the protected by a vacuum breaker. and under pressure by means of main. opposite building. Also, the dishwasher has a solid a direct connection to the city C. Suggested Correction: A C. Suggested Correction: The waste connection to the sewer. water distribution system. reduced pressure principle laboratory sink water outlet B. Cause of Reversed Flow: backflow preventer should be should be provided with a The undersized main serving installed in the line to the vacuum breaker. The water the building is subject to FIGURE 48. gasoline storage tank or a surge service line to the booster pump reduced pressures, and therefore Backsiphonage (Case 5). tank and pump should be should be equipped with a only the first two floors of the provided in that line. device to cut off the pump building are supplied directly when pressure approaches a with city pressure. The upper negative head or vacuum. floors are served from a booster Backsiphonage pump drawing suction directly Case 6 (Fig. 49) from the water service line. Backsiphonage During periods of low city A. Contact Point: There is a pressure, the booster pump submerged inlet in the second Case 3 (Fig. 46) suction creates negative Gasoline floor bathtub. A A. Contact Point: A chemical pressures in the low system, B. Cause of Reversed Flow: tank has a submerged inlet. thereby reversing the flow. Water An automobile breaks a nearby B. Cause of Reversed Flow: C. Suggested Correction: The fire hydrant causing a rush of The plant fire pump draws dishwasher hot and cold water Main water and a negative pressure in suction directly from the city should be supplied through an B the service line to the house, water supply line which is air gap and the waste from the sucking dirty water out of the insufficient to serve normal dishwasher should discharge bathtub. plant requirements and a major through an indirect waste. The C. Suggested Correction: The fire at the same time. During a booster pump should be hot and cold water inlets to the fire emergency, reversed flow equipped with a low-pressure FIGURE 49. bathtub should be above the may occur within the plant. cutoff device. Backsiphonage (Case 6). rim of the tub. C. Suggested Correction: The water service to the chemical FIGURE 47. tank should be provided Backsiphonage (Case 4). through an air gap. A FIGURE 46. Backsiphonage (Case 3). CHEMICALS INC. B A Dishwasher A Sewer High service Low service B B Main APPENDIX B • 39 Appendix C C. Suggested Correction: Illustrations of Each pier water outlet should be protected against backflow. The main water service to the Backpressure pier should also be protected against backflow by an air gap The following presents FIGURE 51. or reduced pressure principle illustrations of typical plumbing Backflow (Case 2). backflow preventer. installations where backflow resulting from backpressure is possible. Backflow B Case 4 (Fig. 53) Backflow A A. Contact Point: A single- valved connection exists Case I (Fig. 50) between the public, potable A. Contact Point: A direct Backflow water supply and the fire- connection from the city supply Case 2 (Fig. 51) sprinkler system of a mill. to the boiler exists as a safety B. Cause of Reversed Flow: measure and for filling the A. Contact Point: Sewage The sprinkler system is nor- system. The boiler water system seeping from a residential mally supplied from a nearby is chemically treated for scale cesspool pollutes the private Backflow lake through a high-pressure prevention and corrosion well which is used for lawn Case 3 (Fig. 52) pump. About the lake are large control. sprinkling. The domestic water numbers of overflowing septic B. Cause of Reversed Flow: system, which is served from a A. Contact Point: A valve tanks. When the valve is left The boiler water recirculation city main, is connected to the connection exists between the open, contaminated lake water pump discharge pressure or well supply by means of a valve. potable and the non potable can be pumped to the public backpressure from the boiler The purpose of the connection systems aboard the ship. supply. may be to prime the well exceeds the city water pressure B. Cause of Reversed Flow: supply for emergency domestic C. Suggested Correction: The and the chemically treated While the ship is connected to use. potable water supply to the fire water is pumped into the the city water supply system system should be through an air domestic system through an B. Cause of Reversed Flow: for the purpose of taking on gap or a reduced pressure open or leaky valve. During periods of low city water for the potable system, principle backflow preventer C. Suggested Correction: As water pressure, possibly when the valve between the potable should be used. minimum protection two check lawn sprinkling is at its peak, and nonpotable systems is valves in series should be the well pump discharge opened, permitting contami- FIGURE 53. provided in the makeup pressure exceeds that of the city nated water to be pumped into Backflow (Case 4). waterline to the boiler system. main and well water is pumped the municipal supply. An air gap separation or into the city supply through an ACME MILLS reduced pressure principle open or leaky valve. FIGURE 52. backflow preventer is better. C. Suggested Correction: The Backflow (Case 3). connection between the well Sprinkler FIGURE 50. water and city water should be System Backflow (Case 1). broken City main A A B Pump B To potable A system B Chemical feeder 40 • CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL MANUAL Appendix D Appendix E Illustrations of Illustrations of Air Gaps Vacuum Breakers The following illustrations describe methods of providing an FIGURE 57. air gap discharge to a waste line which may be occasionally or Vacuum breakers. continuously subject to backpressure. Vaccum closes gate FIGURE 54. Brass inset Air gap to sewer subject to backpressure—force main. Air enters here Air preventing rise of D Rubber sleeve contaminated liquids Ball check in fixtures 2xD Air vent Waste line Flush connection Pump Cowl nut FIGURE 55. Air gap to sewer subject to backpressure—gravity drain. D FIGURE 58. Vacuum breaker arrangement for 2xD an outside hose hydrant. Indirect waste “A” “A” Ball check Plan Support vanes Horizontal waste 1" sleeve, sch. 40. FIGURE 56. ½" or ¾" Fire system makeup tank for a Hand wheel gate valve dual water system. Exterior " " ½ or ¾ building wall I.P.S. hose adapter sch. 40. galv. ½" or ¾" vacuum breaker " " Coupling M.I. galv. Nonpotable supply Float valves
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