DOCSLIB.ORG

Bookkeeping: Discourses of Debt in Caribbean Canadian Literature By

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bookkeeping: Discourses of Debt in Caribbean Canadian Literature By Bookkeeping: Discourses of Debt in Caribbean Canadian Literature by Lisa Camille van der Marel A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English Department of English and Film Studies University of Alberta © Lisa Camille van der Marel, 2018 ABSTRACT This thesis examines representations of debt and obligation in works of Caribbean Canadian literature published between 1997 and 2007. It uses these representations to discuss the relationship between postcolonial, global, and diasporic approaches to cultural studies. These disciplinary distinctions draw explicit and implicit divisions between the colonial, the postcolonial, and the transnational as discrete historical moments in a teleologic progression. Against such divisions, literary works by David Chariandy, Ramabai Espinet, Dionne Brand, and Nalo Hopkinson suggest that colonial pasts do not remain in the past but continue to overdetermine the ‘transnational’ present. Intriguingly, each of these authors uses the language of debt and obligation to describe these temporal and geographical entanglements. This thesis draws on new economic criticism, memory studies, theories of recognition, treaty citizenship, and Afro-pessimism to argue firstly that Caribbean Canadian literature’s representations of debt refute emerging neo-Marxist theories of debt’s governmentality offered in response to the 2008 global financial crisis, and secondly, that they expose diaspora studies’ underlying valuation of individual autonomy and possessive individualism. By representing colonial pasts as outstanding and unpayable debts, fictional and nonfictional works dispute the seemingly clean breaks contemporary scholarship and political debates can draw between colonial pasts and transnational futures. Debt, at its simplest, is any exchange not brought to completion; Canada’s present is a space of incomplete—and incompletable—cultural, economic, and intellectual exchanges. Bookkeeping: Discourses of Debt in Caribbean Canadian Literature offers an anti-colonial critique of the transnational present and asks what it means to live ethically amid the colonial aftermath’s systemic debts as they entangle past and future, nations and diasporas, bodies and archives, as well as political emancipation and consumer agency. ii PREFACE An edited version of this thesis’s first chapter, “Amortizing Memory: Debt as a Mnemonic Device in Diaspora,” is published in Small Axe, vol. 21, no. 3, 2017. The published article’s title is “Amortizing Memory: Debt as a Mnemonic Device in Caribbean Canadian Literature.” iii DEDICATION The student is not home, out of time, out of place, without credit, in bad debt. The student is a bad debtor threatened with credit. The student runs from credit. Credit pursues the student, offering to match credit for debt, until enough debts and enough credits have piled up. But the student has a habit, a bad habit. She studies. She studies but she does not learn. If she learned they could measure her progress, establish her attributes, give her credit. But the student keeps studying, keeps planning to study, keeps running to study, keeps studying a plan, keeps elaborating a debt. The student does not intend to pay. ---Stefano Harney and Fred Moten iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have accumulated a lot of debts while writing this dissertation, some of which are financial and some of which are much more complex and interesting. For reasons I trust will become clear to this thesis’s readers, I have come to think of these second debts as defining my community. They cannot be paid back, cleared, or settled, but they can be acknowledged, engaged with, and passed forward. This includes my debt to Turtle Island’s First Nations, particularly the Treaty 6 and Métis peoples on whose traditional territory, !"#$%&#'()'* (Amiskwacîwâskahikan), I have lived the past 7 years. May my obligations to this land and its communities guide actions and scholarship going forward. +,-#."/* (kinanâskomitin)! I also have an incalculable debt to the Caribbean Canadian writers who make this research possible and who share their stories despite profound barriers. Any critical conscious I have results from reading these authors. My obligations to this literature have made my scholarship possible. My next debts are to my supervisor and mentor, Stephen Slemon, who gives us some sense of what Anansi would be like as an Emeritus professor, and my committee members, Teresa Zackodnik and Heather Zwicker, whose engagement has refined my research and polished who I am as a colleague. Their collective guidance has honed this dissertation’s strengths and helped minimize its weaknesses. Special thanks to Laura Beard from the University of Alberta’s department of Modern Languages and Cultural Studies and David Chariandy from Simon Fraser University, my external examiners: I am so grateful for your time, your consideration, your insights. Thank you for pushing me to be better. Thank you for serving not just as my committee, but as a community to whom I am accountable as well. I want to express my gratitude to Katherine Binhammer, Marie Carrière, Cecily Devereux, Corrinne Harol, Eddy Kent, Sarah Krotz, Ian MacLaren, Keavy Martin, Julie Rak, Peter Sinnema, and Terri Tomsky: each of you have spent your time with me, guided me, laughed with me, and made these years in the Department of English and Film Studies meaningful. I am so glad I chose to come here. I am so glad to have worked with each of you. Big thanks also to Kim Brown and Mary Marshall Durrell, the pillars our department rests on. Support from my friends have kept me going throughout these studies. Neale Barnholden, Brent Bellamy, Rob Chabassol, Trevor Chow-Fraser, Thomas Dessein, Ashley Dryburgh, Anna Dow, Carmyn Effa, Alex Elise, Theo Finigan, Helen Frost, Libe García Zarranz, Dominique Hetú, Brandon Kerfoot, Rob Jackson, Marcelle Kosman, Derritt Mason, Hannah McGregor, Katherine v Meloche, Todd Merkley, Clare Mulcahy, Lisa Ann Robertson, Natasha Rombough, Anna Sajecki, Laura Schechter, Michelle Sims, Jana Smith Elford, Melissa Stephens, Stephen Tchir, Kaitlin Trimble, and Nick van Orden: you made Edmonton my home. I cherish our conversations, dinners, impromptu dance parties, schemes, dog walks, gif threads, coffee dates, clothing swaps, bar nights, office time, and every book you’ve lent me. To my SCT friends, including Phil Dickenson, Lisa Haynes, and Thomas West III: thank you for sharing what was both the most intellectually rigorous and ridiculously fun summer of my studies. I want to extend special thanks to Michaela Henry, Gylnnis Morgan, and Orly Lael Netzer: in reading my work, writing with me for hours on end, and travelling the world with me, you three have helped me in incalculable ways. I plan on doing everything I can to continue these exchanges of mutual support for years to come. This thesis was completed with financial assistance from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, the University of Alberta, and the Department of English and Film Studies. I also want to thank the Canadian Association of Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies, the Mikinaakominis/TransCanadas Conference, and the Association of Canadian College and University Teachers of English for showcasing my research on graduate student plenaries and prize panels: these opportunities have fuelled this thesis from its tentative beginnings to its final revisions. It is an honour to have so much support from across CanLit’s scholarly community. I dedicate this thesis to my families: to my mum, Karen McLean, and my sister, Emma van der Marel; to Ter, Trish, and Clea Young as well as Cole and Jude Campbell; and to Liam Young. You are my dearest friend, my most generous editor, my symbiopoetic life partner. How wonderful to have found each other. Elbowing you in the chest at that Virginia Woolves’ soccer practice was the best foul I’ve ever committed. Last of all, to Fozzie Bear, a wee dog who has surely earned a literature degree by osmosis while spending the last three years wedged between me and my laptop. vi CONTENTS Abstract......................................................................................................................................................................................................II Preface ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... III Dedication ............................................................................................................................................................................................... IV Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................................................................. V Contents ................................................................................................................................................................................................ VII Going Into Debt: An Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................1 ---Why Debt? Why Now? Why Caribbean Canadian Literature? ....................................................................................................4 ---Diaspora’s Debts, Debt’s Diasporas: A History .........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Blacks and Asians in Mississippi Masala, Barriers to Coalition Building
    Both Edges of the Margin: Blacks and Asians in Mississippi Masala, Barriers to Coalition Building Taunya Lovell Bankst Asians often take the middle position between White privilege and Black subordination and therefore participate in what Professor Banks calls "simultaneous racism," where one racially subordinatedgroup subordi- nates another. She observes that the experience of Asian Indian immi- grants in Mira Nair's film parallels a much earlier Chinese immigrant experience in Mississippi, indicatinga pattern of how the dominantpower uses law to enforce insularityamong and thereby control different groups in a pluralistic society. However, Banks argues that the mere existence of such legal constraintsdoes not excuse the behavior of White appeasement or group insularityamong both Asians and Blacks. Instead,she makes an appealfor engaging in the difficult task of coalition-buildingon political, economic, socialand personallevels among minority groups. "When races come together, as in the present age, it should not be merely the gathering of a crowd; there must be a bond of relation, or they will collide...." -Rabindranath Tagore1 "When spiders unite, they can tie up a lion." -Ethiopian proverb I. INTRODUCTION In the 1870s, White land owners recruited poor laborers from Sze Yap or the Four Counties districts in China to work on plantations in the Mis- sissippi Delta, marking the formal entry of Asians2 into Mississippi's black © 1998 Asian Law Journal, Inc. I Jacob A. France Professor of Equality Jurisprudence, University of Maryland School of Law. The author thanks Muriel Morisey, Maxwell Chibundu, and Frank Wu for their suggestions and comments on earlier drafts of this Article. 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Mermaids, Imps and Goddesses: the Folklore of Trinidad and Tobago the Beliefs That Informed Our Identity
    HISTORY mermaids, imps and goddesses: the folklore of trinidad and tobago The beliefs that informed our identity he identification of what He couldn’t say, exactly. It took a while to work is our national heritage is out, but it went something like this: in Tobago, something of a challenge, like other places, the experience of slavery served whether as colonial to erase most memories of origin and identity, Tbuildings, history or as folk traditions. This is but could do little about intuition and belief in the case because of the nature of Trinidad and the higher powers that both mirror and shape Tobago’s historical experience, especially as our own experiences, destinies and so forth, so, expressed in the work of those who take upon although the memory of names like Yemanja themselves the Sisyphusian task of recording and Oshun had faded, the certain knowledge and interpreting this unfolding landscape. that the Waters beneath the Earth and in the These thinkers have had to contend with not Sea were the vehicles of Divinity had endured. GÉRARD A. BESSON HBM, just the changing times, but also with competing This notion remained strong amongst a people Historian and Author, narratives in a segmented society. who had been taught to forget themselves. But, Trinidad when seeing the contents of the cartouches of Tobago Mermaids the world maps on the walls of the Great Houses You see, as one would expect, these islands are that depicted the antics of a crowned Neptune not like other islands. In the case of Tobago, with an Oceanus trident in hand surrounded our elder sister, she was once a part of an older by a court of denizens of the deep out on the British Empire, some say the first one, along with rolling sea, the old folks of Tobago smiled and Barbados and Antigua, St Kitts, Jamaica and the understood that they were always right in the North American colonies.
    [Show full text]
  • Jamaican Politics, Nationalism, and Musical Culture in Transition, 1974-1984
    University of New Orleans ScholarWorks@UNO University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations Dissertations and Theses 5-18-2007 Between Two Giant Sounds: Jamaican Politics, Nationalism, and Musical Culture in Transition, 1974-1984 Caree Banton University of New Orleans Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td Recommended Citation Banton, Caree, "Between Two Giant Sounds: Jamaican Politics, Nationalism, and Musical Culture in Transition, 1974-1984" (2007). University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations. 508. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/508 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by ScholarWorks@UNO with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights- holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Between Two Giant Sounds: Jamaican Politics, Nationalism, and Musical Culture in Transition, 1974 – 1984 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of New Orleans In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In History By Caree Ann-Marie Banton B.A. Grambling State University 2005 B.P.A Grambling State University 2005 May 2007 Acknowledgement I would like to thank all the people that facilitated the completion of this work.
    [Show full text]
  • The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: a Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2019 The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: A Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966 Azizeddin Tejpar University of Central Florida Part of the African History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Tejpar, Azizeddin, "The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: A Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 6324. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6324 THE MIGRATION OF INDIANS TO EASTERN AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF THE ISMAILI COMMUNITY, 1866-1966 by AZIZEDDIN TEJPAR B.A. Binghamton University 1971 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2019 Major Professor: Yovanna Pineda © 2019 Azizeddin Tejpar ii ABSTRACT Much of the Ismaili settlement in Eastern Africa, together with several other immigrant communities of Indian origin, took place in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth centuries. This thesis argues that the primary mover of the migration were the edicts, or Farmans, of the Ismaili spiritual leader. They were instrumental in motivating Ismailis to go to East Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Haunted Narratives: the Afterlife of Gothic Aesthetics in Contemporary Transatlantic Women’S Fiction
    HAUNTED NARRATIVES: THE AFTERLIFE OF GOTHIC AESTHETICS IN CONTEMPORARY TRANSATLANTIC WOMEN’S FICTION Jameela F. Dallis A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English and Comparative Literature. Chapel Hill 2015 Approved by: Minrose Gwin Shayne A. Legassie James Coleman María DeGuzmán Ruth Salvaggio © 2016 Jameela F. Dallis ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Jameela F. Dallis: Haunted Narratives: The Afterlife of Gothic Aesthetics in Contemporary Transatlantic Women’s Fiction (Under the direction of Minrose Gwin and Shayne A. Legassie) My dissertation examines the afterlife of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Gothic aesthetics in twentieth and twenty-first century texts by women. Through close readings and attention to aesthetics and conventions that govern the Gothic, I excavate connections across nation, race, and historical period to engage critically with Shirley Jackson’s The Haunting of Hill House, 1959; Angela Carter’s “The Lady of the House of Love,” 1979; Shani Mootoo’s Cereus Blooms at Night, 1996; and Toni Morrison’s Love, 2003. These authors consciously employ such aesthetics to highlight and critique the power of patriarchy and imperialism, the continued exclusion of others and othered ways of knowing, loving, and being, and the consequences of oppressing, ignoring, or rebuking these peoples, realities, and systems of meaning. Such injustices bear evidence to the effects of transatlantic commerce fueled by the slave trade and the appropriation and conquering of lands and peoples that still exert a powerful oppressive force over contemporary era peoples, especially women and social minorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Afrindian Fictions: Diaspora, Race, and National Desire in South Africa
    Afrindian Fictions Diaspora, Race, and National Desire in South Africa Pallavi Rastogi T H E O H I O S TAT E U N I V E R S I T Y P R E ss C O L U MB us Copyright © 2008 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rastogi, Pallavi. Afrindian fictions : diaspora, race, and national desire in South Africa / Pallavi Rastogi. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8142-0319-4 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8142-0319-1 (alk. paper) 1. South African fiction (English)—21st century—History and criticism. 2. South African fiction (English)—20th century—History and criticism. 3. South African fic- tion (English)—East Indian authors—History and criticism. 4. East Indians—Foreign countries—Intellectual life. 5. East Indian diaspora in literature. 6. Identity (Psychol- ogy) in literature. 7. Group identity in literature. I. Title. PR9358.2.I54R37 2008 823'.91409352991411—dc22 2008006183 This book is available in the following editions: Cloth (ISBN 978–08142–0319–4) CD-ROM (ISBN 978–08142–9099–6) Cover design by Laurence J. Nozik Typeset in Adobe Fairfield by Juliet Williams Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the Ameri- can National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48–1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Acknowledgments v Introduction Are Indians Africans Too, or: When Does a Subcontinental Become a Citizen? 1 Chapter 1 Indians in Short: Collectivity
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives from French West Indian Literature
    ON BEING WEST INDIAN IN POST-WAR METROPOLITAN FRANCE: PERSPECTIVES FROM FRENCH WEST INDIAN LITERATURE by ROSALIE DEMPSY MARSHALL A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of French Studies University of Birmingham 2011 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. In memory of Gloria, Luddy, Dorcas and Harry Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Jennifer Birkett, for her patience, encouragement, and good advice when these were sorely needed; and also Dr Conrad James, who helped to ease me into French West Indian writing at the beginning of my studies, and who supervised my research in Jennifer’s absence. I am grateful to my dear parents, who kept faith with me over several years, and gave me the time and space to pursue this piece of scholarship. Abstract Most research into contemporary French West Indian literature focuses on writing that stresses the significance of the plantation and urban cultures of the islands in the early to mid-twentieth century or, more recently, on the desire of some writers to explore broader trans-national influences or environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Set in the Caribbean-Canadian Community of Toronto, Canada
    SERVING THE SPIRITS: THE PAN-CARIBBEAN AFRICAN-DERIVED RELIGION IN NALO HOPKINSON’S BROWN GIRL IN THE RING MONICA COLEMAN Set in the Caribbean-Canadian community of Toronto, Canada, Nalo Hopkinson’s Brown Girl in the Ring reflects the unique ethnic and national identities of the Caribbean diaspora. Both literary scholars and Hopkinson herself note the ways in which Hopkinson uses language to identify both the different national distinctions within the Caribbean immigrant community and the relationship that the Caribbean community has to the larger Canadian society. However, it is through her description of “serving the spirits” that Brown Girl describes a pan-Caribbean identity within the Caribbean diaspora of Toronto. In the concept of “serving the spirits,” Hopkinson draws together various African-derived religious traditions found throughout the Caribbean into one religious practice. By dissolving the boundaries in religious practices, “serving the spirits” functions as the basis for a unique pan- Caribbean identity for the characters of Brown Girl. Brown Girl in the Ring is set in the future decaying inner city left when Toronto’s economic base collapses. The city center is inhabited only by the formerly homeless and poor, now squatters, and is ruled by drug lord Rudy and his posse. The protagonist, a young Caribbean-Canadian female named Ti-Jeanne, lives with her grandmother, who runs a business in herbal medicine that has become vital to the disenfranchised of the Burn. Ti-Jeanne’s grandmother, Mami Gros-Jeanne, is a faithful follower of the spirits. Ti-Jeanne, on the other hand, believes that the herbal medicine and African-derived spirituality of her grandmother should have no role in the lives of sane and practical people.
    [Show full text]
  • National Institute of Diplomacy
    www.diplomacy.net.in NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY New Delhi This website titled www.diplomcy.net.in is the official website of the National Institute of Diplomacy (NID) established in the year 1985 and inaugurated by the then Union Minister for External Affairs Shri Bali Ram Bhagat on 14 November 1985 on the auspicious occasion of the Birth Anniversary of the First Prime Minister of India. 1 The External Affairs Minister of India, Shri Bali Ram Bhagat inaugurating the National Institute of Diplomacy (NID) on 14 th November 1985. The main activities of National Institute of Diplomacy (NID) since its inception has been based on studies, training and research for understanding the relationships among all countries and the roles of the States, Inter-Governmental Organisations (IGOs), International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs), Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), and the Multi-National Corporations (MNCs). The NID endorses the view that fields of Diplomacy as well as International Relations are both an Academic as well as a Public Policy field and can be either positive or normative as it both seeks to analyse and formulate the foreign policy of the particular country. According to the NID, the fields of Diplomacy and International Relations draw upon such diverse areas as economics, history, international law, philosophy, geography, social work, sociology, anthropology, criminology, psychology, women’s studies / gender studies, and cultural studies. They involve a diverse range of issues including globalisation, state sovereignty, international security, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, global finance, terrorism, organised crime, human security, foreign interventionism and human rights. The ability to practice diplomacy is one of the defining elements of a country.
    [Show full text]
  • Features of Caribbean Culture in the Work of Caribbean Writers in the Diaspora
    Features of Caribbean culture in the work of Caribbean writers in the diaspora. ABSTRACT Writers of Caribbean ancestry who live outside of the region are usually described as having dual allegiance (~aribbean/~rnericanfor example). This is eminently justifiable since there is usually a recognizable Caribbean flavour to the writing. This paper tries to identify the features of Caribbean culture incorporated in three texts (Paule Marshallfs Praise Song for the Widow, Kwadwo Kamaufs Flickering Shadows, Nalo Hopkinsonfs Brown Girl in the Ring) and to comment on how these features are manipulated and with what effect. Some coment on the relative strength of cultural features should be possible as a result of the exercise. Velma Pollard Dept. of Educational Studies Univ of the West Indies Mona, Kgn .7, Jamaica May 1999 Features of Caribbean culture in the work of some Caribbean writers in the diaspora The influence of the dead on the lives of the living is taken for granted in many Caribbean communities. Command performances of ritual Kumina in Jamaica, Shango in Trinidad the Dugu in Belie are examples that come to mind. Ancestor related phenomena and practices associated with them are fascinating aspects of Caribbean culture if their popularity in the creative output of the region is anything to go by. In the real situation, belief systems that incorporate ritual associated with the spirits of the dead tend to be regarded as African and so as part of the environment in which the poorer and less educated classes of the society live. Eurocentic education and mores have ensured that this attitude towards them remains entrenched.
    [Show full text]
  • Danielle Sirek, Phd Candidate [email protected] 418-5340 Supervisor: Dr
    MUSICKING AND IDENTITY IN GRENADA: STORIES OF TRANSMISSION, REMEMBERING, AND LOSS DANIELLE DAWN SIREK A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Manchester Metropolitan University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Awarded for a Collaborative Programme of Research at the Royal Northern College of Music by the Manchester Metropolitan University December 2013 For my family, for my colleagues, for my students: May you find stories of ‘who you are’, and feel connected to others, through your musicking ii Acknowledgements I am grateful for the unending support, academic and personal, that I have received throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. Firstly I would like to thank my husband Adam Sirek, my parents Kim and Marius LaCasse, and my father- and mother-in-law Jan and Elizabeth Sirek, who have been my constant support in every possible way throughout this journey. My thankfulness to you is immeasurable. And to my baby Kathryn, whose smiles were a constant source of strength and encouragement, my thanks and love to you. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my co-supervisory team, Drs Felicity Laurence and Byron Dueck, who devoted seemingly unending hours closely analysing my thesis, discussing ideas with me, and providing me with encouragement and inspiration in many more ways than just academic. I am truly grateful for their guidance, expertise, and for being so giving of their time and of themselves. I learned so much more than research techniques and writing style from both of them.
    [Show full text]
  • NATIONWIDE February 20Th, 2015.Pdf
    NationWIDE THE OFFICIAL NEWS MAGAZINE OF THE GOVERNMENT OF SAINT LUCIA NationSATURDAY FEBRUARYWIDE 20, 2016 Celebrating Nationhood with Pride and Restored Confidence! Photo by Marius Modeste As seen in this photo, Saint Lucians are this weekend in the full grip of Independence 37 n celebrations as the country gears-up for Monday’s official activities across the island. But celebratory and observance activities actually started since last week at home and abroad, Agency Targets US $1.5 Billion In Investments and as Saint Lucians here and in the Diaspora did as they increasingly do every year: sporting 8,000 Jobs by 2020 - Page 2 the national flag and colours everywhere they are. Saint Lucians in New York and Florida, London and Toronto, Barbados and Jamaica, Guyana and Trinidad & Tobago, Martinique and Cayenne are all savouring the enjoyment of yet another celebration of the island’s CIP To Boost Economy - Page 2 true national day (See pages 4, 5, 8 and 12). But Saint Lucians aren’t only celebrating Independence this weekend. The entire nation is also basking in the recognition and Tourism Director Welcomes Additional 700 Rooms acknowledgement that investor confidence has clearly returned, as seen in the number To Island’s Hotel Inventory! - Page 3 of new construction projects around the island and the resulting creation of jobs to reduce the unemployment rate (See Centre Pages 6 and 7). In addition, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the movers and shakers of world travel are all singing songs of Saint Lucia Showcases Its Renewable Energy praise and encouragement to Saint Lucia for the progress being shown in the economy Transition - Page 9 and in tourism (See Editorial on Page 2).
    [Show full text]