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Rationing in Emergency Ireland, 1939-48

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Rationing in Emergency Ireland, 1939-48 Rationing in Emergency Ireland, 1939-48 by Ciarán Bryan Thesis for the degree of PhD in History Department of History National University of Ireland Maynooth HEAD OF DEPARTMENT: Professor Marian Lyons Supervisor of Research: Dr Jacinta Prunty September 2014 Contents Acknowledgements ii Abbreviations iv List of figures vi List of tables ix Introduction 1 Chapter I The practical, political, economic, and legislative 22 underpinnings of rationing in Ireland Chapter II Shortages and rationing in Ireland, 1939-45 62 Chapter III State and voluntary welfare mechanisms, 1939-45 129 Chapter IV The Catholic Social Service Conference, 1941-48 187 Chapter V Nutritional science and its social application, 1912-48 230 Chapter VI The Long Emergency, 1945-48 281 Conclusion 323 Bibliography 331 Acknowledgements From start to finish, my supervisor Dr Jacinta Prunty, provided great encouragement, wise counsel and invaluable support that helped me bring this thesis to fruition. I want to record my heartfelt thanks for her unfailing attention, patience and generosity. Our meetings always provided me with plenty of food for thought and thanks to Jacinta’s kindness I rarely left our meetings on an empty stomach. This I think is something of an irony considering the nature of the topic, but it was always a welcome boost! On a more serious note I want to record that as my supervisor Jacinta brought great intellectual rigour tempered with the human qualities of generosity and kindness. Special thanks must also go to Professor R.V. Comerford who encouraged me down this path and to Professor Marian Lyons, Professor Jackie Hill, Professor Raymond Gillespie for their invaluable suggestions and clarity of thought always willingly provided when sought. At all times I received utmost assistance from the Department of History, NUI Maynooth. Without that generous and always practical assistance I would have been unable to take this opportunity to stretch my mind. In particular I would like to thank Ann Donoghue for always looking out for me. Likewise I would like to extend my thanks to the library staff at NUI Maynooth, and to the staff of all the other libraries and archives I visited, in particular the National Archives of Ireland, the National Library of Ireland and the Dublin Diocesan Archives. I am grateful to Professor Patrick Plunkett, Commissioner, St John Ambulance Brigade of Ireland, for allowing me to view the organisation’s archival material. The provision of research space in An Foras Feasa, the Institute for Research in Irish Historical & Cultural Traditions, was greatly appreciated. The companionship and assistance afforded by my fellow PhD students – Michael Quinn stands out – made this PhD an enjoyable and i fulfilling journey and I would like to express sincere thanks to all those who helped see this thesis through to its conclusion. I am grateful for the patience and understanding shown to me by my friends and family who, to my considerable chagrin, I have sometimes neglected due to pressure of work. The support and encouragement received from my close friends, the Maher family, shall remain close to my heart, always. Thanks must also go to my recently departed grandmother who always reminded me that rationing ‘stayed going long after the end of the war’. I would like to thank my parents, Michael and Alice for their unwavering support and for teaching me to find my own path. This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my grandmother and my close friend Joseph. I miss them dearly. ii Abbreviations AOH Ancient Order of Hibernians BMA British Medical Association BJN British Journal of Nutrition BMJ British Medical Journal CIE Córas Iompair Éireann CYMS Catholic Young Men’s Society CPS County Production Scheme CSSC Catholic Social Services Conference DAA Dublin Diocesan Archives DED District Electoral Division DFA Department of Foreign Affairs DIFP Documents on Irish Foreign Policy DLGPH Department of Local Government and Public Health DTA Department of An Taoiseach dwt Deadweight tonnage EPA Emergency Powers Act ESB Electricity Supply Board FF Fianna Fáil FG Fine Gael GAA Gaelic Athletic Association GAAA Gaelic Athletic Association Archive GSR Great Southern Railway HA Home Assistance ICTU Irish Congress of Trade Unions IHA Irish Housewives Association IHS Irish Historical Studies IJMS Irish Journal of Medical Science INDC Department of Industry and Commerce IRA Irish Republican Army IRC Irish Red Cross Ir. hist. W. E. Vaughan and A. J. Fitzpatrick, Irish historical statistics statistics: population, 1821-1971 (Dublin, 1978) ITJSB Irish Trade Journal and Statistical Bulletin IWM Imperial War Museum JN Journal of Nutrition MOH Medical Officer of Health NAI National Archives of Ireland NLI National Library of Ireland NNS National Nutrition Survey NUIM National University of Ireland Maynooth OLC Archives of Sisters of Our Lady of Charity, Ireland QUB Queen’s University Belfast List of abbreviations continued iii RAMI Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland RIA Royal Irish Academy SJAI Saint John’s Ambulance Brigade Stat. Soc. Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ire. Jn. Ireland SVP Society of St Vincent de Paul TB Tuberculosis TCD Trinity College Dublin TD Teachta Dála, member of Dáil Éireann TDB Turf Development Board TNA The National Archives, Kew UA Unemployment Assistance UCD University College Dublin UI Unemployment Insurance UN United Nations iv List of figures Figure Page 1.1 British troops enter Fort de Sainghain, a fortification on the Maginot 27 Line, 3 November 1939 1.2 Map of the area into which US shipping was barred from sailing, 34 known as the combat zone, 1939 1.3 Contemporary Irish school map of Europe (coloured in by a pupil), 37 August 1941 1.4 The Kriegsmarine Grid System, 1939-45 38 1.5 A British convoy under the protection of Royal Air Force coastal 48 command, 1943 1.6 Aerial view of a portion of Liverpool’s waterfront showing extensive 49 damage to the commercial area, 1940-45 1.7 The Irish Pine (5,621 tons) with its Irish neutrality insignia clearly 54 displayed, 1941-42 2.1 Members of the Irish Defence Forces with bicycles parade on 68 O’Connell Street, Dublin, 1939-45 2.2 The implications of the petrol shortage as depicted in Dublin Opinion, 69 1941 2.3 A satirical image from Dublin Opinion depicting a man who used 73 ‘Emergency coal’ to put out a house fire, 1941 2.4 A group of Irish soldiers cutting turf, 1941-45 76 2.5 ‘Turf-cutters from the city’ removing turf from the bog by lorry as 78 depicted in Dublin Opinion, 1941 2.6 G-boat no. 9 being transported through Barrack Street, Carlow, 1941- 80 45 2.7 Turf cutting at Annaverna, County Louth, 1930-50 83 2.8 Increase in the cost of living in Ireland as represented on the cost-of- 86 living index, 1938-45 2.9 The impact of the increased price of clothing as illustrated in Dublin 87 Opinion, 1940 2.10 Shortages led to hoarding as illustrated in Dublin Opinion, 1942 88 2.11 A sketch in Dublin Opinion of woman selling ration books outside a 92 Great Northern Railway station, 1946 2.12 In the absence of fertiliser a farmer ploughs ‘some of the Department’s 98 forms’ into his land, Dublin Opinion, 1940 2.13 Comic portrayals in Dublin Opinion of the implications of compulsory 100 tillage for ‘land holders’, 1941-42 2.14 A well-to-do housewife hoards on the recommendations of the Minister 110 for Supplies, Dublin Opinion, 1941 2.15 Unpalatable tea alternatives as depicted in Dublin Opinion 124 List of figures continued v Figure Page 3.1 A comparison between the wage rates and cost-of-living in Britain and 137 Ireland, 1939-45 3.2 The St John Ambulance Brigade’s dining hall at Merrion Square, 1924- 141 25 3.3 St John Ambulance Brigade, welfare pre-natal card, 1935-45 142 3.4 St John Ambulance Brigade Welfare Department meals card, 1935-45 142 3.5 Average prices of essential foodstuffs in Ireland, 1938-48 144 3.6 The final scene of Marrowbone Lane as produced by the Gate theatre 152 Dublin, 1939 3.7 Members of the Irish Housewives Association campaigning in Dublin, 159 8 Mar. 1942 3.8 ‘The turf barge for Dublin’ as depicted in Dublin Opinion, September 178 1943 4.1 The kitchen area of a CSSC food centre in the Archdiocese of Dublin, 199 1941-45 4.2 The kitchen area of a CSSC food centre in the Archdiocese of Dublin, 200 1941-45 4.3 Diners eating at the Henrietta Lane food centre, Dublin, 1941-45 200 4.4 CSSC food centres in the Dublin metropolitan area, 1944 202 4.5 A nun passes a take-home meal to a mother with her children at a 203 CSSC food centre in Dublin, 1941-45 4.6 CSSC lay staff pictured serving takeaway meals to a group of women 203 and children at a food centre in Dublin, 1941-45 4.7 Irish urban and rural infant mortality rates (deaths of infants aged less 213 than one year per 1,000 births per annum), 1939-48 4.8 Archbishop of Dublin, John Charles McQuaid blessing the CSSC’s 216 maternity ambulance, 8 July 1944 4.9 CSSC maternity welfare centres in the Dublin metropolitan area, 1945 218 4.10 Volunteers working in a CSSC clothing guild, 1941-45 224 4.11 The price of clothing on Ireland’s cost-of-living index, 1939-47 227 5.1 Ireland’s infant mortality rate (deaths of infants aged less than one year 239 per 1,000 births per annum), 1939-48 5.2 Deaths from tuberculosis (all forms) in Ireland and total infant deaths 240 (aged less than one year) per annum, 1939-48 5.3 A comparison of infant mortality rates (deaths of infants aged less than 241 one year per 1,000 births per annum) across the British Isles, 1939-48 5.4 The infant mortality rates (deaths
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