Broadband Reference Guide

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Blonder Tongue Laboratories, Inc. Broadband Reference Guide

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Select the desired channel or frequency by touching the respective blue arrow.

At the bottom of the The full range of channels is listed screen, select the icon for to the right, select your range, the channel application. and then choose the appropriate number to the left. Click at the top left menu to return to your channel info. Thank you for requesting our Broadband Reference Guide. We hope you find this latest update helpful as we strive to provide technical information for the broadband industry in a convenient pocket size book. Remember to look for previous versions of the reference guide on the Blonder Tongue website. We welcome any suggestion for further improvement, simply e-mail: [email protected].

Bob Pallé President

One Jake Brown Road, Old Bridge, NJ 08857 Phone: 732-679-4000 • Fax: 732-679-4353 www.blondertongue.com

©2014 Blonder Tongue Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Trademarks are the property of their respective owner. 1 SAFETY System Planning...... 4 Cable Substitution Chart...... 5 Current Ratings for Electronic Cables...... 6 Headend HVAC Considerations...... 7 2 PRODUCTS & APPLICATIONS Encoder Collection...... 11 Digital Collection...... 28 EdgeQAM & IP Solutions...... 49

3 DIGITAL REFERENCE Digital Cable (QAM)...... 60 Digital Over-the-Air...... 60 Encoding Diagram...... 61 Digital Content Types...... 62 Digital Closed Captioning...... 64 Chroma Sub-Mapping Types...... 66 Audio Encoding...... 67 Digital Tech Tips...... 70 Digital Signal Analysis...... 75 CATV QAM Channel Center Frequency...... 84 North American Digital Broadcast Channel Frequency.. 86

4 ANALOG REFERENCE Analog Cable (RF)...... 88 Analog Over-the-Air...... 88 Analog Content Types...... 89 Analog Closed Captioning...... 91 North America CATV Frequency Chart...... 92 US Frequency Spectrum...... 97 North America Off-Air Frequency Chart...... 99 FM Broadcast Channel Frequency...... 101

5 CONNECTORS & INTERFACES Cables, Wiring & Pinout Reference...... 104 Optical Connectors...... 112

iv 6 CATV RF CALCULATIONS System Calculations...... 114 Passive & Coaxial Cable Characteristics...... 128 Broadband RF Network Powering...... 129

7 OFF-AIR ANTENNAS, & SATELLITE INFO Dipole Antenna Equations...... 132 Multiplexers...... 133 Antenna General Information...... 134 Antenna Spacing...... 135 Antenna Phasing...... 137 Satellite Transmission Standards...... 138 System Calculations...... 139 North & South American C & Ku-Band Satellites...... 141 Broadcast Station "List"...... 143

8 INTERNATIONAL TV FORMATS Worldwide TV Standards...... 146 CCIR Television Transmission Characteristics...... 152 International Analog Channel Standards...... 153

9 CONVERSIONS & MISC. DATA Basic Cable Theory...... 156 Conversion Factors...... 162 Fiber Optics...... 175

10 FCC RULES FCC Highlights...... 180 FCC Rules...... 188

11 SYMBOLS & ACRONYMS Common CATV Symbols...... 194 Common IPTV Symbols...... 196 CATV & IPTV Acronyms...... 198 Basic Glossary of CATV & IPTV Terms...... 230 Useful Websites and Publications...... 235

v Company Profile

Blonder Tongue Laboratories, Inc. provides system operators and integrators serving the cable, broadcast, satellite, IPTV, institutional and professional video markets with comprehensive solutions for the provision of content contribution, distribution and video delivery to homes and businesses. With over 60 years of experience, the company designs, manufactures, sells and supports an equipment portfolio of standard and high definition digital video solutions, as well as core analog video and high speed data solutions for distribution over coax, fiber and IP networks. 1 SAFETY

2 PRODUCTS & APPLICATIONS

3 DIGITAL REFERENCE 4 ANALOG REFERENCE

5 CONNECTORS & INTERFACES 6 CATV RF CALCULATIONS

7 OFF-AIR ANTENNAS, & SATELLITE INFO

8 INTERNATIONAL TV FORMATS

9 CONVERSIONS & MISC. DATA

10 FCC RULES

11 SYMBOLS & ACRONYMS

3 1 SAFETY System Planning...... 4 Cable Substitution Chart...... 5 Current Ratings for Electronic Cables...... 6 Headend HVAC Considerations...... 7 4 System Planning

Headend & Distribution System Construction The System Contractor must adhere to both national and local building codes when constructing a Broadband CATV System. This includes, but is not limited to the NEC, NFPA Codes and local building ordinances. Related National Electrical Code (NEC) Articles Article 250 - Grounding is one of the largest, most important, and least understood articles in the NEC. As specified in Section 90-1(a), safety is the key element and purpose of the NEC. Proper grounding and bonding is essential for maximum protection of life and property. If over-current protection is considered the first line of defense, grounding could be considered the last line of defense. Article 810 - Radio and Television Equipmentcovers radio and television receiving equipment and amateur radio transmitting and receiving equipment, but not equipment and antennas used for coupling carrier current to power line conductors. Article 820 - Community Antenna Television and Radio Distribution Systems covers coaxial cable distribution of radio frequency signals typically employed in community antenna television (CATV) systems. National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) - www.nfpa.org Cable Substitution Chart (Per 2005 NEC*) 5

FIRE-RESISTANCE LEVEL NEC ARTICLES Test Requirements 800 725 760 820 770 830

COAX PLENUM CMP MULTI-CONDUCTOR 4 (Highest)

CL3P NONCONDUCTIVE CONDUCTIVE NFPA 262 CATVP CMP FPLP OFNP OFCP BLP CL3P (UL 910 Steiner Tunnel) CL2P

RISER COAX 3 MULTI-CONDUCTOR CMR BMR CL3R UL-1666 FPLR CATVR OFNR OFCR (Vertical Shaft) CL2R

GENERAL

PURPOSE COAX 2 CMG MULTI-CONDUCTOR CM PLTC BM

UL-1685 CL3 FPL CATV OFNG OFCG Vertical Tray or CSA FT4 (UL 1581) CL2

RESIDENTIAL COAX 1(Lowest) CMR CMX CATVX BLX CL3R CL3X CMG CM All cables other than CL3 VW-1 CL2X CMX “Network Powered Broadband Cables” CL3X (Vertical Frame) (BMR, BM, BLP, BLX) shall be coaxial cables.

Cables indicated can be substituted.

NEC Type Definition CMP, CMR, CMG, CM, CMX Communications Cables CL3P, CL3R, CL3, CL3X, CL2P, CL2R, CL2, CL2X Class 2 and Class 3 Remote-Control, Signaling and Power Limited Cables FPLP, FPLR, FPL Power Limited Fire Alarm Cables CATVP, CATVR, CATV, CATVX Community Antenna Television and Radio Distribution Cables OFNP, OFNR, OFNG, OFN Nonconductive Optical Fiber Cables OFCP, OFCR, OFCG, OFC Conductive Optical Fiber Cables PLTC Power Limited Tray Cables BMR, BM, BLP, BLX Network-powered Broadband Communications Cables

*National Electrical Code and NEC are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc., Quincy, MA. 6 Current Ratings for Electronic Cables

The maximum continuous current rating for an electronic cable is limited by conductor size, number of conductors contained within the cable, maximum temperature rating of the cable, and environmental conditions such as ambient temperature and air flow. To use the current capacity chart, first determine conductor size, temperature rating, and number of conductors from the applicable product description for the cable of interest. Next, find the current value on the chart for the proper temperature rating and conductor size. To calculate the maximum current rating/conductor, multiply the chart value by the appropriate conductor factor. The chart assumes cable is surrounded by still air at an ambient temperature of 25˚ C. Current values are in RMS Amperes and are valid for copper conductors only.

No. of Conductors** NOTE: Current ratings are intended as general Factors guidelines for low power electronic 1 1.6 communications and control applications. 2 - 3 1.0 Current ratings for power applications generally 4 - 5 .8 are set by regulatory agencies such as UL, CSA, 6 - 15 .7 16 - 30 .5 NEC, and others.

** Do not count shields unless used as a conductor. Headend HVAC Considerations 7

To maximize equipment reliability and life span, the headend room should be temperature controlled. The heat generated by the headend is one of the major contributors to the total amount of BTU’s required for heating and cooling. The specified AC wattage dissipation of a headend component directly correlates to the amount of heat it generates. The conversion from watts to the amount of heat generated in BTU’s is as follows: Watts x 3.4144 = BTU’s/hour With the total BTU’s per hour the headend generates along with the buildings room details, a qualified HVAC technician can determine the necessary heating and cooling requirements.. Sample Headend BTU Calculations

6233 + 6232B + (8) 6241A’s

2 PRODUCTS & APPLICATIONS 10

ENCODER COLLECTION...... 11 • HD Encoders • SD Encoders

DIGITAL COLLECTION...... 28 • Modulators • Demodulators • Transcoders • Multiplexers • Processors

EdgeQAM & IPTV SOLUTIONS...... 49 • Clear IP-to-Clear/Pro:Idiom™ • Bi-Directional ASI-to-IP Transcoder • 12:4 ASI-to-IP Multiplexer 11

ENCODER COLLECTION 12 HD264-2S-IP H.264 HD ENCODER 2xHD-SDI/2xHDMI/2xComponent 1xIP HD264-2S-IP (H.264 HD Encoder – 2xHD-SDI/2xHDMI/2xComponent – 2xIP) accepts up to two (2) programs from any of the following inputs: 2xHD-SDI, 2xHDMI (unencrypted), and 2xComponent. Each input program, if applicable is first digitized, then H.264 or MPEG-2 encoded into a high-definition Single Program Transport Stream (SPTS), and finally IP-encapsulated and delivered in 10/100Base-T Ethernet format as an output. Each SPTS is also available via two (2) identical ancillary outputs in ASI format.

The encoder supports Dolby® Digital audio encoding, and Closed Captioning (EIA-608 and EIA-708). It is also equipped with an auto-sensing relay that allows switching to an optional redundant power supply in the unlikely event of primary power supply failure. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a front-panel 10/100Base-T Ethernet connection.

2xHD-SDI + 2xHDMI + 2xComponent (2 Programs)

UDP/RTP Uni- & Multi-Cast 4xASI 1 program per each IP output 2xIP

HD264-1S-IP is identical to HD264-2S-IP, but it accepts only one (1) input program and simultaneously delivers 1xIP and 2xASI outputs. 13

Features • Accepts up to two (2) programs from any of the following inputs: 2xHD-SDI, 2xHDMI (unencrypted), and 2xComponent • Digitizes & H.264 or MPEG-2 encodes up to two (2) input programs into two (2) 10/100Base-T Ethernet outputs • Supports four (4) ancillary outputs in ASI format (2 identical ASI outputs for each input program) • Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers • Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 and EIA-708 • Supports Real-time Dolby® Digital audio encoding • Provides optional redundant power supply • Supports user-defined PSIP configuration Ordering Information Model Stock # Description HD264-2S-IP 6396 H.264 HD Encoder; 2xHD-SDI + 2xHDMI + 2xComponent inputs; 2xIP + 4xASI outputs HD264-1S-IP 6394 H.264 HD Encoder; 1xHD-SDI + 1xHDMI + 1xComponent inputs; 1xIP + 2xASI outputs HD264-SPS 6397 2x Standby Power Supply (supports 2x 6396 units)

Typical Application 14 HDE-2H/2S-QAM MPEG-2 HD ENCODER 2xHDMI/2xHD-SDI/4xComponent/Composite 4xQAM HDE-2H/2S-QAM (MPEG-2 HD Encoder – 2xHDMI/2xHD-SDI/4xComponent/ Composite – 4xQAM) accepts up to four (4) high-definition (HD) programs from any of the following inputs: 2xHDMI (unencrypted), 2xHD-SDI, and 4xComponent/Composite. MPEG- 2 encoded outputs are available in the following formats simultaneously: 4xQAM, 4xGigE (1000Base-T Ethernet), and 4xASI.

To improve transport efficiency, the encoder allows operator to (i) assign one (1) to four (4) programs to each QAM output channel, and (ii) to individually turn on/off each of the four (4) adjacent QAM output channels.

The encoder supports Dolby® Digital audio encoding, and Closed Captioning (EIA-608 and EIA-708). It is also equipped with an Emergency Alert System (EAS) interface. A front-panel RF test point allows for monitoring/testing of the QAM output without service interruption. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a front-panel 10/100Base-T Ethernet connection.

2xHDMI + 2xHD-SDI + 4xComponent/Composite EAS (4 Inputs Total)

(4 Programs) MPEG-2 HD Encoding Dolby® Digital Audio Encoding 4xASI 4xGigE 4xAdjacent QAM 15

Features • Accepts up to four (4) programs from any of the following inputs: 2xHDMI (unencrypted), 2xHD-SDI, and 4xComponent/Composite • Simultaneously delivers the following outputs: 4xQAM, 4xGigE, and 4xASI • Multiplexes up to four (4) input programs in any of the following output combinations: (i) 1:1 (1 program per QAM channel) (ii) 2:1 (2 programs per QAM channel, not exceeding 38.8Mbps) (iii) 3:1 (3 programs per QAM channel, not exceeding 38.8 Mbps) (iv) 4:1 (4 programs per QAM channel, not exceeding 38.8 Mbps) • Each of the four (4) QAM channels can (i) contain 1 or 2 programs, and (ii) be turned on/off individually • Provides +52 dBmV QAM output level for four (4) combined channels (+60 dBmV for 1 QAM) • Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers • Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 and EIA-708 • Equipped with EAS interface (Analog Video + L/R Audio) • Supports Real-time Dolby® Digital audio encoding • Supports user-defined PSIP configuration Ordering Information Model Stock # Description HDE-2H/2S-QAM 6379A MPEG-2 HD Encoder; 2xHDMI+2xHD-SDI+4xComponent/ Composite inputs; 4xQAM+4xGigE+4xASI outputs; EAS compatible Typical Application 16 HDE-4S-QAM MPEG-2 HD ENCODER 4xHD-SDI/4xComponent/Composite 4xQAM HDE-4S-QAM (MPEG-2 HD Encoder – 4xHD-SDI/4xComponent/Composite – 4xQAM) accepts up to four (4) high-definition (HD) programs from any of the following inputs: 4xHD-SDI, 2xHD-SDI, and 4xComponent/Composite. MPEG-2 encoded outputs are available in the following formats simultaneously: 4xQAM, 4xGigE (1000Base-T Ethernet), and 4xASI.

The encoder supports Dolby® Digital and Closed Captioning (EIA-608 and EIA-708). It is also equipped with an Emergency Alert System (EAS) interface. A front-panel RF test point allows for monitoring/testing of the QAM output without service interruption. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a front-panel 10/100Base-T Ethernet connection.

4xHD-SDI + 4xComponent/Composite EAS (4 Inputs Total)

(4 Programs) MPEG-2 HD Encoding Dolby® Digital Audio Encoding 4xASI 4xGigE 4xAdjacent QAM 17

Features • Accepts up to four (4) programs from any of the following inputs: 4xHD-SDI, and 4xComponent/Composite • Simultaneously delivers the following outputs: 4xQAM, 4xGigE, and 4xASI • Multiplexes up to four (4) input programs in any of the following output combinations: (i) 1:1 (1 program per QAM channel) (ii) 2:1 (2 programs per QAM channel, not exceeding 38.8Mbps) (iii) 3:1 (3 programs per QAM channel, not exceeding 38.8 Mbps) (iv) 4:1 (4 programs per QAM channel, not exceeding 38.8 Mbps) • Each of the four (4) QAM channels can (i) contain 1 or 2 programs, and (ii) be turned on/off individually • Provides +52 dBmV QAM output level for four (4) combined channels (+60 dBmV for 1 QAM) • Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers • Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 and EIA-708 • Equipped with EAS interface (Analog Video + L/R Audio) • Supports Real-time Dolby® Digital audio encoding • Supports user-defined PSIP configuration Ordering Information Model Stock # Description HDE-4S-QAM 6374A MPEG-2 HD Encoder; 4xHD-SDI+4xComponent/Composite inputs; 4xQAM+4xGigE+4xASI outputs; EAS compatible Typical Application 18 HDE-CHV-QAM MPEG-2 HD ENCODER 1xComponent/HDMI/VGA/Composite 1xQAM HDE-CHV-QAM (MPEG-2 HD Encoder – 1xComponent/HDMI/VGA/Composite – 1xQAM) accepts one (1) high-definition (HD) program from any of the following inputs: 1xComponent, 1xHDMI (unencrypted), 1xVGA, and 1xComposite. MPEG-2 encoded outputs are available in the following formats simultaneously: 1xQAM, 1xASI, and 1xIP (10/100Base-T Ethernet). The QAM RF output is frequency agile over the entire CATV frequency range of 54-1002 MHz (channels 2-158) with an output level of +40 dBmV.

The encoder supports Dolby® Digital audio encoding, and Closed Captioning (EIA-608). Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a front-panel 10/100Base-T Ethernet connection. A rear-panel VGA output port is available for loop-through applications.

1xComponent/HDMI/VGA/Composite (1 Program)

(1 Program) MPEG-2 HD Encoding Dolby® Digital Audio Encoding 1xASI 1xIP 1xQAM 19 6 Features • Accepts one (1) program from any of the following inputs: 1xComponent, 1xHDMI (unencrypted), 1xVGA, and 1xComposite • Simultaneously delivers the following outputs: 1xQAM, 1xASI, and 1xIP • Provides +40 dBmV QAM RF output level • Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers • Compact design permits installation of up to 3 Encoder modules in 1RU • Supports Real-time Dolby® Digital audio encoding • Supports user-defined PSIP configuration • Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 Ordering Information Model Stock # Description HDE-CHV-QAM 6384A MPEG-2 HD Encoder; 1xComponent/HDMI/VGA/Composite inputs; 1xQAM+1xASI+1xIP outputs HDE-3MCH 6389 1RU Rack mount chassis; holds 3 HDE-CHV-QAM modules

6389 6384 Typical Application 20 HDE-CSV-QAM MPEG-2 HD ENCODER 1xComponent/HD-SDI/HDMI/VGA/Composite 1xQAM HDE-CSV-QAM (MPEG-2 HD Encoder – 1xComponent/HD-SDI/HDMI/VGA/ Composite – 1xQAM) accepts one (1) high-definition (HD) program from any of the following inputs: 1xComponent, 1xHD-SDI, 1xHDMI (unencrypted), 1xVGA, and 1xComposite. MPEG-2 encoded outputs are available in the following formats simultaneously: 1xQAM, 1xASI, and 1xIP (10/100Base-T Ethernet). The QAM RF output is frequency agile over the entire CATV frequency range of 54-1002 MHz (channels 2-158) with an output level of +40 dBmV.

The encoder supports Dolby® Digital audio encoding, and Closed Captioning (EIA-608 and EIA-708). Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a front-panel 10/100Base-T Ethernet connection. A rear-panel VGA output port is available for loop-through applications.

1xComponent/HD-SDI/HDMI/VGA/Composite (1 Program)

(1 Program) MPEG-2 HD Encoding Dolby® Digital Audio Encoding 1xASI 1xIP 1xQAM 21

Features • Accepts one (1) program from any of the following inputs: 1xComponent, 1xHD-SDI, 1xHDMI (unencrypted), 1xVGA, and 1xComposite • Simultaneously delivers the following outputs: 1xQAM, 1xASI, and 1xIP • Provides +40 dBmV QAM RF output level • Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers • Compact design permits installation of up to 3 Encoder modules in 1RU • Supports Real-time Dolby® Digital audio encoding • Supports user-defined PSIP configuration • Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 and EIA-708 Ordering Information Model Stock # Description HDE-CSV-QAM 6382A MPEG-2 HD Encoder; 1xComponent/HD-SDI/HDMI/VGA/ Composite inputs; 1xQAM+1xASI+1xIP outputs HDE-3MCH 6389 1RU Rack mount chassis; holds 3 HDE-CSV-QAM modules

6389 6382 Typical Application 22 HDE-8C-QAM MPEG-2 HD ENCODER 8xComponent/Composite 4xQAM HDE-8C-QAM (MPEG-2 HD Encoder – 8xComponent/Composite – 4xQAM) accepts up to eight (8) analog programs from any of the following inputs: 8xComponent and 8xComposite. The encoder is equipped with a spare input (9th input) to replace any one (1) of the primary eight (8) inputs in the event of a failure. The encoder digitizes, MPEG-2 encodes each input into a high-definition stream, multiplexes the resulting eight (8) streams, and then modulates them onto four (4) adjacent QAM channels in the 54-1002 MHz range (CATV 2-158). Any one (1) of the four (4) QAM outputs is also available in ASI format. The encoder supports Dolby® Digital audio encoding, and Closed Captioning (EIA-608). It is also equipped with an Emergency Alert System (EAS) interface. A front-panel RF test point allows for monitoring/testing of the QAM output without service interruption. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a rear-panel 10/100Base-T Ethernet connection. Optional software upgrade (Stock # 6371) enables the encoder to (i) accept eight (8) analog programs from DishNetwork’s ViP211k satellite receivers, (ii) automatically switch over to any of the primary eight (8) receivers in the event of failure to maintain the program stream, and (iii) provide remote monitoring and control of up to nine (9) DishNetwork’s ViP211K satellite receivers through UPnP protocol using a standard Web browser via a rear-panel 10/100Base-T Ethernet connection. HD-Device #1

HD-Device #2 HD-Device #8 Spare HD-Device #9 1 2 8 # # # Component/ Composite Component/ Composite Component/ #9 Component Component/ Composite

8xComponent/Composite + 1xSpare EAS (8 HD Programs Total)

(8 HD Programs) MPEG-2 HD Encoding Dolby® Audio Encoding 1xASI 4xQAM 23 6 Features • Accepts up to 8 programs from any of the following inputs: 8xComponent and 8xComposite • Supports additional 1 spare input to replace the failed input • Digitizes, MPEG-2 encodes, and multiplexes up to 8 inputs into 4 QAM output channels (2 programs per QAM channel) • Provides any 1 of the 4 QAM output streams in ASI format • Compatible with ITU Annex A and B digital QAM formats • Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers • Provides a front-panel RF test point (at 20 dB below primary QAM output) • Equipped with EAS interface (Analog Video + L/R Audio) • Supports Real-time Dolby® Digital audio encoding • Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 • Supports user-defined PSIP configuration Ordering Information Model Stock # Description HDE-8C-QAM 6370 MPEG-2 HD Encoder; 8xComponent + 8xComposite + 1xSpare inputs; 4xQAM + 1xASI outputs; EAS compatible 6371 OPTION-1 MPEG-2 HD Encoder for DishNetwork’s ViP211k Satellite Receivers

Typical Application 24 SDE-4AV-QAM MPEG-2 SD ENCODER 4xAV 1xQAM SDE-4AV-QAM (MPEG-2 SD Encoder – 4xAV – 1xQAM) accepts up to four (4) standard-definition (SD) input programs in NTSC baseband Audio/Video format. Each input program is digitized, MPEG-2 encoded, and then multiplexed into one Multi-Program Transport Stream (MPTS). The output is available in the following formats simultaneously: 1xQAM, 1xASI, and 1xGigE (1000Base-T Ethernet).

An optional high definition (HD) software upgrade allows the encoder to switch modes between SD and HD. When operating in HD mode, the encoder accepts one (1) program from any one of the following inputs: 1xHDMI (unencrypted), 1xVGA or 1xComponent.

The encoder supports Dolby® Digital audio encoding, and Closed Captioning (EIA-608). It is also equipped with an Emergency Alert System (EAS) interface. A front-panel RF test point allows for monitoring/testing of the QAM output without service interruption. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a rear-panel 10/100Base-T Ethernet connection.

4xAV EAS (4 Inputs Total)

110/230V EAS CONTROL SD ENCODER 4AV-QAM EAS INPUT INPUT 1 INPUT 3 V 2.0/1.0A DRY CONTACT MODEL: SDE-4AV-QAM R L R L V R L V GND 50/60Hz QAM RF STOCK NO. 6364 CAUTION: REMOTE FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION OUTPUT DATA OUT CC AGAINST FIRE HAZARD REPLACE CONTROL VGA OUTPUT WITH SAME TYPE FUSE IP RESET FUSE 5 TO 12VDC Pr Pb Y 3.0A R L V R L V 250V SB GIGE 10/100 HDMI COMPONENT IN VGA INPUT INPUT 2 INPUT 4

Optional HD and VGA Inputs (Software Upgradable) 1xASI 1xGigE 1xQAM (4 Programs) 25 6 Features • Accepts up to four (4) programs in NTSC baseband A/V format • Digitizes, MPEG-2 encodes, & multiplexes up to four (4) programs into one MPTS • Simultaneously delivers the following outputs: 1xQAM, 1xASI, and 1xGigE • Supports optional HD software upgrade to accept one (1) program from any of the following inputs: 1xHDMI (unencrypted), 1xVGA, or 1xComponent • Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers • Provides a front-panel RF test point (at 20 dB below primary QAM output) • Compatible with ITU Annex A and B digital QAM formats • Equipped with EAS interface (Analog Video + L/R Audio) • Supports Real-time Dolby® Digital audio encoding • Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 • Supports user-defined PSIP configuration

Ordering Information Model Stock # Description SDE-4AV-QAM 6364 MPEG-2 SD Encoder; 4xAV inputs; 1xQAM + 1xASI + 1xGigE outputs; EAS compatible

Typical Application 26 SDE-6S-ASI MPEG-2 SD/HD ENCODER/MULTIPLEXER 6xSD-SDI/NTSC 1xASI SDE-6S-ASI (MPEG-2 SD/HD Encoder/ Multiplexer – 6xSD-SDI/6xNTSC – 1xASI) accepts up to six (6) standard-definition (SD) programs from any of the following inputs: 6xSD-SDI, and 6xNTSC. MPEG-2 encoded outputs are multiplexed into one Multi- Program Transport Stream (MPTS) which is available in the following formats simultaneously: 1xASI, and 1xIP (10/100Base-T). The encoder supports Dolby® Digital audio encoding for (16) analog stereo audio pairs (L+R) which in addition to primary and secondary audio programs also provide a third pair for the Audio Descriptor Service, an additional narration track for blind and visually impaired, as mandated by the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010 (CVAA). Ad insertion SCTE 30/35 compliant queuing messages are generated for each program from either the audio Cue Tone input or an insertion contact closure (operator selectable). A baseband audio analog encoding capability table is provided on the following page for easy reference. In addition to the baseband audio analog encoding capability audio programs that are already encoded and present on the SDI inputs may be multiplexed with the respective output (pass-through) without utilizing the baseband audio analog encoding resource. The encoder also supports Closed Captioning (EIA-608, and EIA-708), and Emergency Alert System (EAS). A front-panel DVI port is available for real-time monitoring of active programs during operation. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a rear-panel SFP port (10/100BaseT).

6xSD-SDI or NTSC EAS (6 Programs Total)

Uni- & Multi-cast (6 Programs Total) UDP MPEG-2 SD/HD Encoding Dolby® Digital Audio Encoding 1xIP 1xASI 27 6 Features • Accepts up to six (6) video programs from any of the following inputs: 6xSD-SDI and 6xNTSC • Simultaneously delivers the following outputs: 1xASI and 1xIP • Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers • Provides audio encoding for Primary Audio, SAP (Secondary Audio Program), & Audio Descriptor Service • Provides ad messaging via SCTE 30/35 activated by either Cue Tone Audio input or upon contact closure (user selectable) • Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 and EIA-708 • Supports Real-time Dolby® Digital audio encoding • Supports Emergency Alert System (EAS) • Supports user-defined static PSIP configuration • Supports compressed digital audio pass through for all HD-SDI & SDI inputs Ordering Information Model Stock # Description SDE-6S-ASI 6365 MPEG-2 SD Encoder/Multiplexer; accepts only up to six (6) SD-SDI or NTSC inputs SDE-6S-HD-UPG 6366 Optional software upgrade for 2 HD-SDI inputs (or eight (8) SD-SDI inputs)

Typical Application 28

DIGITAL COLLECTION Content from Satellite Dish 29

QTM Series Digital QTM-II/HD/HDPLUS Stock No. 6242 QPSK/8PSK IRD 1x ASI AQM Stock No. 6271B Digital (QAM)

IRD #1 2x ASI MUX-2A-QAM IRD #2 Stock No. 6505 IRD = Integrated Receiver/Decoder } Content from Broadcasters

DHDC (8VSB) Stock No. 6264A & 5A Note: Output must be within UHF channels 14 to 69. Digital Digital AQD 8VSB Stock No. 6244 Optional: Digital ASI Analog (Composite) MDDM Stock No. 6273 } AP-60-860A EAS Stock No. 59819 Analog (Modulated RF) DAP PLUS Optional: Digital ASI EAS Stock No. 6295 } AQP Stock No. 6268 AQT Stock No. 6275 Digital (QAM) DQMx 4x 8VSB Stock No. 6259A

2x 8VSB EAS MUX-2D-QAM Stock No. 6504 } MDDA Digital (ASI) Stock No. 6277

Analog AP-60-860A Analog (UHF/VHF) UHF/VHF EAS Stock No. 59819 30 Content from Cable Companies

AP-60-860A EAS Stock No. 59819

Digital AQP CLEAR QAM Stock No. 6268 AQT Stock No. 6275 Digital (QAM)

DQMx 4x QAM Stock No. 6259A

MUX-2D-QAM 2x QAM EAS Stock No. 6504 } AQD Stock No. 6244 Optional: Digital ASI Analog (Composite) MDDM Stock No. 6273 }

AP-60-860A EAS Stock No. 59819 Analog (Modulated RF) DAP PLUS EAS Stock No. 6295 Optional: Digital ASI }

MDDA Digital (ASI) Stock No. 6277 AP-60-860A 31 Agile Processor The AP-60-860A (Agile Digital/Analog Processor) operates in one of the three following modes: Mode 1: Analog Heterodyne Processor (Analog RF IN > Analog RF OUT) Mode 2: Digital Heterodyne Processor (QAM IN > QAM OUT) Mode 3: Digital-to-Analog Processor (8VSB or QAM IN > Analog RF OUT) Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Analog RF QAM QAM/8VSB CATV Ch. T7-T13 CATV Ch. 2-135 CATV Ch. 2-135 VHF Ch. 2-13 CATV Ch. T7-T13 VHF Ch. 2-13 EAS UHF Ch. 14-69 CATV Ch. 2-135 UHF Ch. 14-69

CATV Ch. 2-135 CATV Ch. 2-135 CATV Ch. 2-135

Analog RF QAM Analog RF +60 dBmV +55 dBmV +60 dBmV Features • As an agile analog heterodyne processor: accepts one Analog RF input (CATV sub-band channels T7-T13, CATV standard channels 2-135, VHF channels 2-13, and UHF channels 14-69) and delivers one Analog RF output (CATV standard channels 2-135) • As an agile digital heterodyne processor: accepts one Digital Cable QAM input (CATV sub-band channels T7-T13, and CATV standard channels 2-135) and delivers one Digital Cable QAM output (CATV standard channels 2-135) • As an agile digital-to-analog processor: accepts one Digital Off-air 8VSB or Digital Cable QAM input (CATV standard channels 2-135, VHF channels 2-13, and UHF channels 14-69) and delivers one Analog RF output (CATV standard channels 2-135) • Equipped with EAS interface which can also be used as an IF (Intermediate Frequency) input • Supports Closed Captioning (EIA-608)

Ordering Information Model Stock # Description AP-60-860A 59819 Agile, Processor, +60 dBmV, 54-860 MHz output

Related Products Model Description DAP Digital-to-Analog Processor; 1 RU AP Series Agile Heterodyne Processor; 1 RU 32 AQC Series Agile QAM Converter

AQC (Agile QAM Convertor) is designed for data-over-cable and digital Video-on-Demand (VoD) applications. The unit features an advanced menu system based on a flash upgradable microcontroller which facilitates programming information to be easily entered with front- panel navigational key-pad.

QAM IF QAM 44 MHz Agile 54-860 MHz

Refer to product instruction manual for additional specification measurements and notes. Features • Agile output frequency range of 54-864 MHz compatible with Standard, HRC, IRC channel assignments. • Compact design allows for deployment of 6 modules in 2RU • QAM output is tunable in 12.5 kHz increments.

Ordering Information Model Stock # Description AQC 6274 Agile QAM Converter MIRC-12V 7715 Rack Chassis (holds up to 6 modules) MIPS-12D 7722D 100-240 VAC 50/60 Hz power supply (one per chassis)

6274 (1 of 6) 7722C 7715 AQD 33 ATSC/QAM DEMODULATOR 1x8VSB/QAM 1xAV / 2xASI AQD (ATSC/QAM Demodulator) accepts one input in 8VSB (digital off-air) or QAM (digital cable) format, and delivers one output in NTSC composite analog Audio/Video format, and two identical outputs in ASI format. AQD allows delivering of a digital off-air program to viewers with an analog TV set. It also allows an operator to cherry-pick channels from a “clear” QAM cable lineup. AQD PLUS is the same as AQD, but includes the AFD broadcast package. AFD (Active Format Description) is a standard set of codes embedded in the video stream and used by digital television broadcasters to optimally display a 16:9 video format on an analog television set designed for 4:3 video format. Remote Monitoring & Control via AQD-RCS

Composite 8VSB OR QAM Analog A/V 2 x ASI (AQD PLUS ASI only)

Features • Input standards supported are digital off-air (8VSB) and digital cable (QAM 64 and 256) • NTSC Composite Analog Audio/Video output is in 480i format and supports Closed Captioning (EIA-608) • Optional AQD-RCS module allows remote monitoring and configuration of up to 80 AQD modules • Optional AQD-SPS unit provides standby utility power to the primary power supply (AQD Power & Control module)

Ordering Information Model Stock # Description AQD 6245 ATSC/QAM Demodulator AQD PLUS 6244 AQD with AFD Broadcast Package AQD PLUS ASI 6244-10 AQD PLUS with 2x ASI outputs AQD-PCM 6246 AQD Power & Control Module 2730 QTRC 6233 QAM Transcoder Rack Chassis 6245 (1 of 8) 6246 6233 Options AQD-RCS 2730 AQD Remote Configuration Server Module 6253 AQD/AQT-SPS 6253 AQD/AQT Standby Power Supply QTHF 6235 QT Headend Fan 6235 34 AQM AGILE QAM MODULATOR 1xASI 1xQAM AQM (Agile QAM Modulator) accepts one MPEG-2 digital transport stream encapsulated in an ASI (Asynchronous Serial Interface) format, and delivers one output in QAM format in the 5.75-864 MHz range.

ASI QAM (with sub-band)

Features • Input standard supported is ASI with data stream not to exceed 270 Mbps • Output standards supported are ITU-T J.83 Annex A and Annex B (QAM 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, and 1024) • Optional IF output (Intermediate Frequency) and LVDS input (Low-Voltage Differential Signaling) is available • Compact design allows for deployment of six modules in 2RU rack space

Ordering Information Model Stock # Description AQM 6271B Agile QAM Modulator MIRC-12V 7715 Rack Chassis (holds up to 6 AQM modules) MIPS-12D 7722D 110 VAC/60 Hz power supply (one per chassis) MIPS-12C PAL B7722C 220 VAC/50 Hz power supply (one per chassis)

6271 (1 of 6) 7722D 7715 AQP 35 ATSC/QAM PROCESSOR 1x8VSB/QAM 1xQAM AQP (ATSC/QAM Processor) accepts one input in 8VSB (digital off-air) or QAM (digital cable) format, including the sub-band QAM input channels T7 to T13, and delivers one output in QAM format in the 54-864 MHz range. AQP can be utilized in a remote headend to “regenerate” a clean QAM channel from a degraded one. It also allows TV sets to receive digital off-air programming on CATV channel assignments by transmodulating the 8VSB broadcast to QAM. It can also be utilized in remote digital origination applications, where the QAM channel needs to be delivered to the headend via the sub-band frequencies. 8VSB OR QAM

QAM Agile 54-864 MHz +55 dBmV (115 dBµV)

Features • Supports sub-band QAM input channels T7 to T13 for remote digital origination applications • Input standards supported are digital off-air (8VSB & 16VSB) and digital cable (QAM 16/32/64/128/206) • Agile QAM output at +55 dBmV and in the frequency range of 54-864 MHz range

Ordering Information Model Stock # Description AQP 6268 8VSB/QAM-to-QAM Processor with sub-band input 36 AQT ATSC/QAM TRANSCODER 1x8VSB/QAM 1xQAM AQT (ATSC/QAM Transoder) accepts one input in 8VSB (digital off-air) or QAM (digital cable) format, and delivers one output in QAM format in the 54-864 MHz range. AQT can be utilized in a remote headend to “regenerate” a clean QAM channel from a degraded one. It also allows TV sets to receive digital off-air programming on CATV channel assignments by transmodulating the 8VSB broadcast to QAM. Remote Monitoring & Control via AQT-RCS

8VSB OR QAM QAM

Features • Input standards supported are digital off-air (8VSB & 16VSB) and digital cable (QAM 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256) • Agile QAM output at +40 dBmV and in the frequency range of 54-864 MHz range • Optional AQT-RCS module allows remote monitoring and configuration of up to 80 AQT modules • Optional AQT-SPS unit provides standby utility power to the primary power supply (AQT Power & Control module)

Ordering Information Model Stock # Description AQT 6275 ATSC-to-QAM Transcoder AQT-PCM 6276 AQT Power & Control Module 2736 6275 (1 of 8) 6276 6233 QTRC 6233 QAM Transcoder Rack Chassis 6254 Optional Equipment AQT-RCS 2736 AQT Remote Configuration Server Module 6235 AQD/AQT-SPS 6253 AQD/AQT Standby Power Supply QTHF 6235 Headend Fan 6240 HDA Series 6240 xx Integrated Combiner & Distribution Amplifier AQT8 Series 37 ATSC/QAM TRANSCODER 8x8VSB/QAM IP/QAM AQT8 Series (ATSC/QAM Transcoder) accepts up to eight (8) inputs in 8VSB (Digital off-air) or QAM (clear digital cable) format. Two models are available depending on the desired output format. The AQT8-IP provides an IP (GigE) output and the AQT8-QAM provides QAM and IP outputs simultaneously.

The AQT8 Series features Emergency Alert System (EAS) program switching through either an ASI or IP format EAS input and terminal block contacts for triggering. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a rear-panel 10/100BaseT Ethernet connection.

8xATSC/QAM

8xQAM IP

Features • Accepts up to eight (8) ATSC or QAM channel inputs • AQT8-IP (Stock No. 6280) provides IP output only • AQT8-QAM (Stock No. 6281) provides IP and QAM outputs • Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web browsers • Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 and EIA-708 when embedded in RF input(s) • Accepts EAS input in ASI and IP formats • Provides an ASI output of user selected input port

Ordering Information Model Stock # Description AQT8-IP 6280 ATSC/QAM Transcoder, 8xATSC/QAM inputs, 1xIP output AQT8-QAM 6281 ATSC/QAM Transcoder, 8xATSC/QAM inputs, IP + QAM outputs 38 BTPRO-1000 QAM/8VSB/Analog Signal Analyzer BTPRO-1000 is a versatile CATV test instrument for measuring both digital and analog CATV and Broadcast TV signals. Robust and easy to use, BTPRO-1000 provides hours of operating time from its high capacity battery. The instrument comes complete with a soft carrying case, AC main and automotive chargers. An optional Pro:Idiom™ Key Recovery feature is available for Hospitality applications that employ Pro:Idiom™ television sets. The option consists of a built-in frequency agile QAM modulator that connects directly to an affected Pro:Idiom™ TV to provide new encryption key information.

Features • QAM/8VSB/NTSC Measurements • Extended frequency range of 4-1000 MHz • MER, aBER, bBER, Noise Margin and Level/Power measurements plus Spectrum Analysis • Automatic quality analysis: FAIL-MARGINAL-PASS • Auto Seek & Store Function - an essential feature for creating custom memory channel plans. Scans receivable signals, determines signal type (QAM, 8VSB or analog) and stores only those channels having signal levels above user defined values • Ingress and Leakage Modes • Data Logger Function: Steps through each channel in the “Active” memory plan and stores all related measurements • Graphics Display • Alpha-numeric keypad • Optional TV Key Recovery for Hospitality Pro:Idiom™ systems

Ordering Information Model Stock # Description BTPRO-1000 4230 QAM/8VSB/Analog Signal Analyzer 4230 RK Signal Analyzer with Pro:Idiom™ Key Recovery Option DAP Series 39 DIGITAL/ANALOG PROCESSOR 1x8VSB/QAM 1xANALOG RF/2xASI DAP PLUS (Digital/Analog Processor) accepts one input in 8VSB (digital off-air) or QAM (digital cable) format, and delivers one output in modulated analog RF format. DAP PLUS includes the AFD broadcast package. AFD (Active Format Description) is a standard set of codes embedded in the video stream and used by digital television broadcasters to optimally display a 16:9 video format on an analog television set designed for 4:3 video format. The DAP PLUS can be equipped with an optional RNC module (Remote Network Card) for remote monitoring and control operations. One RNC module can monitor and control up to sixty-four DAP PLUS units installed in a headend. Additionally, it can be equipped with an optional ASI module (Asynchronous Serial Interface) that delivers two identical ASI stream outputs, allowing a seamless migration to an all-digital platform.

Remote Monitoring & Control via RNC Module

8VSB OR QAM EAS

2xASI Optional Analog RF Features • Agile Broadcast (UHF, VHF) and CATV (Standard, HRC, and IRC) channel assignments in the 54-864 MHz range • Supports Emergency Alert System (EAS) input which can also be used as an Intermediate Frequency (IF) input • Automated scanning captures all available off-air or cable programs present on the input signal • Supports both the Primary and the SAP (Secondary Audio Program) audio programs • Output power level range of +50 to +62 dBmV adjustable in 0.2 dB increments • Supports Closed Captioning (EIA-608) Ordering Information Model Stock # Description DAP PLUS 6295 Digital-to-Analog Processor with AFD DAP PLUS ASI 6295-10 DAP PLUS equipped with ASI module DAP PLUS RNC 6295-12 DAP PLUS equipped with Remote Network Card (RNC) Module DAP PLUS A/R 6295-22 DAP PLUS equipped with both the ASI and the RNC Modules 40 DHDP Series DIGITAL HD PROCESSOR 1x8VSB 1xIF 1x8VSB DHDP (Digital High-Definition Processor) is a two-module system consisting of one down-converter module and one up-converter module. The down-converter accepts one 8VSB (digital off-air) input in the 54-864 MHz range and delivers one output in IF (Intermediate Frequency) format. The up-converter accepts one IF input and delivers one output in 8VSB format.

8VSB 8VSB

Features • Agile Broadcast (UHF, VHF) and CATV (Standard, HRC, and IRC) channel assignments in the 54-864 MHz range • Compatible with Digital TV and High-Definition TV applications • Compact design allows for deployment of six Combo modules in 2RU rack space

Ordering Information Model Stock # Description DHDC-DV 6264A Digital TV & High-Definition TV Down-converter module DHDC-UV 6265A Digital TV & High-Definition TV Up-converter module DHDP-V 6266B Combo modules (6264A + 6265A) MIRC-12V 7715 Rack Chassis (holds up to 6 combo modules) MIPS-12D 7722D 110 VAC/60 Hz power supply (one per chassis) DHDP-50 6260A Digital TV & High-Definition Integrated Unit (+50 dBmV Output)

6264A (1 of 6) 6265A (1 of 6) 7722D 7715 DQMx 41 DIGITAL QAM MULITPLEXER 4x8VSB/QAM/ASI 1xQAM DQMx (Digital QAM Multiplexer) accepts up to four inputs in ASI, 8VSB, and QAM formats, and delivers one output in QAM format in the 54-864 MHz range. Two types of input modules are available (ASI and 8VSB/QAM), and any combination of input modules is allowed – for example, DQMx can be equipped with 2 ASI and 2 8VSB/QAM input modules. Each ASI input module can process up to twelve channels, not to exceed 270 Mbps. Each 8VSB/QAM input module can process up to twelve channels, not to exceed 19.4 Mbps for 8VSB or 38.8 Mbps for QAM 256. The QAM-modulated output can contain up to twelve channels, not to exceed 38.8 Mpbs when operating in QAM 256 mode.

ASI & 8VSB & QAM EAS

HD/SD MPEG-2 PROCESSING

QAM Features • Maintains MPEG-2 mapping if the input ASI stream is removed and the same stream is added later (for example, after a power cycle) • In addition to PAT, PMT, and MGT tables, supports the RRT, STT, and VCT tables of the MPEG-2 transport stream • Automatically re-maps duplicate PIDs, program numbers, and minor channel numbers • Maintains mapping with new PAT/PMT/MGT versions and same programming • User-defined major/minor or 4-digit CATV virtual channels

Ordering Information Model Stock # Description DQMx 6259A Digital QAM Multiplexer; Mainframe only (requires input modules) DQMx-RF 6256 8VSB/QAM input module DQMx-ASI 6257 ASI input module

6259A 6257 6256 42 MDDA-860 6 Micro ATSC/QAM Transcoder 1x8VSB/QAM 1xASI The MDDA-860 is a digital demodulator and transcoder that receives one input in ATSC 8VSB (digital off-air) or “clear” QAM (digital cable) format and delivers one output in ASI format.

8VSB OR QAM ASI

Features • Input standards supported are digital off-air (8VSB) and digital cable (ITU-B QAM 64 and 256) • Die-cast Chassis Offers Superior Protection against Ingress or Egress • Demodulates & transcodes HDTV/SDTV digital signals to ASI • Compact design allows for deployment of 12 units in 2RU • On-site firmware updates available through front-panel

Ordering Information Model Stock # Description MDDA-860 6277 ATSC/QAM-to-ASI Transcoder MIRC-12V 7715 Rack Chassis (holds up to 12 modules) MIPS-12D 7722D 110V/60Hz power supply (one per chassis configuration above) 6277 (1 of 12)

7722D 7715 6 MDDM-860 43 Micro ATSC/QAM Demodulator 1x8VSB/QAM 1xAV The MDDM-860 is a digital demodulator and decoder that receives one input in ATSC 8VSB (digital off-air) or “clear” QAM (digital cable) format and delivers one NTSC composite analog video and stereo audio output. The unit allows delivering of a digital off-air program to viewers with an analog TV set. It also allows operators to cherry-pick channels from a clear QAM cable lineup. Headends processing analog broadcasts using Blonder Tongue’s MIDM demodulators and MICM modulators can be upgraded seamlessly to process digital broadcasts by simply replacing the MIDM with a MDDM.

Composite 8VSB OR QAM Analog A/V

Features • Compact design allows for deployment of 6 channels (6 MDDM modules + 6 MICM modulators) in 2RU • NTSC Composite Analog Video output is in 480i format and supports Closed Captioning (EIA-608) • Input standards supported are digital off-air (8VSB) and digital cable (ITU-B QAM 64 and 256) • Scans all 8VSB or QAM channels and stores in memory for quick channel selection • Demodulates HDTV/SDTV digital signals to NTSC video and analog L/R audio • On-site firmware updates/status monitoring available through front-panel • Die-cast Chassis Offers Superior Protection against Ingress or Egress • Adjustable picture sizes for 16:9 to 4:3 image conversion • Supports Mono, Stereo, and SAP audio modes Ordering Information Model Stock # Description MDDM-860 6273 ATSC/QAM Demodulator MIRC-12V 7715 Rack Chassis (holds up to 6 MDDM + 6 MICM modulators) 7797D MIPS-12D 7722D 110 V/60 Hz power supply (1 of 6) (one per chassis config. above) MICM 7797D Micro channel modulator

6273 7722D 7715 (1 of 6) 44 Mux-2D-QAM 8VSB/QAM Multiplexer 2x8VSB/QAM 1xQAM The MUX-2D-QAM is designed to allow CATV operators to multiplex two digital channels received in either 8VSB or QAM format to a single QAM output channel for delivery over a standard coaxial distribution network. The MUX-2D-QAM accepts up to two (2) 8VSB or clear QAM channels and aggregates them onto one QAM RF output in the 54-864 MHz range. The MUX-2D-QAM provides the capability to filter program streams and to assign major/minor or a single 4-digit channel number to each. The MUX-2D-QAM also provides Emergency Alert System (EAS) program switching through ASI input and terminal block contacts. The EAS input source, which must be in ASI format, can be shared among multiple MUX-2D-QAM units by looping it from one to another unit without the need for external splitting and amplification. 2x8VSB/QAM

EAS

EAS Loop

1xQAM (MULTIPLE PROGRAMS) Features • Supports MPEG-2 Transport Stream Tables: PAT, PMT, MGT, RRT, STT, & VCT • Re-maps duplicate PIDs, Program Numbers, and Minor Channel Numbers • Allows sharing of the EAS input source among multiple units • User-defined major/minor or 4-digit CATV virtual channels • User-defined channel names • EAS input replaces up to 12 program streams • Supports PID filtering & PSIP re-assignment • Provides QAM 256 Output at 38.8 Mbps • Accepts ASI input as EAS input source • User-defined QAM Output Parameters • Maintains MPEG-2 mapping Ordering Information Model Stock # Description MUX-2D-QAM 6504 Multiplexer, 2x 8VSB/QAM Inputs, Agile 54-860 MHz QAM output, EAS compatible Mux-2A-QAM 45 ASI Multiplexer 2xASI QAM The MUX-2A-QAM is designed to allow CATV operators to multiplex two input sources in ASI format to a single QAM output channel for delivery over a standard coaxial distribution network. The MUX-2A-QAM accepts up to two (2) ASI inputs and aggregates them onto one QAM RF output in the 54-864 MHz range. The MUX-2A-QAM provides the capability to filter program streams and to assign major/minor or a single 4-digit channel number to each. The MUX-2A-QAM also provides Emergency Alert System (EAS) program switching through a third ASI input and terminal block contacts. The EAS input source can be shared among multiple MUX-2A-QAM units by looping it from one to another unit without the need for external splitting and amplification. 2xASI

EAS

EAS Loop

1xQAM (MULTIPLE PROGRAMS)

Features • Supports MPEG-2 Transport Stream Tables: PAT, PMT, MGT, RRT, STT, & VCT • Re-maps duplicate PIDs, Program Numbers, and Minor Channel Numbers • Allows sharing of the EAS input source among multiple units • User-defined major/minor or 4-digit CATV virtual channels • User-defined channel names • EAS input replaces up to 12 program streams • Supports PID filtering & PSIP re-assignment • Provides QAM 256 Output at 38.8 Mbps • Accepts ASI input as EAS input source • User-defined QAM Output Parameters • Maintains MPEG-2 mapping Ordering Information Model Stock # Description MUX-2A-QAM 6505 Multiplexer, 2x ASI Inputs, Agile 54-860 MHz QAM output, EAS compatible 46 6 QTM QAM TRANSCODER MODULE 1xQPSK/8PSK 1xQAM QTM (QAM Transcoder Module) accepts one input in QPSK or 8PSK format, and delivers one output in QAM format in the 54-864 MHz range. The four available models are: 1. QTM-II - accepts one input in QPSK format, and delivers one output in QAM 64 mode. 2. QTM-HD - accepts one input in QPSK or 8PSK format, and delivers on output in QAM 256 mode. 3. QTM-HD PLUS - the same as QTM-HD, but capable of QAM 512/1024 modes. 4. QTM-HD NPU - the same as QTM-HD, but with a “Null Packet” feature that allows adding/removing null packets to/from the input stream.

QPSK or 8PSK QAM

Features • Supports the 8PSK modulation typically used for High-Definition TV programming • Supports ITU-T J.83 Annex A and Annex B standards (QAM 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, and 1024) • Compact design allows for deployment of 8 transcoders, and power & control module, in 3RU rack space • Optional Headend Web Server allows for remote monitoring and control of each transcoder • Optional Standby Power Supply allows for uninterrupted service in the unlikely event of a primary power supply failure Ordering Information Model Stock # Description QTM-II 6231A QAM Transcoder Module; QPSK input, QAM 64 output QTM-HD 6241 QAM Transcoder Module; QPSK/8PSK input, QAM 256 output QTM-HD PLUS 6242 QAM Transcoder Module; QPSK/8PSK input, QAM 512/1024 output QTM-HD NPU 6278 QAM Transcoder Module; QPSK/8PSK input, QAM 256 output; Null Packet add/remove capability QTRC 6233 Rack Chassis; 3RU (holds up to 8 QTM modules) QTPCM PLUS 6232B QT Power and Control Module (one per chassis)

QTM (1 of 8) 6232B 6233 Optional Equipment QT-HWS-II 2728 QTM Headend Web Server for remote monitoring and control QTSPS 6239A QT Stand-by Power Supply with integrated fan tray (supports 2 fully- loaded rack chassis) QTHF 6235 QT 1RU rack-mounted fan tray QTRFC 6234 1 8-port QAM combiner (mounts on the top of the Rack Chassis 6233) 6239A

QTRFS 6234 2 8-port L-band Splitter (mounts underneath the Rack Chassis 6233) 2728 QTRFS-2 6225 2 2 x 4-port L-band Splitter (mounts underneath the Rack Chassis 6233) QTM-HD-4 47 QAM TRANSCODER MODULE 4xQPSK/8PSK 4xQAM QTM-HD-4 (QAM Transcoder Module) contains four (4) independent transcoders in a single module. Each of these transcoders accepts one (1) input in QPSK or 8PSK format, and the module delivers four outputs in QAM format in the 54-1002 MHz range. An integrated satellite selector switch allows operator to select any of the QPSK/8PSK inputs from up to 4 different satellites without the need for a separate external multiswitch. The 4 RF QAM output channels can be grouped in any 42 MHz-wide span, for example grouped consecutively in a 24 MHz-wide span, or grouped as two pairs of adjoining RF channels each 12 MHz wide, or any other possible combination of 4x 6 MHz-wide channels placed in a 42 MHz-wide span. The QTM-HD-4 modules are designed to be housed in the same chassis and to be powered with the same power/control module currently used with our QTM-HD-PLUS modules (Stock 6242) that are QAM 512/1024 compatible. The QTM-HD-4 may be monitored and controlled via GUI-based web pages from any computer either locally or via the internet. 42 MHz

6 MHz

4xQPSK/8PSK 4xQAM user-selectable from 4x 6 MHz-wide chs. in any 42 MHz-wide span 4 different satellites TYPICAL DEPLOYMENT: 4x consecutive QAMs

24 MHz

Features • Supports QPSK/8PSK inputs (DVB-S, DVB-S2, Turbo FEC) • Equipped with integrated satellite switch allowing operator to select inputs from 4 different satellites • Supports ITU-T J.83 Annex A and Annex B QAM output (QAM 16, 32, 64, 128, 256) • Can be deployed with QTM-HD-Plus (Stock 6242) for applications requiring QAM 512/1024 modulation • Compact design allows for deployment of 4 units (16 transcoders), including the power & control module, in 3RU • Optional Standby Power Supply allows for uninterrupted service in the unlikely event of a primary power supply failure • GUI-based menu, including SNMP-based management, provides remote monitoring/control capabilities Ordering Information Model Stock # Description QTM-HD-4 6243 QAM Transcoder Module; QPSK/8PSK input, QAM 256 output QTRC 6233A Rack Chassis; 3RU (holds up to 4 QTM-HD-4 modules) QTPCM-4 6238 QT Power & Control Module (one per chassis) 3RU Optional Equipment

QTSPS 6239A QT Standby Power Supply with integrated QTM-HD-4 (1of4) 6238 6233A fan tray (supports 2 fully-loaded rack chassis) QTHF 6235 QT 1RU rack-mounted fan tray 6239A 48 49

EdgeQAM & IPTV SOLUTIONS 50 EdgeQAM Solutions

Dish Network DTCP-IP 16 RF QAM Ch. (ViP222 receivers) EQAM-400B 64 programs Stock No. 6520B 4 programs per QAM Pro:Idiom™ QAM

BellTV DTCP-IP 16 RF QAM Ch. (6131 or 6400 receivers) EQAM-450B 48 programs Stock No. 6525B 3 programs per QAM } • Comprehensive GUI-based menu for remote monitoring and control via Web browser • User-selectable QAM 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 modulation modes • Provides a front-panel RF test point (at 20 dB below primary QAM output) • Provides SNMP v2 for product and network management • Provides comprehensive management of receivers • Accepts variable and constant bitrate streams • Provides Null Packet deletion and addition

MSO headend

IP over Fiber Clear-IP EQAM-420B 16 RF QAM Ch. Clear/ Transport Stock No. 6522B 4 programs per QAM Network SPTS Mode: 64 SPTS Pro:Idiom™ QAM MPTS Mode: 16 MPTS (64 Programs)

• SPTS Mode: Accepts up to sixty-four (64) MPEG-2/H.264 Single Program Transport Streams (SPTS) • MPTS Mode: Accepts up sixteen (16) MPEG-2/H.264 Multi Program Transport Streams (MPTS), each MPTS with maximum 4 programs and not to exceed 38.8 Mbps • Each input program can contain 1 video and up to 2 audio elementary streams • Supports IGMPv3 protocol • Configurable with 4 modules, each with four (4) adjacent QAM channels, for a total of 16 QAM channels • Supports network based EAS program switching based on SCTE-18 • Comprehensive GUI-based menu for remote monitoring and control via standard Web browsers • Provides a front-panel RF test point (at 20 dB below primary QAM output) • Accepts variable and constant bitrate streams • Provides Null packet insertion and deletion IPTV Solutions 51

1xASI IPAT 1xGigE 1xASI Stock No. 6510 1xGigE

ASI Input/Output interface • Supports Single or Multi Protocol Transport Services (SPTS or MPTS) • Performs PCR (Program Clock Reference) correction • Allows Null Packet insertion & deletion GbE Input/Output interface • Provides robust protection against IP network jitter and delay • Performs PCR (Program Clock Reference) replacement • Supports Uni- and Multi-cast thru RTP/UDP protocols • Supports IPv4, ARP, IGMPv2, and ICMP protocols • Supports variable and constant bitrates Optional RF modules • RF IN/OUT modules support both 8VSB and Annex A/B QAM modes • RF IN module accepts 8VSB free-to-air & NTSC CATV standard channels 2-135 • RF OUT module provides NTSC CATV standard/sub-band channels 2-135/T7-T14 • RF OUT module provides output level of +40 dBmV

144 un-encrypted programs 2xASI 12xASI MUX-12A-IP 4xGigE EAS Stock No. 6517 20 programs

ASI Input • Supports unencrypted MPEG-2/H.264 Single or Multi Protocol Transport Services (SPTS or MPTS) • ASI port #12 is user-selectable for EAS messaging • Supports 12 unencrypted ASI inputs, each up to 270 Mbps • Performs PCR (Program Clock Reference) correction • Performs Null Packet insertion & deletion GbE Output • Provides robust protection against IP network jitter and delay • Performs PCR (Program Clock Reference) replacement • Supports Uni- and Multi-cast thru RTP/UDP protocols • Supports IPv4, ARP, IGMPv2, and ICMP protocols • Supports variable and constant bitrates • Provides a single IPv4 address & port 52 EQAM-420 Series EdgeQAM with EAS 2xGbE 16xQAM (Clear/Pro:Idiom™) EQAM-420B (EdgeQAM with EAS) is designed to allow CATV operators to aggregate multiple SDTV/HDTV programs received in IP format and to deliver them over a standard coaxial distribution network. Each input program can contain one (1) video and up to two (2) audio Elementary streams. The EQAM-420B is capable of accepting unencrypted (clear) 1000Base-T Ethernet (GbE) streams in one of the following two modes: SPTS Mode: Up to sixty-four (64) MPEG-2/H.264 Single Program Transport Streams (SPTS) MPTS Mode: Up to sixteen (16) MPEG-2/H.264 Multi Program Transport Streams (MPTS), each MPTS with maximum four (4) programs and not to exceed 38.8 Mbps. The input streams are aggregated in up to sixteen (16) QAM RF channels in the 54-996 MHz range. The unit can be configured with four (4) QAM output modules, each capable of delivering four (4) adjoining QAM channels. Each QAM channel can contain up to four (4) programs. The EQAM-420B supports network-based (Soft/IP enabled Trigger) EAS program switching based on the SCTE 18 standard. The unit also allows the operator to maintain the QAM RF output unencrypted, or to encrypt it with Pro:Idiom™ against content piracy. To utilize the Pro:Idiom™ encryption feature, the input streams must be received on a dedicated GbE port and must meet the Pro:Idiom™ requirements. When Pro:Idiom™ encryption is activated, QAM set-top box or external Pro:Idiom™ decrypter is required to view Pro:Idiom™ encrypted premium channels. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web browser via a front-panel 10/100BaseT Ethernet connection. The SCTE-18 based EAS trigger is also received via the same port. Mode 1 Mode 2

64 SPTS 16 MPTS EAS (SCTE-18 Compliant) Clear GbE

16xQAM (Clear/Pro:Idiom™) 53

Features • SPTS Mode: Accepts up to sixty-four (64) MPEG-2/H.264 Single Program Transport Streams (SPTS) • MPTS Mode: Accepts up to sixteen (16) MPEG-2/H.264 Multi Program Transport Streams (MPTS), each MPTS with maximum 4 programs and not to exceed 38.8 Mbps • Each input program can contain 1 video and up to 2 audio elementary streams • Supports IGMPv3 protocol • Configurable with 4 modules, each with four (4) adjacent QAM channels, for a total of 16 QAM channels • Supports network based EAS program switching based on SCTE-18 • Comprehensive GUI-based menu for remote monitoring/control via standard Web browsers • Provides a front-panel RF test point (at 20 dB below primary QAM output) • Accepts variable and constant bitrate streams • Provides Null packet insertion and deletion Ordering Information Model Stock # Description EQAM-420B-4-64 6522B-4-64 EdgeQAM-420B equipped with 4 Quad-QAM output modules (accepts 64 unencrypted HD programs) EQAM-420B-PIL 6522B-PIL* Software option to add Pro:Idiom™ encryption * Available to Pro:Idiom™ licensees only

Typical Application 54 IPAT IP - ASI Transcoder 1xGbE 1xASI IPAT (IP ASI Transcoder) is a bi-direction IP ASI transcoder that accepts MPEG2/4- encoded input streams in 1000Base-T Ethernet (GbE) and ASI formats simultaneously. GbE input is transcoded to ASI output while ASI input is transcoded to GbE output. IP GbE IP GbE

ASI or QAM/8VSB(with optional RF IN module) ASI or QAM (with optional RF OUT module)

Two factory-installed optional modules (the RF IN and the RF OUT) allow input/output in QAM & 8VSB formats rendering the product suitable for a wider range of applications. An integrated web server provides comprehensive GUI-based local and remote control/ monitoring thru any standard Web browser via a front-panel 10/100BaseT interface. Features ASI Input/Output interface • Supports Single or Multi Protocol Transport Services (SPTS or MPTS) • Performs PCR (Program Clock Reference) correction • Allows Null Packet insertion & deletion GbE Input/Output interface • Provides robust protection against IP network jitter and delay • Performs PCR (Program Clock Reference) replacement • Supports Uni- and Multi-cast thru RTP/UDP protocols • Supports IPv4, ARP, IGMPv2, and ICMP protocols • Supports variable and constant bitrates Optional RF modules • RF IN/OUT modules support both 8VSB and Annex A/B QAM modes • RF IN module accepts 8VSB free-to-air & NTSC CATV standard channels 2-135 • RF OUT module provides NTSC CATV standard/sub-band channels 2-135/T7-T14 • RF OUT module provides output level of +40 dBmV Ordering Information Model Stock # Description IPAT 6510 GbE-to-ASI and ASI-to-GbE transcoder IPAT-RFO 6512 IPAT equipped with RF OUT module IPAT-RFI 6514 IPAT equipped with RF IN module Typical Applications 55

QAM/8VSB-to-ASI Transcoder Model: MDDA CATV Stock No. 6277 ASI Headend Multiple Programs

Multiple virtual channels

GbEMultiple Programs 1. IPAT's "native ASI Input with Single- or Multi-Protocol Transport Services (SPTS or MPTS)

2. RF QAM channel transcoded to ASI utilizing the optional "RF IN" module

3. RF QAM channel transcoded to ASI utilizing an external QAM-to-ASI transcoder

4. GbE output with uni- or multi-cast programs

5. Display: Computer equipped with typical media player or typical TV via an IP-to-RF settop box

GbE 1. GbE interface with uni- or multi-cast programs Multiple Programs 2. The "standard" ASI output modulated to RF QAM utilizing the optional "RF OUT" module

3. THe "standard" ASI output modulated to RF QAM utilizing an external QAM modulator

4. The "standard" ASI output multiplexed with other ASI streams and modulated to RF QAM

5. Display: Digital TV ASI Multiple Programs

Multiple virtual channels

Multiple virtual channels ASI streams from Other IPATs/sources ASI-to-QAM Modulator Model: AQM Stock No. 6271B

Multiple virtual channels 56 Mux-12A-IP ASI-to-IP Multiplexer 12xASI 4xIP MUX-12A-IP (12:4 ASI-to-IP Multiplexer; 12xASI > 4xIP) is designed for cherry- picking applications, allowing operators to create custom-made channel lineups by grooming standard-definition (SD) and high-definition (HD) programs on an as-needed basis.

The multiplexer accepts up to twelve (12) unencrypted MPEG-2/H.264 inputs in ASI format and multiplexes them into up to four (4) MPEG-2/H.264 Multi-Program Transport Streams (MPTS) which are then encapsulated and assigned to up to four (4) IPv4 addresses in 1000Base-T Ethernet (GigE) format suitable for distribution over Cat-5 networks. Any two (2) of the four (4) MPTS output streams are also available in ASI format. Each ASI input stream can contain up to 20 unencrypted programs, for a total of 240 input programs. The GigE output can contain up to 20 programs groomed in up to four (4) MPTS output streams from any of the available 240 input programs, each MPTS output stream not to exceed 214 Mbps, and the sum of programs in all MPTS output streams not to exceed 20.

The multiplexer is EAS-compliant (Emergency Alert System) – operator can assign ASI port #12 as an EAS input which, when activated, will override the content of all other ASI inputs. Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished via a GUI-based interface using any standard web browser.

12xASI EAS 1x ASI (240 Programs Total) (port #12)

Any 2 of 4 MPTS 20 Programs Total Up to 4 IPv4 addresses output streams Uni- & Multi-cast UDP/RTP 2xASI 4xIP (GigE) 57

Features • Accepts up to 12 unencrypted MPEG-2/H.264 Single or Multi-Program Transport Streams (SPTS or MPTS) in ASI format, each up to 270 Mbps • Provides 1, 2, 3, or 4 MPTS output streams when operating in Single, Dual, Triple, or Quad IP Outputs Modes respectively • Provides comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control via standard Web Browsers • Performs PCR (Program Clock Reference) correction, null packet insertion, and deletion • Supports EAS (Emergency Alert System) input on ASI Input port 12 • Supports Uni- and Multi-cast thru RTP/UDP protocols • Supports ARP, IGMPv2, and ICMP protocols • Supports user-defined PSIP configuration

Ordering Information Model Stock # Description MUX-12A-IP 6517 12:4 ASI-to-IP Multiplexer; 12xASI inputs; 4xIP (GigE) + 2xASI outputs; EAS compliant

1 3 Type: Analog Cable (Black & White since 1941; Color since 1953) Name: NTSC (National Television System Committee) Cable Transmission2 Bandwidth: Standards 6MHz Capacity: 1 program

1 1 Video Carrier 3 Type:2 Color Carrier Analog Cable (Black & White since 1941; Color since 1953) 4 Name:3 Sound Carrier NTSC (National Television System Committee) 2 Bandwidth:4 Video Content 6MHz Capacity: 1 program 1.25 MHz 3.58 0.92 0.25 60 Digital Cable6 MHz (QAM) 1 Video Carrier 2 Color Carrier 4 3 Sound Carrier 4 Video Content 1.25 MHz 3.58 0.92 0.25 6 MHz

Type: Digital Cable (since 1990) Name: QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) Type: Digital Cable (since 1990) Name:Bandwidth: QAM (Quadrature 6MHz Amplitude Modulation) Bandwidth:Capacity: 6MHz Variable – depends of modulation scheme Capacity: Variable QAM– depends 64 modulation of modulation = 26.9 scheme Mbps QAM 64 64 modulation modulation = 26.9 = 26.9 Mbps Mbps QAM 256 modulation = 38.8 Mbps QAM 256 modulationQAM 256 = modulation 38.8 Mbps = 38.8 Mbps

6 MHz

6 MHz Blonder Tongue Laboratories, Inc. 1.800.523.6049 www.blondertongue.com Slide # 12

Blonder Tongue Laboratories, Inc. 1.800.523.6049 www.blondertongue.com Slide # 12 QAMQAM 64 64 64-Point Signal Constellation 26.9 Mbps bitrate Can accommodate: 1x1080i HD program @ 17.9 Mbps, or 4x480i SD programs each @ 4.2 Mbps, or 1x720p HD program @ 8.8 Mbps + 2x480i SD programs at 4.2 Mbps, or any combination not to exceed 26.9 Mbps

QAMQAM 256 256 256-Point Signal Constellation 38.8 Mbps bitrate Can accommodate: 1x1080i HD program @ 36.5 Mbps, or 2x720p HD programs each @ 17.6 Mbps, or 4x480i SD programs each @ 8.8 Mbps, or 1x720p HD program @ 17.6 Mbps + 2x480i SD programs at 8.8 Mbps, or any combination not to exceed 38.8 Mbps

Digital Over-the-Air (8VSB)

Type: Digital Over-the-Air (Since Digital Transition of 2009) Name: 8VSB (8-level Vestigial SideBand) Bandwidth: 6MHz Capacity: 19.8 Mbps One 8VSB channel may contain 1 HD program identified, for example, as One 8VSB channel may contain 1 HD program identified, for example, as "Major" channel 2.1, and several SD programs identified as "Minor" channels “Major” channel 2.1, and several SD programs identified as “Minor” channels 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, ... 2.2 , 2.3, 2.4, ...

1 Pilot Carrier

6 MHz Encoding Diagram 61

1 Un-compressed Digital content arrives in HD-SDI, SD-SDI, & HDMI formats.

Uncompressed Digital Signal Uncompressed 2 Compress using MPEG-2/4 and convert to MPEG-TS (MPEG Transport Stream). Digital Signal 2 Compress using MPEG-2/4 and convert to MPEG-TS (MPEG Transport Stream). Encoder (Compressor) Encoder 3 Pack Several MPEG-TS into one ASI stream. (Compressor) 3 Pack Several MPEG-TS into one ASI stream. ASI Transport ASI Carrier Stream (TS) ASI Carrier 4 Convert ASI stream into QAM.

4 Convert ASI stream into QAM. QAM Modulation

QAM Modulation 5 Deliver QAM over coax.

5 Deliver QAM over coax. Coaxial Distribution Coaxial Network Distribution Network MPEG-2 Transport Stream

PID

CAT TSDT EIT = Event Information Table CAT = Conditional Access Table MGT = Management Table PAT = Program Association Table Video PID = Packet Identifier Audio (English) Audio (French)

SI Base PID STT, MGT, VCT, RRT EIT-n, ETT-n, other tables referenced by MGT 62 Digital Content Types

SDISDI (Serial Digital Interface) refers to a family of un-compressed audio/video interfaces standardized by SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers).

HD-SDIHD-SDI (High-Definition Serial Digital Interface) or SMPTE 292M, provides a nominal data rate of 1.485 Gbit/s. Typical video formats are 720p and 1080i.

SD-SDISD-SDI (Standard-Definition Serial Digital Interface) or SMPTE 259M, provides a nominal data rate of 270 Mbit/s. Typical video format is 480i.

Typical interface type is a BNC connector for both HD-SDI and SD-SDI.

HDMIHDMI (High Definition Multi-media Interface) is an audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressedun-compressed digital data. It was founded in 2002 by Hitachi, Panasonic, Philips, Thomson, Toshiba, Silicon Image, and Sony.

The proprietary content encryption scheme used is HDCP (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection) which is developed by Intel and licensed by the Digital Content Protection, LLC. Nominal data rate is 10.2 Gbits/s and various video formats from 480i to 2160p are supported.

The only interface type is the HDMI connector.

ASI (Asynchronous Serial Interface) is a streaming data format which often carries an MPEG Transport Stream (MPEG-TS). Unlike the SD-SDI and HD- SDI that are uncompressed, an ASI signal can carry one or multiple SD, HD, or audio programs that are already compressed.compressed. Generally, the ASI signal is the final product of video compression, either MPEG2 or MPEG4, and ready for transmission, after necessary conversions, over various types of transmission paths such as coax, fiber, or microwave. For example, for CATV applications the ASI stream is typically converted into QAM. It is converted into 8VSB for broadcast applications. The two transmission formats commonly used by the ASI interface are the 188 byte format and the 204 byte format. The 188 byte format is the more common ASI transport stream. When optional Reed-Solomon error correction data is included the packet can stretch an extra 16 bytes to 204 bytes total. Data rate is variable and dependent on user’s application requirements, but the ASI interface of most products support 270 Mbps per DVB-ASI 50083-9 standard. 63

DVIDVI (Digital Visual Interface) is a video-only standard designed to provide very high visual quality on digital display devices such as LCD TVs and computers. It was developed to replace the analog VGA (Video Graphics Array) technology.

Depending on the DVI type (single or dual link) the data rate is 3.96 and 7.92 Gbits/s. In most CATV applications, a DVI-to-HDMI cable is used to display the DVI signal on a HDMI-compatible TV. 64 Digital Closed Captioning

For ATSC (digital television) programming, three streams are encoded in the video: two are backward compatible Line 21 captions (CEA-608), and the third is a set of additional caption streams encoded in EIA-708 format. The captioning data is carried in the video user bits of the MPEG-2 bitstream (as specified in ATSC A/53B) and is applicable to both HD and SD. The CEA-708 specification provides for improved captioning compared with CEA-608: • Up to 63 services per program (16 announced in PSIP) • 8 independently controlled display windows • Extended range of characters (i.e. more accented letters and non-Latin letters) and fonts (monospaced and proportional spaced, serif and sans-serif) • Additional font sizes (viewer-adjustable), backgrounds (including both transparent and translucent backgrounds to optionally replace the big black block), colors and edges • More text styles, including edged or drop-shadowed text rather than the letters on a solid background • Higher bandwidth, to allow more data per minute of video • More language channels, to allow the encoding of more independent caption streams Chroma Sub-Mapping Types 65

4:4:4 YCbCr

Each of the three YCbCr components have the same sample rate. This scheme is sometimes used in high-end film scanners and cinematic postproduction. Two SDI connections are normally required to carry this bandwidth: Link A would carry a 4:2:2 signal, Link B a 0:2:2, when combined would make 4:4:4.

4:4:4 RGB (no subsampling)

Note that "4:4:4" may instead be referring to RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color space, which implicitly does not have any chroma subsampling at all.

4:2:2

The two chroma components are sampled at half the sample rate of luma: the horizontal chroma resolution is halved. This reduces the bandwidth of an uncompressed video signal by one-third with little to no visual difference. This rate is often used in high-end encoders and video production equipment.

4:2:1

Although this mode is defined, very few firmware or hardware codecs use this sampling mode. Cb horizontal resolution is twice as low as one of Cr (and four times as low as one of Y). This exploits the fact that human eye has less spatial sensitivity to blue/yellow than to red/green. Similar to NTSC, in using lower resolution for blue/yellow than red/green, which in turn has less resolution than luma.

4:1:1

In 4:1:1 chroma subsampling, the horizontal color resolution is quartered, and the bandwidth is halved compared to no chroma subsampling. Originally, 4:1:1 chroma subsampling was not considered to be broadcast quality and was only acceptable for low-end and consumer applications. 66 Chroma Sub-Mapping Types Continued

4:2:0

Cb and Cr are each subsampled at a factor of 2 both horizontally and vertically. There are three variants of 4:2:0 schemes, that are sited differently both horizontally and vertically.

• In MPEG-2, Cb and Cr are co-sited horizontally. Cb and Cr are sited between pixels in the vertical direction (sited interstitially).

• In JPEG/JFIF, H.261, and MPEG-1, Cb and Cr are sited interstitially, halfway between alternate luma samples.

• In 4:2:0 DV, Cb and Cr are co-sited in the horizontal direction. In the vertical direction, they are co-sited on alternating lines.

The PAL and SECAM color systems are especially well-suited to this kind of data reduction. Most digital video formats corresponding to PAL use 4:2:0 chroma subsampling, Audio Encoding 67

Dolby Digital: Dolby Digital is the name for audio compression technologies developed by Dolby Laboratories. The most elaborate mode in common usage involves five channels for normal-range speakers (20 Hz – 20,000 Hz) (right front, center, left front, rear right, rear left) and one channel (20 Hz – 120 Hz) for the subwoofer.

• Dolby Digital (also known as AC-3): AC-3 is a perceptual digital audio coding technique that reduces the amount of data needed to produce high-quality sound. AC-3 is the sound format for digital television ( DTV ), digital versatile discs (DVD s), high definition television ( HDTV ), and digital cable and satellite transmissions. AC-3 is a 5.1 format, which means that it provides five full-bandwidth channels. AC-3 also has a downmixing feature that ensures compatibility with devices that do not support the 5.1 format.

• Dolby Digital Plus (also known as E-AC-3): E-AC-3 is an enhanced coding system based on the AC-3 codec. It offers increased bitrates (up to 6.144 Mbit/s), support for more audio channels (up to 13.1), and improved coding techniques to reduce compression artifacts, enabling lower data rates than those supported by AC-3 (e.g. 5.1-channel audio at 256 kbit/s). It is not backward compatible with existing AC-3 hardware.

• Dolby Digital EX: EX adds an extension to the standard 5.1 channel Dolby Digital codec in the form of matrixed rear channels, creating 6.1 or 7.1 channel output. 68 Audio Encoding Continued

• Dolby Digital Live: Dolby Digital Live (DDL) is a real-time encoding technology for interactive media such as video games. It converts any audio signals on a PC or game console into a 5.1-channel 16-bit/48 kHz Dolby Digital format at 640 kbit/s and transports it via a single S/PDIF cable. Dolby Digital Live is available in sound cards using various manufacturers' audio chipsets.

• Dolby True HD: Dolby True HD is an advanced lossless audio codec. Dolby TrueHD supports 24-bit, 96 kHz audio channels at up to 18 Mbit/s over 14 channels (HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc standards currently limit the maximum number of audio channels to eight). It supports metadata, including dialog normalization and Dynamic Range Control.

• Dolby Surround: Dolby Surround was the earliest consumer version of Dolby's multichannel analog film sound decoding format Dolby Stereo. When a Dolby Stereo / Dolby Surround soundtrack is produced, four channels of audio information - left, center, right, and mono surround - are matrix-encoded onto two audio tracks. The stereo information is then carried on stereo sources such as videotapes, laserdiscsand television broadcasts from which the surround information can be decoded by a processor to recreate the original four-channel surround sound. 69

AAC: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) is a standardized, lossy compression and encoding scheme for digital audio and is a part of the MPEG-4 Systems Standard. Designed to be the successor of the MP3 format, AAC generally achieves better sound quality than MP3 at similar bit rates. An AAC encoded file can include up to 48 full-bandwith audio channels (up to 96 kHz) and 15 Low Frequency Enhancement channels (limited to 120 Hz) plus 15 data streams. AAC encoding methods are organized into Profiles (MPEG-2) or Object Types (MPEG-4). These different Object Types are not necessarily compatible with each other and may not be playable with various decoders.

MPEG-1 Audio Layer II (Also known as MP2): MPEG-1 Audio Layer II is a lossy audio compression format defined by ISO/IEC 11172-3 and primarily used in European countries. MP2 is an audio codec, and is the dominant standard for audio broadcasting. It is similar to MP3, but MP3 has become the dominant standard for PC and Internet applications. MP2 can have sampling rates of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz and bitrates of 32, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256, 320 and 384 kbit/s.

PCM: Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog signals. It is the standard form for digital audio in computers and various Blu-ray, Compact Disc and DVD formats, as well as other uses such as digital telephone systems. A PCM stream is a digital representation of an analog signal, in which the magnitude of the analogue signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, with each sample being quantized to the nearest value within a range of digital steps. 70 Digital Tech Tips

BER (Bit Error Rate) is the ratio of errored bits to the total number of bits transmitted, received, or processed over a defined length of time. Example: 3 errored bits in a total of 1,000,000 transmitted bits will result in a BER of: 3/1,000,000 = 0.000003 = 3 x 10-6.

MER (Modulation Error Ratio) is the ratio, in decibels, of average symbol power to average error power: MER(dB) = 10 x log (average symbol power / average error power)

MER is influenced by everything present in the signal’s transmission path such as: Phase Noise; CNR (Carrier-to-Noise Ratio); CTB distortion (Composite Triple Beat); CSO distortion (Composite Second Order); Cross Modulation (X-mod); Micro-reflections (Ghosting); Amplitude tilt/ripple; Group Delay; Ingress.

(8VSB) (QAM 64) (QAM 256)

To help maintain the relative signal level difference between Analog and Digital channels, after adjusting for a sloped output from the amplifier, do the following:

When using QAM 64, set signal level of digital channels 8 to 10 dB below the equivalent Analog channels.

When using QAM 256, set signal level of digital channels 6 to 8 dB below the equivalent Analog channels. 71

Interlace (1080i) vs. Progressive (1080p) Interlace (1080i) vs Progressive (1080p) Interlace First, all odd lines are scanned (1/60 sec), then all even lines (1/60 sec), presenting a full picture (1/30 sec)

Progressive All lines are scanned in a single pass, presenting a full picture (1/60 sec)

ATSC Scanning Formats

Definition Lines/Frame Pixels/Line Aspect Ratios Frame Rates

High (HD) 1080 1920 16:9 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 29.97i, 30p, 20i

High (HD) 720 1280 16:9 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 29.97p, 59.94p, 60p

Standard (SD) 480 704 4:3, 16:9 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 29.97i, 30p, 30i, 59.94p, 60p

Standard (SD) 480 640 16:9 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 29.97i, 30p, 30i, 59.94p, 60p 72 Digital Tech Tips

dB vs dBmV dBmV vs µV Decibel (dB) A logarithmic ratio of two power levels: dBmV µV – 10Log(P1/P2) – 20Log(V1/V2) Typical input range -10 300 for a Digital Tuner -6 500 It’s used to measure: 0 1,000 – Gain Typical input Range +5 – Loss for an Analog Tuner +6 2,000 – Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) +12 4,000 – Isolation (e.g. directional couplers) +15 – Noise Figure +18 8,000 … … +60 1V Decibel Millivolt (dBmV) Reference Voltage Level: A logarithmic expression of RF signals referenced to 0 dBmV = 1000 microvolts one millivolt (or 1000 microvolts) across 75 . across 75 

It’s used to measure: – Maximum output voltage of an amplifier – Minimum input signal – Maximum input signal dB vs dBmV dBmV vs µV Decibel (dB) A logarithmic ratio of two power levels: dBmV µV – 10Log(P1/P2) – 20Log(V1/V2) Typical input range -10 300 for a Digital Tuner -6 500 It’s used to measure: 0 1,000 – Gain Typical input Range +5 – Loss for an Analog Tuner +6 2,000 – Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) +12 4,000 – Isolation (e.g. directional couplers) +15 – Noise Figure +18 8,000 … … +60 1V Decibel Millivolt (dBmV) Reference Voltage Level: A logarithmic expression of RF signals referenced to 0 dBmV = 1000 microvolts one millivolt (or 1000 microvolts) across 75 . across 75 

It’s used to measure: – Maximum output voltage of an amplifier – Minimum input signal – Maximum input signal 73

Bitrates vs Bandwidth Format Description Bitrate Bandwidth (Mbits/sec) (MHz) HD-SDI Uncompressed High-Def digital stream 1,485 N/A

SD-SDI Uncompressed Standard-Def digital stream 270 N/A

ASI Typically carries multiple compressed HD/SD-SDI programs (via MPEG Transport Stream) 270 N/A

QAM-256 Digital Cable 38.8 6

QAM-64 Digital Cable 26.9 6

8VSB Digital Over-the-Air 19.8 6

Encoding-vs-Quality Tradeoff 40:1 compression 40:1 compression 36 Mbps (1080i quality) 1,485 Mbps IN OUT 80:1 compression HD-SDI Uncompressed Compressed 80:1 18 Mbps (720p quality) or compression 185:1 compression MPEG-2 Chip 185:1 (480i quality) w/ variable output bitrate or compression 8 Mbps 74 Digital Tech Tips

PID Information PID Information

PIDPID: : Packet Identifier

• Used in program header to identify different programs in a stream • There are separate PIDs for Audio stream info and Video stream info • PIDs do NOT affect the channel number displayed on screen • PIDs have no relation to what RF channel the programming is on • Programs from different sources can have SAME PIDs • EX: two different programs coming from satellite • If both programs are multiplexed, the multiplexer typically changes one set of PIDs so they are not the same • This change will NOT impact anything the customer sees • Two programs on different QAM streams can have same PIDs with no impact PSIP Information PSIP Information PSIP:PSIP : Program and System Information Protocol Allows user to set Virtual Channel Numbers for each program • PSIP tables can contain WHOLE numbers up to 4 digits (2 – 9999), like CATV channels channels • PSIP tables can be formatted with Major/Minor channel numbers like Terrestrial channels (7-1, 7-2, etc.) Terrestrial channels (7-1, 7-2, etc.) • PSIP tables are INDEPENDENT of physical RF channel the content is on. • PSIP tables can be modified in some Digital Equipment • DQMx • MUX-2D-QAM • PSIP tables can be created in some Digital Equipment •• HDE-2H/2S-QAMAV-10E-QAM •• HDE-CSV-QAMSD4E-ASI • MUX-12A-IP • HDE-2H-QAM • SDE-6S-ASI • HDE-8C-QAM Digital Signal Analysis 75

Digital signals such as QPSK & QAM use many different factors to determine the quality and performance of the signal. The following section will describe some of the most common factors used in digital signal analysis. QAM Signal to Noise Ratio vs. BER The theoretical bit-error rate of the QAM signal as a function of the SNR is provided for reference. To obtain an estimated BER of the QAM signal, one can use the following diagram to get theoretical values for BER. In the case that the QAM 64 mode SNR is >32, it indicates 10-12 BER. It should be noted that changing the S/N value by as little as 1 dB alters approximately one decade. The diagram below depicts the theoretical BER vs. SNR. 76 Digital Signal Analysis

QAM Signal to Noise Ratio The following table depicts the theoretical maximum values for various orders of QAM: Order of QAM SNR max 4 46.0 dB 16 46.0 dB 32 43.0 dB 64 46.0 dB 128 43.0 dB 256 46.0 dB

QAM MER — Modulation Error Ratio The modulation error is a calculated quantity indicating the mean or the maximum deviation of the I/Q values from ideal signal states and thus provides a measure of signal quality. The following diagram shows the vectors used for calculating the modulation error: 77

The modulation error is specified as rms and as peak value. To calculate the modulation error, all decisions fields are investigated on after the other: To obtain peak modulation error, the maximum magnitude of the difference vector (error vector) formed by the vector of the ideal and the actual signal status is determined for each decision field. From the maximum value of these results, the peak MER (modulation error ratio) is calculated using the following formula:

To obtain the rms modulation error, the squares of the magnitude of all differential vectors formed by the ideal-status and actual- status vectors are added up, and the number of symbols is counted. Then the rms modulation error is calculated as follows:

The peak and rms modulation error can also be specified on a logarithmic scale. Conversion is done using the following formula: 78 Digital Signal Analysis

For quantized I/Q values, the peak value is output in discrete form only since no averaging is performed in the calculation. The rms modulation error can be calculated within the limit values specified in the following table. The limit values are obtained for quantized I/Q values:

Order MERRMS MERPK MERPK MERdB of QAM min min min max 4 0.5 % 1.563 % 98.44 % 46 dB 16 0.5 % 1.398 % 43.32 % 46 dB 32 0.7 % 1.976 % 29.33 % 43 dB 64 0.5 % 1.364 % 20.46 % 46 dB 128 0.7 % 1.952 % 13.66 % 43 dB 256 0.5 % 1.356 % 9.471 % 46 dB

The term “Modulation Error Ratio” and the prescribed method of calculation were declared an international standard by the DVB Measurement Group. 79

What is a QAM Signal Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) uses many different phases known as states: 16, 32, 64, and 256. Each state is defined by a specific amplitude and phase. This means the generation and detection of symbols is more complex than a simple phase or amplitude device. Each time the number of states per symbol is increased the total data and bandwidth increases. The modulation schemes shown occupy the same bandwidth (after filtering), but have varying efficiencies (in theory at least).

QAM — Constellation Diagrams Constellation diagrams are used to graphically represent the quality and distortion of a digital signal. In practice, there is always a combination of modulation errors that may be difficult to separate and identify, as such, it is recommended to evaluate the measured constellation diagrams using mathematical and statistically methods. The following section will provide application and interpretation information of constellation diagrams of digital modulated signals. 80 Digital Signal Analysis

The constellation diagram examples shown are based on 64 QAM modulation and use the following basic settings: maximum possible DVB data transmission rate of 6.92 Msps or 41.73 Mbit/s (64 QAM); Cosine roll-off filtering with roll-off factor r = 0.15 and PRBS (pseudo random binary sequence) data stream, no coding.

Constellation Diagram for an Ideal 64 QAM Signal Amplitude Imbalance describes the different gains of the I and Q components of a signal. In a constellation diagram, amplitude imbalance shows by one signal component being expanded and the other one being compressed. This is due to the fact that the receiver AGC makes a constant average signal level. Phase Error is the difference between the phase angles of the I and Q components referred to 90°. A phase error is caused by an error of the phase shifter of the I/Q modulator. The I and Q components are in this case not orthogonal to each other after demodulation. 81

Interferers are understood to be sinusoidal spurious signals occurring in the transmission frequency range and superimposed on the QAM signal at some point in the transmission path. After demodulation, the interferer is contained in the baseband form of low-frequency sinusoidal spurious signals. The frequency of these signals corresponds to the difference between the frequency of the original sinusoidal interference and the carrier frequency in the RF band. In the constellation diagram, an interferer shows in the form of a rotating pointer superimposed on each signal status. The example applies the condition that there is no other error present at the same time, The constellation diagram shows the path of the pointer as a circle around each ideal signal status.

Constellation Diagram — 64 QAM signal with Interferer (C/I = 25.0 dB) 82 Digital Signal Analysis

Carrier suppression or leakage is a special type of interference in which it’s frequency equals the carrier frequency in the RF channel. Carrier leakage can be superimposed on the QAM signal in the I/Q modulator. In the constellation diagram, carrier leakage shows up as a shifting of the signal states corresponding to the DC components of the I and Q components. Additive Gaussian noise can disturb the digitally modulated signal during analog transmission, for instance in the analog channel. Additive superimposed noise normally has a constant power density and a Gaussian amplitude distribution throughout the bandwidth of a channel. If no other error is present at the same time, the points representing the ideal signal status are expanded to form circular “clouds”.

Constellation Diagram — 64 QAM signal with Additive Noise (SNR = 30.0 dB) (Note: This diagram may also be obtained for other types of interference so that a distinction from noise-produced patterns cannot be made) 83

Phase Jitter or phase noise in the QAM signal is caused by transponders in the transmission path or by the I/Q modulator. It may be produced in carrier recovery, a possibility that is to be excluded here. In contrast to the phase error described above, phase jitter is a statistical quantity that affects the I and Q path equally. In the constellation diagram, phase jitter shows up by the signal states being shifted about their coordinate origin.

Constellation Diagram — 64 QAM signal with Phase Jitter (PJRMS = 1.73°)

Source: Rohde & Schwarz — EFA QAM Analyzer documentation 84 CATV QAM Channel Center Frequency

EIA MHz Bandwith EIA MHz Bandwith CH. Center (MHz) CH. Center (MHz) Frequency Frequency 2 57 54 60 42 333 330 336 3 63 60 66 43 339 336 342 4 69 66 72 44 345 342 348 5 79 76 82 45 351 348 354 6 85 82 88 46 357 354 360 95 93 90 96 47 363 360 366 96 99 96 102 48 369 366 372 97 105 102 108 49 375 372 378 98 111 108 114 50 381 378 384 99 117 114 120 51 387 384 390 14 123 120 126 52 393 390 396 15 129 126 132 53 399 396 402 16 135 132 138 54 405 402 408 17 141 138 144 55 411 408 414 18 147 144 150 56 417 414 420 19 153 150 156 57 423 420 426 20 159 156 162 58 429 426 432 21 165 162 168 59 435 432 438 22 171 168 174 60 441 438 444 7 177 174 180 61 447 444 450 8 183 180 186 62 453 450 456 9 189 186 192 63 459 456 462 10 195 192 198 64 465 462 468 11 201 198 204 65 471 468 474 12 207 204 210 66 477 474 480 13 213 210 216 67 483 480 486 23 219 216 222 68 489 486 492 24 225 222 228 69 495 492 498 25 231 228 234 70 501 498 504 26 237 234 240 71 507 504 510 27 243 240 246 72 513 510 516 28 249 246 252 73 519 516 522 29 255 252 258 74 525 522 528 30 261 258 264 75 531 528 534 31 267 264 270 76 537 534 540 32 273 270 276 77 543 540 546 33 279 276 282 78 549 546 552 34 285 282 288 79 555 552 558 35 291 288 294 80 561 558 564 36 297 294 300 81 567 564 570 37 303 300 306 82 573 570 576 38 309 306 312 83 579 576 582 39 315 312 318 84 585 582 588 40 321 318 324 85 591 588 594 41 327 324 330 86 597 594 600 85

MHz MHz Bandwith Bandwith EIA Center EIA Center (MHz) (MHz) CH. Frequency CH. Frequency 87 603 600 606 137 873 870 876 88 609 606 612 138 879 876 882 89 615 612 618 139 885 882 888 90 621 618 624 140 891 888 894 91 627 624 630 141 897 894 900 92 633 630 636 142 903 900 906 93 639 636 642 143 909 906 912 94 645 642 648 144 915 912 918 100 651 648 654 145 921 918 924 101 657 654 660 146 927 924 930 102 663 660 666 147 933 930 936 103 669 666 672 148 939 936 942 104 675 672 678 149 945 942 948 105 681 678 684 150 951 948 954 106 687 684 690 151 957 954 960 107 693 690 696 152 963 960 966 108 699 696 702 153 969 966 972 109 705 702 708 154 975 972 978 110 711 708 714 155 981 978 984 111 717 714 720 156 987 984 990 112 723 720 726 157 993 990 996 113 729 726 732 158 999 996 1002 114 735 732 738 115 741 738 744 116 747 744 750 117 753 750 756 118 759 756 762 119 765 762 768 120 771 768 774 121 777 774 780 122 783 780 786 123 789 786 792 124 795 792 798 125 801 798 804 126 807 804 810 127 813 810 816 128 819 816 822 129 825 822 828 130 831 828 834 131 837 834 840 132 843 840 846 133 849 846 852 134 855 852 858 135 861 858 864 136 867 864 870 86 North America Digital Broadcast Channel Frequency

Center Center Broadcast Broadcast Freq Freq Channel BW (MHz) Channel BW (MHz) (MHz) (MHz)

2 57 54 - 60 19 503 500 - 506

3 63 60 - 66 20 509 506 - 512

4 69 66 - 72 21 515 512 - 518

5 79 76 - 82 22 521 518 - 524

6 85 82 - 88 23 527 524 - 530

7 177 174 - 180 24 533 530 - 536

8 183 180 - 186 25 539 536 - 542

9 189 186 - 192 26 545 542 - 548

10 195 192 - 198 27 551 548 - 554

11 201 198 - 204 28 557 554 - 560

12 207 204 - 210 29 563 560 - 566

13 213 210 - 216 30 569 566 - 572

14 473 470 - 476 31 575 572 - 578

15 479 476 - 482 32 581 578 - 584

16 485 482 - 488 33 587 584 - 590

17 491 488 - 494 34 593 590 - 596

18 497 494 - 500 35 599 596 - 602 87

1 3 Type: Analog Over-the-Air Name: NTSC (National Television System Committee) 2 Bandwidth: 6MHz Capacity: 1 program

1 Video Carrier 2 Color Carrier Same as Analog Cable Cable Transmission Standards4 3 Sound Carrier 4 Video Content 1.25 MHz 3.58 0.92 0.25 6 MHz 1 3 Type: Analog Cable (Black & White since 1941; Color since 1953) Name: NTSC (National Television System Committee) 2 Bandwidth: 6MHz Capacity: 1 program

1 Video Carrier 2 Color Carrier 4 3 Sound Carrier 4 Video Content 1.25 MHz 3.58 0.92 0.25 6 MHz Analog Over-the-Air

1 Type: Digital Cable (since 1990) 3 Type: Analog Over-the-Air Name: QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) Name: NTSC (National Television System Committee) Bandwidth: 6MHz 2 Bandwidth: 6MHz Capacity: Variable – depends of modulation schemeCapacity: 1 program QAM 64 modulation = 26.9 Mbps 1 Video Carrier QAM 256 modulation = 38.8 Mbps 2 Color Carrier Same as Analog Cable 4 3 Sound Carrier 4 Video Content 1.25 MHz 3.58 0.92 0.25 6 MHz

6 MHz 3 Type: Analog Over-the-Air Blonder Tongue Laboratories, Inc. 1.800.523.6049Name: www.blondertongue.com NTSC (National Television System Committee) Slide # 12 2 Bandwidth: 6MHz Capacity: 1 program

1 Video Carrier 2 Color Carrier Same as Analog Cable 4 3 Sound Carrier 4 Video Content 1.25 MHz 3.58 0.92 0.25 6 MHz Analog Content Types 89

Component videoVideo is an analog video-onlyvideo-only signal that is transmitted as three separate signals. Component-video cables do not carry audio and are often paired with audio cables. Component video is capable of carrying signals such as 480i, 720p, and 1080i and most high-definition TVs support the use of component video up to their native resolution. The three most commonly used component types are:

YPYPbbPr is the converted version of RGB which is split into three components: Y carries luma (brightness) and sync information; Pb carries the difference between blue and luma; and Pr carries the difference between red and luma. The primary advantages of YPbP r over RGB and S-video is that it is able to transfer non-interlaced video and, and at the same time, provide high resolution video such as 1080i or better.

RGBRGB (Red, Green, Blue) uses no compression and contains redundant data since most programs typically contain the same black & white image, therefore, it requires large bandwidth to carry the signal. It’s becoming obsolete as home theaters move toward HDMI and computers toward DVI interfaces.

S-VideoS-Video (Separated Video) is an extension of the analog Composite standard. Compared to the two standards above, it provides the poorest quality of image. It’s rarely used for today’s applications because it cannot be used for high definition standards unless its standard is changed to accommodate for signal modulation of the carrier frequency. 90 Analog Content Types

Composite Video is an analog video-only signal which is a composite of three source signals called Y, U, and V. Y represents the brightness of the picture and includes synchronizing pulses, so that by itself it could be displayed as a monochrome picture. U and V represent hue and saturation and carry the color information

For residentialFor residential and and commercial applications, applications, the composite the compositevideo signal video is typicallysignal connectedis typically using connected an RCA jack, usingnormally an RCA yellow, jack, which normally is often accompanied yellow, which with red is and oftenwhite accompanied for right and leftwith audio red channels. and white for right and left audio channels. Analog Closed Captioning 91

Closed captioning rules and regulations are found in FCC 47 C.F.R. § 79.1 (part 79). Closed captioning information is embedded in the program/ signal and is decoded and displayed by the television. For all types of NTSC programming, captions are "encoded" into Line 21 of the vertical blanking interval. Line 21 closed captioning has two styles: 1. Scrolling (or Roll-up), and 2. Block (or Pop-on). It allows for up to four caption services per program and provides the limited range of white characters with-in a boxed black background. The Line 21 data stream can consist of data from several data channels multiplexed together. Field 1 has four data channels: two Captions (CC1, CC2) and two Text (T1, T2). Field 2 has five additional data channels: two Captions (CC3, CC4), two Text (T3, T4), and Extended Data Services (XDS). XDS data structure is defined in CEA–608. As CC1 and CC2 share bandwidth, if there is a lot of data in CC1, there will be little room for CC2 data. Similarly CC3 and CC4 share the second field of line 21. The FCC recommends bilingual programming should have the second caption language in CC3. 92 North America CATV Frequency Chart

EIA Standard Incremental Harmonic CH. CH. Video Audio Video Audio Video Audio T7 none 7.0000 11.5000 NA NA NA NA T8 none 13.0000 17.5000 NA NA NA NA T9 none 19.0000 23.5000 NA NA NA NA T10 none 25.0000 29.5000 NA NA NA NA T11 none 31.0000 35.5000 NA NA NA NA T12 none 37.0000 41.5000 NA NA NA NA T13 none 43.0000 47.5000 NA NA NA NA T14 none 49.0000 53.5000 NA NA NA NA 2 02 55.2500 59.7500 55 2625 59.7625 54.0027 58.5027 3 03 61.2500 65.7500 61.2625 65.7625 60.0030 64.5030 4 04 67.2500 71.7500 67.2625 71.7625 66.0033 70.5030 A8 01 NA N A 73.2625 77.7625 72.0036 76.5036 5 05 77.2500 81.7500 79.2625 83.7625 78.0039 82.5039 6 06 83.2500 87.7500 85.2625 89.7625 84.0042 88.5042 A5 95 91.2500 95.7500 91.2625 95.7625 90.0045 94.5045 A4 96 97.2500 101.7500 97.2625 101.7625 96.0048 100.5048 A3 97 103.2500 107.7500 103.2625 107.7625 102.0051 106.5051 A2 98* 109.2750 113.7750 109.2750 113.7750 Cannot lock to comb A1 99* 115.2750 119.7750 115.2750 119.7750 ref: refer to FCC regs A 14* 121.2625 125.7625 121.2625 125.7625 120.0060 124.5060 B 15* 127.2625 131.7625 127.2625 131.7625 126.0063 130.5063 C 16* 133.2625 137.7625 133.2625 137.7625 132.0066 136.5066 D 17 139.2500 143.7500 139.2625 143.7625 138.0069 142.5069 E 18 145.2500 149.7500 145.2625 149.7625 144.0072 148.5072 F 19 151.2500 155.7500 151.2625 155.7625 150.0075 154.5075 G 20 157.2500 161.7500 157.2625 161.7625 156.0078 160.5078 H 21 163.2500 167.7500 163.2625 167.7625 162.0081 166.5081 I 22 169.2500 173.7500 169.2625 173.7625 168.0084 172.5084 7 07 175.2500 179.7500 175.2625 179.7625 174.0087 178.5087 8 08 181.2500 185.7500 181.2625 185.7625 180.0090 184.5090 9 09 187.2500 191.7500 187.2625 191.7625 186.0093 190.5093 10 10 193.2500 197.7500 193.2625 197.7625 192.0096 196.5096 11 11 199.2500 203.7500 199.2625 203.7625 198.0099 202.5099 12 12 205.2500 209.7500 205.2625 209.762 204.0102 208.5102 13 13 211.2500 215.7500 211.2625 215.7625 210.0105 214.5105 J 23 217.2500 221.7500 217.2625 221.7625 216.0108 220.5108 K 24* 223.2500 227.7500 223.2625 227.7625 222.0111 226.5111 L 25* 229.2625 233.7625 229.2625 233.7625 228.0114 232.5114 * Means aeronautical channels visual carrier frequency tolerance ± 5 kHz 93

EIA Standard Incremental Harmonic CH. CH. Video Audio Video Audio Video Audio M 26* 235.2625 239.7625 235.2625 239.7625 234.0117 238.5117 N 27* 241.2625 245.7625 241.2625 245.7625 240.0120 244.5120 O 28* 247.2625 251.7625 247.2625 251.7625 246.0123 250.5123 P 29* 253.2625 257.7625 253.2625 257.7625 252.0126 256.5126 Q 30* 259.2625 263.7625 259.2625 263.7625 258.0129 262.5129 R 31* 265.2625 269.7625 265.2625 269.7625 264.0132 268.5132 S 32* 271.2625 275.7625 271.2625 275.7625 270.0135 274.5135 T 33* 277.2625 281.7625 277.2625 281.7625 276.0138 280.5138 U 34* 283.2625 287.7625 283.2625 287.7625 282.0141 286.5141 V 35* 289.2625 293.7625 289.2625 293.7625 288.0144 292.5144 W 36* 295.2625 299.7625 295.2625 299.7625 294.0147 298.5147 AA 37* 301.2625 305.7625 301.2625 305.7625 300.0150 304.5150 BB 38* 307.2625 311.7625 307.2625 311.7625 306.0153 310.5153 CC 39* 313.2625 317.7625 313.2625 317.7625 312.0156 316.5156 DD 40* 319.2625 323.7625 319.2625 323.7625 318.0159 322.5159 EE 41* 325.2625 329.7625 325.2625 329.7625 324.0162 328.5162 FF 42* 331.2750 335.7750 331.2750 335.7750 330.0165 334.5165 GG 43* 337.2625 341.7625 337.2625 341.7625 336.0168 340.5168 HH 44* 343.2625 347.7625 343.2625 347.7625 342.0168 346.5168 II 45* 349.2625 353.7625 349.2625 353.7625 348.0168 352.5168 JJ 46* 355.2625 359.7625 355.2625 359.7625 354.0168 358.5168 KK 47* 361.2625 365.7625 361.2625 365.7625 360.0168 364.5168 LL 48* 367.2625 371.7625 367.2625 371.7625 366.0168 370.5168 MM 49* 373.2625 377.7625 373.2625 377.7625 372.0168 376.5168 NN 50* 379.2625 383.7625 379.2625 383.7625 378.0168 382.5168 00 51* 385.2625 389.7625 385.2625 389.7625 384.0168 388.5168 PP 52* 391.2625 395.7625 391.2625 395.7625 390.0168 394.5168 QQ 53* 397.2625 401.7625 397.2625 401.7625 396.0168 400.5168 RR 54 403.2500 407.7500 403.2625 407.7625 402.0201 406.5201 SS 55 409.2500 413.7500 409.2625 413.7625 408.0204 412.5204 TT 56 415.2500 419.7500 415.2625 419.7625 414.0207 418.5207 UU 57 421.2500 425.7500 421.2625 425.7625 420.0210 424.5210 VV 58 427.2500 431.7500 427.2625 431.7625 426.0213 430.5213 WW 59 433.2500 437.7500 433.2625 437.7625 432.0216 436.5216 XX 60 439.2500 443.7500 439.2625 443.7625 438.0219 442.5219 YY 61 445.2500 449.7500 445.2625 449.7625 444.0222 448.5222 ZZ 62 451.2500 455.7500 451.2625 455.7625 450.0225 454.5225 AAA 63 457.2500 461.7500 457.2625 461.7625 456.0228 460.5228 * Means aeronautical channels visual carrier frequency tolerance ± 5 kHz 94 North America CATV Frequency Chart 4

EIA Standard Incremental Harmonic CH. CH. Video Audio Video Audio Video Audio BBB 64 463.2500 467.7500 463.2625 467.7625 462.0231 466.5231 CCC 65 469.2500 473.7500 469.2625 473.7625 468.0234 472.5234 DDD 66 475.2500 479.7500 475.2625 479.7625 474.0237 478.5237 EEE 67 481.2500 485.7500 481.2625 485.7625 480.0240 484.5240 FFF 68 487.2500 491.7500 487.2625 491.7625 486.0243 490.5243 GGG 69 493.2500 497.7500 493.2625 497.7625 492.0246 496.5246 HHH 70 499.2500 503.7500 499.2625 503.7625 498.0249 502.5249 III 71 505.2500 509.7500 505.2625 509.7625 504.0252 508.5252 JJJ 72 511.2500 515.7500 511.2625 515.7625 510.0255 514.5255 KKK 73 517.2500 521.7500 517.2625 521.7625 516.0258 520.5258 LLL 74 523.2500 527.7500 523.2625 527.7625 522.0261 526.5261 MMM 75 529.2500 533.7500 529.2625 533.7625 528.0264 532.5264 NNN 76 535.2500 539.7500 535.2625 539.7625 534.0267 538.5267 000 77 541.2500 545.7500 541.2625 545.7625 540.0270 544.527C PPP 78 547.2500 551.7500 547.2625 551.7625 546.0273 550.5273 - 79 553.2500 557.7500 553.2625 557.7625 552.0276 556.5276 - 80 559.2500 563.7500 559.2625 563.7625 558.0279 562.5279 - 81 565.2500 569.7500 565.2625 569.7625 564.0282 568.5282 - 82 571.2500 575.7500 571.2625 575.7625 570.0285 574.5285 - 83 577.2500 581.7500 577.2625 581.7625 576.0288 580.5288 - 84 583.2500 587.7500 583.2625 587.7625 582.0291 586.5291 - 85 589.2500 593.7500 589.2625 593.7625 588.0294 592.5294 - 86 595.2500 599.7500 595.2625 599.7625 594.0297 598.5297 - 87 601.2500 605.7500 601.2625 605.7625 600.0300 604.5300 - 88 607.2500 611.7500 607.2625 611.7625 606.0303 610.5303 - 89 613.2500 617.7500 613.2625 617.7625 612.0306 616.5306 - 90 619.2500 623.7500 619.2625 623.7625 618.0309 622.5309 - 91 625.2500 629.7500 625.2625 629.7625 624.0312 628.5312 - 92 631.2500 635.7500 631.2625 635.7625 630.0315 634.5315 - 93 637.2500 641.7500 637.2625 641.7625 636.0318 640.5318 - 94 643.2500 647.7500 643.2625 647.7625 642.0321 646.5321 - 100 649.2500 653.7500 649.2625 653.7625 648.0324 652.5324 - 101 655.2500 659.7500 655.2625 659.7625 654.0327 658.5327 - 102 661.2500 665.7500 661.2625 665.7625 660.0330 664.5330 - 103 667.2500 671.7500 667.2625 671.7625 666.0333 670.5333 - 104 673.2500 677.7500 673.2625 677.7625 672.0336 676.5336 - 105 679.2500 683.7500 679.2625 683.7625 678.0339 682.5339 - 106 685.2500 689.7500 685.2625 689.7625 684.0342 688.5342

* Means aeronautical channels visual carrier frequency tolerance ± 5 kHz 4 95

EIA Standard Incremental Harmonic CH. CH. Video Audio Video Audio Video Audio - 107 691.2500 695.7500 691.2625 695.7625 690.0345 694.5345 - 108 697.2500 701.7500 697.2625 701.7625 696.0348 700.5348 - 109 703.2500 707.7500 703.2625 707.7625 702.0351 706.5351 - 110 709.2500 713.7500 709.2625 713.7625 708.0354 712.5354 - 111 715.2500 719.7500 715.2625 719.7625 714.0357 718.5357 - 112 721.2500 725.7500 721.2625 725.7625 720.0360 724.5360 - 113 727.2500 731.7500 727.2625 731.7625 726.0363 730.5363 - 114 733.2500 737.7500 733.2625 737.7625 732.0366 736.5366 - 115 739.2500 743.7500 739.2625 743.7625 738.0369 742.5369 - 116 745.2500 749.7500 745.2625 749.7625 744.0372 748.5372 - 117 751.2500 755.7500 751.2625 755.7625 750.0375 754.5375 - 118 757.2500 761.7500 757.2625 761.7625 756.0378 760.5378 - 119 763.2500 767.7500 763.2625 767.7625 762.0381 766.5381 - 120 769.2500 773.7500 769.2625 773.7625 768.0384 772.5384 - 121 775.2500 779.7500 775.2625 779.7625 774.0387 778.5387 - 122 781.2500 785.7500 781.2625 785.7625 780.0390 784.5390 - 123 787.2500 791.7500 787.2625 791.7625 786.0393 790.5393 - 124 793.2500 797.7500 793.2625 797.7625 792.0396 796.5396 - 125 799.2500 803.7500 799.2625 803.7625 798.0399 802.5399 - 126 805.2500 809.7500 805.2625 809.7625 804.0402 808.5402 - 127 811.2500 815.7500 811.2625 815.7625 810.0405 814.5405 - 128 817.2500 821.7500 817.2625 821.7625 816.0408 820.5408 - 129 823.2500 827.7500 823.2625 827.7625 822.0411 826.5411 - 130 829.2500 833.7500 829.2625 833.7625 828.0414 832.5414 - 131 835.2500 839.7500 835.2625 839.7625 834.0417 838.5417 - 132 841.2500 845.7500 841.2625 845.7625 840.0420 844.5420 - 133 847.2500 851.7500 847.2625 851.7625 846.0423 850.5423 - 134 853.2500 857.7500 853.2625 857.7625 852.0426 856.5426 - 135 859.2500 863.7500 859.2625 863.7625 858.0429 862.5429 - 136 865.2500 869.7500 865.2625 869.7625 864.0432 868.5432 - 137 871.2500 875.7500 871.2625 875.7625 870.0435 874.5435 - 138 877.2500 881.7500 877.2625 881.7625 876.0438 880.5438 - 139 883.2500 887.7500 883.2625 887.7625 882.0441 886.5441 - 140 889.2500 893.7500 889.2625 893.7625 888.0444 892.5444 - 141 895.2500 899.7500 895.2625 899.7625 894.0447 898.5447 - 142 901.2500 905.7500 901.2625 905.7625 900.0450 904.5450 - 143 907.2500 911.7500 907.2625 911.7625 906.0453 910.5453 96 North America CATV Frequency Chart 4

EIA Standard Incremental Harmonic CH. CH. Video Audio Video Audio Video Audio - 144 913.2500 917.7500 913.2625 917.7625 912.0456 916.5456 - 145 919.2500 923.7500 919.2625 923.7625 918.0459 922.5459 - 146 925.2500 929.7500 925.2625 929.7625 924.0462 928.5462 - 147 931.2500 935.7500 931.2625 935.7625 930.0465 934.5465 - 148 937.2500 941.7500 937.2625 941.7625 936.0468 940.5468 - 149 943.2500 947.7500 943.2625 947.7625 942.0471 946.5470 - 150 949.2500 953.7500 949.2625 953.7625 948.0474 952.5474 - 151 955.2500 959.7500 955.2625 959.7625 954.0477 958.5477 - 152 961.2500 965.7500 961.2625 965.7625 960.0480 964.5480 - 153 967.2500 971.7500 967.2625 971.7625 966.0483 970.5483 - 154 973.2500 977.7500 973.2625 977.7625 972.0486 976.5486 - 155 979.2500 983.7500 979.2625 983.7625 978.0489 982.5489 - 156 985.2500 989.7500 985.2625 989.7625 984.0492 988.5492 - 157 991.2500 995.7500 991.2625 995.7625 990.0495 994.5495 - 158 997.2500 1001.7500 997.2625 1001.7625 996.0498 1000.5498

96 97 4 US Frequency Spectrum 98 FCC Aeronautical Band Frequencies 4 Used for Communication and Navigation

NOTE: The FCC mandated that- All full power TV stations in the US cease analog broadcasts by June 12 2009. Currently only low power and TV Translators are authorized for Analog Broadcasts. 4 North America Off-Air Frequency Chart 99

CH. BW (MHz) VIDEO CHROMA AUDIO Lo VHF 2 54-60 55.25 58.83 59.75 3 60-66 61.25 64.83 65.75 4 66-72 67.25 70.83 71.75 5 76-82 77.25 80.83 81.75 6 82-88 83.25 86.83 87.75 Hi VHF 7 174-180 175.25 178.83 179.75 8 180-186 181.25 184.83 185.75 9 186-192 187.25 190.83 191.75 10 192-198 193.25 196.83 197.75 11 198-204 199.25 202.83 203.75 12 204-210 205.25 208.83 209.75 13 210-216 211.25 214.83 215.75 UHF 14 470-476 471.25 474.83 475.75 15 476-482 477.25 480.83 481.75 16 482-488 483.25 486.83 487.75 17 488-494 489.25 492.83 493.75 18 494-500 495.25 498.83 499.75 19 500-506 501.25 504.83 505.75 20 506-512 507.25 510.83 511.75 21 512-518 513.25 516.83 517.75 22 518-524 519.25 522.83 523.75 23 524-530 525.25 528.83 529.75 24 530-536 531.25 534.83 535.75 25 536-542 537.25 540.83 541.75 26 542-548 543.25 546.83 547.75 27 548-554 549.25 552.83 553.75 28 554-560 555.25 558.83 559.75 29 560-566 561.25 564.83 565.75 30 566-572 567.25 570.83 571.75 31 572-578 573.25 576.83 577.75 32 578-584 579.25 582.83 583.75 33 584-590 585.25 588.83 589.75 34 590-596 591.25 594.83 595.75 35 596-602 597.25 600.83 601.75 36 602-608 603.25 606.83 607.75 37 608-614 609.25 612.83 613 75 38 614-620 615.25 618.83 619.75 100 North America Off-Air Frequency Chart

CH. BW (MHz) VIDEO CHROMA AUDIO UHF 39 620-626 621.25 624.83 625.75 40 626-632 627.25 630.83 631.75 41 632-638 633.25 636.83 637.75 42 638-644 639.25 642.83 643.75 43 644-650 645.25 648.83 649.75 44 650-656 651.25 654.83 655.75 45 656-662 657.25 660.83 661.75 46 662-668 663.25 666.83 667.75 47 668-674 669.25 672.83 673.75 48 674-680 675.25 678.83 679.75 49 680-686 681.25 684.83 685.75 50 686-692 687.25 690.83 691.75 51 692-698 693.25 696.83 697.75 52 698-704 699.25 702.83 703.75 53 704-710 705.25 708.83 709.75 54 710-716 711.25 714.83 715.75 55 716-722 717.25 720.83 721.75 56 722-728 723.25 726.83 727.75 57 728-734 729.25 732.83 733.75 58 734-740 735.25 738.83 739.75 59 740-746 741.25 744.83 745.75 60 746-752 747.25 750.83 751.75 61 752-758 753.25 756.83 757.75 62 758-764 759.25 762.83 763.75 63 764-770 765.25 768.83 769.75 64 770-776 771.25 774.83 775.75 65 776-782 777.25 780.83 781.75 66 782-788 783.25 786.83 787.75 67 788-794 789.25 792.83 793.75 68 794-800 795.25 798.83 799.75 69 800-806 801.25 804.83 805.75

NOTE: Channels 52-69 are no longer licensed for broadcast (full power stations) after the digital transition date. FM Broadcast Channel Frequency (MHz) 101

Channel Frequency Channel Frequency Channel Frequency 1 88.1 35 94.9 69 101.7 2 88.3 36 95.1 70 101.9 3 88.5 37 95.3 71 102.1 4 88.7 38 95.5 72 102.3 5 88.9 39 95.7 73 102.5 6 89.1 40 95.9 74 102.7 7 89.3 41 96.1 75 102.9 8 89.5 42 96.3 76 103.1 9 89.7 43 96.5 77 103.3 10 89.9 44 96.7 78 103.5 11 90.1 45 96.9 79 103.7 12 90.3 46 97.1 80 1039 13 90.5 47 97.3 81 104.1 14 90.7 48 97.5 82 104.3 15 90.9 49 97.7 83 104.5 16 91.1 50 97.9 84 104.7 17 91.3 51 98.1 85 104.9 18 91.5 52 98.3 86 105.1 19 91.7 53 98.5 87 105.3 20 91.9 54 98.7 88 105.5 21 92.1 55 98.9 89 105.7 22 92.3 56 99.1 90 105.9 23 92.5 57 99.3 91 106 1 24 92.7 58 99.5 92 1063 25 92.9 59 99.7 93 106.5 26 93.1 60 99.9 94 106.7 27 93.3 61 100.1 95 106.9 28 93.5 62 100.3 96 107.1 29 93.7 63 100.5 97 107.3 30 93.9 64 100.7 98 107.5 31 94.1 65 100.9 99 107.7 32 94.3 66 101.1 100 107.9 33 94.5 67 101.3 34 94.7 68 101.5

103

5 CONTENT TYPES & INTERFACES Cables, Wiring & Pinout Reference...... 104 Optical Connectors...... 112 104 Cables, Wiring & Pinout Reference

DB25 Male and Female

RS232 on DB25 (RS-232C) Note: This is NOT the same as the DB25 Parallel port on a PC.

Pin Name Dir Notes/Description No. 1 - - Protective/shielded ground 2 TD OUT Transmit Data (a.k.a. TxD, Tx) (ASYNC) 3 RD IN Receive Data (a.k.a. RxD, Rx) (ASYNC) 4 RTS OUT Request To Send (ASYNC) 5 CTS IN Clear To Send (ASYNC) 6 DSR IN Data Set Ready (ASYNC) 7 SGND - Signal Ground 8 CD IN Carrier Detect (a.k.a. DCD) 9 - - Reserved for data set testing 10 -- Reserved for data set testing 11 -- Unassigned 12 SDCD IN Secondary Carrier Detect. Only needed if second channel being used. 13 SCTS IN Secondary Clear To Send. Only needed if second channel being used. 14 STD OUT Secondary Transmit Data. Only needed if second channel being used. 15 DB OUT Transmit Clock (a.k.a. TCLK, TxCLK). Synchronous use only. 16 SRD IN Secondary Receive Data. Only needed if second channel being used. 17 DD IN Receive Clock (a.k.a. RCLK). Synchronous use only. 18 LL - Loop Loopback 19 SRTS OUT Secondary Request to Send. Only needed if second channel being used. 20 DTR OUT Data Terminal Ready. (ASYNC) 21 RL/SQ - Signal Quality Detector/Remote loopback 22 RI IN Ring Indicator. DCE (Modem) raises when incoming call detected used for auto answer applications. 23 CH/CI OUT Signal Rate selector. 24 DA - Auxiliary Clock (a.k.a. ACLK). Secondary Channel only. 25 -- Unassigned

Note: Leave all pins not specified above unconnected. 105

RS232 DB25 NULL Modem Pinout

DB9 Male and Female 106 Cables, Wiring & Pinout Reference

RS232 on DB9 (EIA/TIA 574) The column marked Dir shows signal direction with respect to the DTE.

Pin Name Dir Notes/Description No. 1 DCD IN Data Carrier Detect. Raised by DCE when modem synchronized. 2 RD IN Receive Data (a.k.a. RxD, Rx). Arriving data from DCE. 3 TD OUT Transmit Data (a.k.a. TxD, Tx). Sending data from DTE. 4 DTR OUT Data Terminal Ready. Raised by DTE when powered on. In auto-answer mode raised only when RI arrives from DCE. 5 SGND - Ground 6 DSR IN Data Set Ready. Raised by DCE to indicate ready. 7 RTS OUT Request To Send. Raised by DTE when it wishes to send. Expects CTS from DCE. 8 CTS IN Clear To Send. Raised by DCE in response to RTS from DTE. 9 RI IN Ring Indicator. Set when incoming ring detected - used for auto-answer application. DTE raised DTR to answer.

RS232 DB9 NULL Modem Pinout Use when connecting two systems, for example two PCs, via their DB9 interfaces without a modem. Typically called a back-to-back or NULL modem connection. 107

RS232 DB9 to DB25 NULL Modem Pinout Use when connecting two systems (e.g. PCs) when one has a DB9 interface and the other a DB25 interface without a modem. Typically called a back-to-back or NULL modem connection.

RS232 DB9 to DB25 Pinout Use when connecting a DB9 (e.g. a PC) to a DB25 (e.g. a modem) interface. 108 Cables, Wiring & Pinout Reference

RJ 45 Pinout 109

RS232 on RJ45 (RS-232D) 110 Cables, Wiring & Pinout Reference

HDMI Connector Pin Assignment

Pin Signal Assignment Pin Signal Assignment 111

VGA Video Connector Pinout

1 5 6 10

11 15 Male Connector 112 Optical Connectors

FC Type Connectors FCAPC (angled tip) Commonly used in broadband applications. Available on BT’s TrailBlazer Series transmitters and receivers.

FCUPC Typically used in data network only. Not used in broadband CATV applications.

SC Type Connectors

SCAPC (angled tip – green body) Commonly used in broadband applications. Available on BT’s TrailBlazer Series transmitters and receivers.

SCUPC (blue body) Typically used in data networks only. Not used in broadband CATV applications.

ST Type Connector

ST (AT&T Trademark) connectors are widely used in multimode data networks found in buildings and campuses. Not used in broadband CATV applications.

113

6 CATV RF CALCULATIONS System Calculations...... 114 Passive & Coaxial Cable Characteristics.. 128 Broadband RF Network Powering...... 129 114 System Calculations Carrier/Cross Modulation (XM) 1. Cross Modulation for One Amplifier at Operating Level:

2. To Sum Identical Cross Modulation Ratios:

See charts & examples starting on pages 84. 3. To Sum Different Cross Modulation Ratios:

See examples starting on pages 84. 4. Cross Modulation vs Channel Loading:

XM = Cross Modulation Ratio, expressed as a negative (-) number. Rule: 1 dB change of the output of an amplifier N = Number of equal will change the cross modulation by 2 dB. contributors Rule: For every double the number of amplifiers NF = Noise Figure with identical cross modulation there -59.2 = Thermal Noise in is a 6 dB degradation in the total 4 MHz Bandwidth cross modulation. (dBmV) FCC Requirement XM = 51 dB 115

Carrier/Composite Triple Beat (CTB) 1. Composite Triple Beat for One Amplifier at Operating Level:

2. To Sum Identical Composite Triple Beat Ratios:

See charts & examples starting on pages 84. 3. To Sum Different Composite Triple Beat Ratios:

See examples starting on pages 84. 4. Composite Triple Beat vs Channel Loading:

A 1 dB change of the output of an amplifier will change the CTB ratio by 2 dB. For every double the number of amplifiers with identical CTB, there is a 6 dB degradation in the total CTB ratio. FCC Requirement CTB: Standard = 51 dB IRC = 47 dB HRC = 47 dB 116 System Calculations

Carrier/Single Second Order Distortion (C/SSO)

1. Single Second Order Beat for One Amplifier at Operating Level:

2. To Sum Identical SSO Ratios:

See charts & examples starting on pages 84. 3. To Sum Different SSO Ratios:

10 10 10

A 1 dB change of the output of an amplifier will change SSO by 1 dB. The 10 log assumptions shown here for second order are conserva- tive. Some engineers use 13 log or 15 log assumptions. FCC Requirement SSO = 51 dB 117

Carrier/Composite Second Order Distortion (C/CSO)

1. Composite Second Order for One Amplifier at Operating Level:

2. To Sum Identical CSO Ratios:

See charts & examples starting on pages 84. 3. To Sum Different CSO Ratios:

15 15 15

See examples starting on pages 84. 4. CSO vs Channel Loading:

A 1 dB change of the output of an amplifier will change CSO by 1 dB. FCC Requirement CSO = 51 dB 118 System Calculations

Composite Intermodulation Noise (CIN) It is assumed that CIN is dominated by 3rd order distortion (CIN3). This is the case in systems with analog television channels to 550 MHz and digital video above 550 MHz. 1. Composite Intermodulation Noise for One Amplifier at Operating Level.

2. To Sum Identical Composite Intermodulation Noise Ratios:

See charts & examples starting on pages 84. 3. To Sum Different Composite Intermodulation Noise Ratios:

See examples starting on pages 84. 4. To Sum Carrier/Noise and Composite Intermodulation Ratios:

Rule: CIN behaves like CTB in a cascade of amplifiers, but it adds to the C/N noise. 119

Carrier/Hum Modulation (C/H) 1. To Sum Identical Carrier/Hum Ratios:

See charts & examples starting on pages 84. 2. To Sum Different Carrier/Hum Ratios:

See examples starting on page 84. Note: Above calculations assume connection of all power supplies to the same powerline phase. 3. To Convert Percent Hum to C/H Ratio:

4. To Convert C/H Ratio to % Hum: 120 System Calculations

Carrier/Noise 1. The Carrier/Noise contribution of a single amplifier when the Noise Figure (NF) is known:

2. To Sum Identical Carrier/Noise Ratios:

See charts & examples starting on pages 84. 3. To Sum Different Carrier/Noise Ratios:

10 10 10

See examples starting on pages 84. 4. Carrier/Noise Ratio vs Bandwidth:

Rule: For every 1 dB increase in input signal level, the C/N improves by 1 dB. For every double the number of amplifiers with identical Carrier/Noise Ratios there is a degradation of 3 dB in the total C/N. FCC Requirement C/N = 43 dB N = Number of equal contributors NF = Noise Figure -59.2 = Thermal Noise in 4 MHz Bandwidth (dBmV) 121 Determining Acceptable Peak-to-Valley Deviation

To determine what degree of overall peak-to-valley deviation is acceptable for the Nth amplifier in a cascade, use this formula.

Where x is equal to the acceptable P-V deviation and, N = number of amplifiers in cascade. For example, what is the maximum acceptable peak-to- valley deviation at the 32nd amplifier in a cascade?

Thus, 4.2 dB is the maximum acceptable peak-to-valley deviation (highest peak to lowest valley in the broadband signal) at the 32nd amplifier. 122 System Calculations Amplifier Cascade Factor

C/N + SSO CSO CTB & XMOD CASCADE (N) 10*LOG(N) 15*LOG(N) 20*LOG(N) 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 3.01 4.52 6.02 3 4.77 7.16 9.54 4 6.02 9 03 12.04 5 6.99 10.48 13.98 6 7.78 11.67 15.56 7 8.45 12.68 16.90 8 9.03 13.55 18.06 9 9.54 14.31 19.08 10 10.00 15.00 20.00 11 10.41 15.62 20.83 12 10.79 16.19 21.58 13 11.14 16.71 22.28 14 11.46 17.19 22.92 15 11.76 17.64 23.52 16 12.04 18.06 24.08 17 12.30 18.46 24.61 18 12.55 18.83 25.11 19 12.79 19.18 25.58 20 13.01 19.52 26.02 21 13.22 19.83 26.44 22 13.42 20.14 26.85 23 13.62 20.43 27.23 24 13.80 20.70 27.60 25 13.98 20.97 27.96 123

Amplifier Cascade Factor - Example

The Amplifier Cascade Factor Chart (on previous page) is used to predict performance considering the contribution of various numbers of amplifiers. It assumes that all amplifiers are operated at the same level (input level for noise, output level for distortion). This is generally the case in a Unity Gain Based System. Example: What is the trunk CTB after 13 trunk amplifiers? Given: 1. Single trunk amplifier CTB specification is 87 dB @ 32 dBmV flat (from Manufacturers specs.) 2. Trunk output is 25 dBmV, channel 2 Trunk output is 32 dBmV, channel 60 (7 dB linear tilt) Step 1 R e-rate performance of single amp based on actual operating level. Geometric tilt center = 28.5 dBmV A dd .5 dB correction factor = 29 dBmV average level 32 - 29 = 3 dB x 2 (for CTB) = 6 dB 87 dB + 6 dB = 93 dB CTB @ 29 dBmV average level Step 2 Find cascade factor for CTB for 13 amps, on the chart = 22.28 dB Step 3 Subtract cascade factor from single amp operating performance

93 dB - 22.28 = 70.72 dB CTB = 70.72 dB after 13 amps 124 System Calculations

Note: Summing different ratios requires a grasp of the antilog concept. For brevity, the example shown is for CTB only, but the approach is identical for all system distortion and noise calculations.

Determine End Of Line CTB Given The Following: 10 Trunk CTB = 65 dBc 1 Bridger CTB = 60 dBc 3 Line Extender CTB = 58 dBc

-65 -60 -58 Step 1. CTBs = 20 log (10 20 + 10 20 + 10 20 ) -3.25 - 3.00 - 2.90 Step 2. CTBs = 20 log (10 +10 +10 )

CTB s 20 log (antilog -3.25 + antilog -3.00 + antilog -2.90)

Note: To perform the operations in step 2, use the “inverse” log or “antilog” function on most calculators. Antilog (Inverse Log) is used to re-express the different exponent values to voltage so the amounts may be easily summed. Don’t forget the minus sign. -4 -3 -3 Step 3. CTBs = 20 log (5.62 x 10 + 1 x 10 + 1.26 x 10 ) -4 -4 -4 Step 4. CTBs = 20 log (5.62 x 10 + 10 x 10 + 12.6 x 10 ) -4 Step 5. CTBs = 20 log (28.12 x 10 ) CTB = 51 dBc

The 20 Log and 10 Log function derate charts & example on pages 86, 87 and 88 may also be used to sum different ratios if a scientific calculator is not available. 20 Log Function Derate Chart 125 (use for CTB and XMOD) diff SUBTRACTION VALUES (dB) 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 0 6.02 5.97 5.92 5.87 5.82 5.77 5.73 5.68 5.63 5.58 1 5.53 5.49 5.44 5.39 5.35 5.30 5.26 5.21 5.17 5.12 2 5.08 5.03 4.99 4.95 4.90 4.86 4.82 4.78 4.73 4.69 3 4.65 4.61 4.57 4.53 4.49 4.45 4.41 4.37 4.33 4.29 4 4.25 4.21 4.17 4.13 4.10 4.06 4.02 3.98 3.95 3.91 5 3.88 3.84 3.80 3.77 3.73 3.70 3.66 3.63 3.60 3.56 6 3.53 3.50 3.46 3.43 3.40 3.36 3.33 3.30 3.27 3.24 7 3.21 3.18 3.15 3.12 3.09 3.06 3.03 3.00 2.97 2.94 8 2.91 2.88 2.85 2.83 2.80 2.77 2.74 2.72 2.69 2.66 9 2.64 2.61 2.59 2.56 2.53 2.51 2.48 2.46 2.44 2.41 10 2.39 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.29 2.27 2.25 2.22 2.20 2.18 11 2.16 2.13 2.11 2.09 2.07 2.05 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.97 12 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.83 1.81 1.79 1.77 13 1.75 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.68 1.67 1.65 1.63 1.61 1.60 14 1.58 1.56 1.55 1.53 1.51 1.50 1.48 1.47 1.45 1.44 15 1.42 1.41 1.39 1.38 1.36 1.35 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.29 16 1.28 1.26 1.25 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.17 1.16 17 1.15 1.14 1.12 1.11 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.06 1.05 1.04 18 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 19 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.84 20 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.75 21 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.67 22 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.60 23 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.54 24 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.48 25 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.43 26 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.38 27 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34 28 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.31 29 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 30 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 31 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 32 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 33 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17 34 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 35 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 36 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 37 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 38 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 39 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 40 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 126 10 Log Function Derate Chart (use for CNR and SSO) diff SUBTRACTION VALUES (dB) 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 0 3.01 2.96 2.91 2.86 2.81 2.77 2.72 2.67 2.63 2.58 1 2.54 2.50 2.45 2.41 2.37 2.32 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.16 2 2.12 2.09 2.05 2.01 1.97 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.83 1.80 3 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.63 1.60 1.57 1.54 1.51 1.48 4 1.46 1.43 1.40 1.37 1.35 1.32 1.29 1.27 1.24 1.22 5 1.19 1.17 1.15 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.01 0.99 6 0.97 0.95 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.81 7 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.65 8 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.53 9 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.42 10 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34 11 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 12 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 13 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 14 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 15 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 16 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 17 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 18 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 19 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 20 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 21 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 22 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 23 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 24 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 25 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Combining Two X-MOD or CTB Performance 127 Ratings (20 Log) 10 Trunk CTB = 65 dBc Using dB Subtraction Values 1 Bridger CTB = 60 dBc The 20 log & 10 log derate Line Extender CTB = 58 dBc charts are used to sum different ratios. The following example demonstrates how: Step 1 Sum Trunk and Bridger CTB 1.1 Find the dB difference between the two ratios (65-60=5 dB) 1.2 Look up the derate (dB Subtraction) for 5.0 dB difference in the chart (3.88 dB) 1.3 Derate the poorer of the two CTB ratios by this amount (60-3.9=56.1 dBc) Step 2 Sum the Sum of Trunk and Bridger from Step 1 with the line extenders 2.1 Find the dB difference between the two ratios (58-56.12=1.88) 2.2 Look up the derate (dB Subtraction) for 1.88 dB difference in the chart (5.12) (round 1.88 up to 1.9). 2.3 Derate the poorer of the two CTB ratios by this amount (56.12 - 5.12 = 51.0 dBc) Combining Two CNR or SSO Performance Ratings (10 Log) Using dB Subtraction Values 10 Trunk CNR = 56.5 dB Example: Combine trunk and bridger 1 Bridger CNR = 65 dB CNR to find the resultant CNR at the Bridger output (no line extenders). dB difference = 65-56.5 = 8.5 dB dB subtraction figure = 0.6 dB Bridger output CNR = 56.5-0.6 = 55.9 dB So then, the resultant CNR measure is about 55.9 dB. 128 Passive & Coaxial Cable Characteristics

Cable and Equalizer Formulas

1. Cable Loss Ratio The ratio of cable attenuation at two frequencies is approximately equal to the square root of the ratio of the two frequencies.

Example: T o calculate the approximate cable loss at 55 MHz when the loss at 450 MHz is 20 dB,

2. Tilt to Cable Loss To convert tilt (differential in signal level between end frequencies of the cable bandpass) to cable loss at the highest frequency:

Example: T o calculate the cable loss at the highest frequency when the measured tilt is 12 dB between 55 and 450 MHz Broadband RF Network Powering 129

When determining the power supply location in a cable system, it is important to know OHM’s Law, cable loop resistance, amplifier current drain and the minimum operating voltage required for amplifier operation. The cable resistance is included in the manufacturers specification sheet. Resistance is usually stated as center conductor, shield, and loop. Loop resistance is the sum of the center conductor and shield resistance. The amplifier current drain and voltage requirements are also part of the manufacturers specifications. The ideal location of the power supply is such that the current supplied flows equally both, away from, and towards the headend. The total current supplied should be between 80-90% of the power supply’s rated output. Current passing through the amplifiers is usually limited to about 6 Amps. Since power supplies are available with various current handling abilities, one with slightly higher capability than required should be selected. Determining power supply placement, refer to the figure on the next page. 1. First determine the loop resistance for each span of cable. Example: Loop resistance = 1.7 Ohms/1000 ft. x 800’ = 1.36 Ohms. 2. Locate the last amplifier, determine the voltage drop across the span of cable. 3. Using the current draw of the amplifier, determine the voltage drop across the span of cable. Example: 0.375A x 1.36 Ohms = 0.51 volts. 4. Since the minimum operating voltage for the amplifier is 43 volts, the voltage level at the beginning of the 800’ span would be 43.5 volts (43.0 + 0.51). 5. At this point, the total current flow in the coax will increase due to the addition of another amplifier. Current flow in this span of cable will be 0.75A (0.375 + 0.375). 130 Broadband RF Network Powering

6. Determine the voltage across the next span of cable. 0.75 x 1.36 Ohms = 1.02 Volts Therefore the voltage at the output of the bridger amp is 44.5 volts. The total current at the input to the bridger amp is 2.0 amps. This is the sum of both output legs of the bridger (1.5A) and the current draw of the bridger amp itself. 7. Continue working towards the headend until the current draw is 40-50% of the power supplies rated capability or the voltage level nears 60 volts. 8. At this time, a guesstimate of where to place a power block in the section between the power supply and headend must be made. Add the current draw for the line extender(s) off each trunk station to the trunk station current requirements. A few trial calculations will show how many amplifiers can be powered going in this direction. 131

7 OFF-AIR ANTENNAS & SATELLITE INFO Dipole Antenna Equations...... 132 Multiplexers...... 133 Antenna General Information...... 134 Antenna Spacing...... 135 Antenna Phasing...... 137 Satellite Transmission Standards...... 138 System Calculations...... 139 North & South American C & Ku-Band Satellites.... 141 Broadcast Station "List"...... 143 132 Dipole Antenna Equations

Shown below is a typical half-wave dipole antenna. The radiation pattern of a Hertz dipole antenna is perpendicular to the axis of the antenna. In directions other than the optimum directions, the antenna is ineffective.

λ L

To calculate the wavelength of a signal, l or the dipole length, L, or the frequency, f, of a half-wave dipole antenna, use the following three formulas:

where: l = Wavelength (m) k = Velocity Factor c = Speed of light = 3 x 108 (m/s) f = Frequency (Hz) L = Length of the Dipole (m) Multiplexers 133

ZUVSJ

ZHLSJ

ZUVSJ ZHLSJ

LUV 2150

LUV 2150 134 Antenna General Information

Factors Which Determine The Quality Of Reception: A) Distance to transmitter B) Height of transmitting antenna C) Transmitter power D) Transmitter frequency (TV channel) E) Type of receiving antenna F) Height of receiving antenna G) Terrain between the transmitter and receiving antenna H) Obstacles between the transmitter and receiving antenna (tall buildings, water tower, etc.) Major Characteristics: Gain: Indicates the amount of received signal level increase as compared to reference antenna. (usually a resonant dipole) Bandwidth: The range of frequencies (TV channels) over which the antenna is designed to operate. In principle, there are two types of antennas: 1) Broadband 2) Single-Channel Impedance: Home type antennas are usually 300 Ohms and commercial antennas are usually 75 Ohms. Pattern: Generally consists of two components, beam width and front to back ratio. Refer to diagram. Antenna Spacing 135

Mounting Channelized Antennas on the Same Mast

NOTE: Refer to Antenna Spacing Chart for dimensions 136 Antenna Spacing Chart

Dimension Notes: Channel A B C D A) The minimum No. 2/3 λ 1 λ 1/2 λ horizontal 2 113 138 208 104 spacing 3 101 125 188 94 between 4 91 115 172 86 5 78 100 150 75 the tower 6 72 93 139 70 structure and FM 72 80 120 60 the antenna 7 40 44 67 33 crossbar. 8 39 43 65 32 9 37 42 62 31 B) The 10 36 40 61 30 recommended 11 35 39 59 29 vertical spacing 12 34 38 57 29 13 34 37 55 28 for a gain of 3 dB. Dimensions are in inches B/2) The minimum vertical spacing between the antenna crossbar and adjacent mechanical structures. C) The recommended horizontal spacing for a gain of 3 dB. D) The minimum spacing between antennas of different channels and is the figure given for the antenna with the lowest frequency Formulae: One Wavelength in space ...... λ (inches) = 11811 Freq. in MHz

One Wavelength in 75 Ohm coax (solid) λ (inches) = 7783 Freq. in MHz

One Wavelength in 75 Ohm coax (foam) . .λ (inches) = 9565 Freq. in MHz

Antenna Nulling (finding H) ...... d (λ) = 1 2 sin φ Antenna Phasing 137

Signal Nulling Chart No. II φ° λ(inches) 2 208 3 188 4 172 5 150 6 139 FM 120 7 67 8 65 9 62 10 61 11 59 12 57 13 55 Chart No. III φ° d(λ) φ° d(λ) 5 5.733 50 0.653 10 2.880 55 0.610 15 1.931 60 0.577 20 1.462 65 0.551 25 1.183 70 0.532 30 1.000 75 0.517 35 0.871 80 0.507 40 0.777 85 0.502 45 0.707 90 0.500 Instructions: 1. Determine angle “φ“ using a field strength meter, compass, and a single channel antenna. 2. Locate angle “φ“ in chart No. III and determine d(λ); multiply λ(inches) in chart No. II to find the spacing of “H”. 3. Both antennas must be identical, facing in the same direction, in the same horizontal plane and both be right side up. 4. For angles not listed, d(λ) = 1 2 sin (φ) Satellite Transmission Standards 138 Satellite Transmission Standards

In North America, the satellite programs are transmited primarily in digital format using the following two standards:

QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)

8PSK (8th-order Phase Shift Keying)

~ 28 MHz The QPSK programs are typically transmitted in the C-band (3.7 to 4.2 GHz) and the Ku-band (11.7 to 12.2 GHz).

The 8PSK programs are typically transmitted in DBS (12.2 to 12.7 GHz ). DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite), also known more broadly as direct-to-home, is a term used to refer to satellite television broadcasts intended for home reception.

System Calculations 139

TVRO Formulas 1. System Gain Over Temperature

Ag = Antenna Gain (dB) AT = Antenna Temperature (˚K) LNAT = Low Noise Amp Temperature (˚K) 2. Carrier to Noise Ratio*

3. C/N for other RxBw

4. Convert C/N to S/N*

5. Declination Angle (Polar Mount Antenna)

3964 = Radius of the Earth 22300 = Distance to Satellite Arc L = Site Latitude * RxBw = 30 MHz 140

Aximuth and Elevation Angles

Antenna pointing angles can be calculated in degrees from true north from the following equations:

Where ∆ is the absolute value of the difference between satellite and TVRO site longitudes and Φ is the site latitude.

Noise Temperature & Noise Figure Noise Noise Noise Noise Figure Temperature Figure Temperature (dB) (˚K) (dB) (˚K) 2.0 170 0.9 67 1.9 159 0.8 59 1.8 149 0.7 51 1.7 139 0.6 43 1.6 129 0.5 35 1.5 120 0.4 28 1.4 110 0.3 21 1.3 101 0.2 14 1.2 92 0.1 7 1.1 84 00 1.0 75 North & South American C & Ku-Band Satellites 141 NorthNorth & South& South America America C &C Ku& Ku Band Band Satellites Satellites

61.5°W61.5°W EchoStar EchoStar 3 3 97.0°W97.0°W Galaxy Galaxy 19 19 61.5°W61.5°W EchoStar EchoStar 6 6 GalaxyGalaxy 16 16 99.2°W99.2°W EchoStarEchoStar 12 12 SpacewaySpaceway 2 & DirecTV2 & DirecTV 11 11 61.5°W61.5°W EchoStarEchoStar 15 15 SESSES 1 1 101.0°W101.0°W 63.0°W63.0°W Telstar Telstar 14 14 DirecTVDirecTV 4S/8 4S/8 65.0°W65.0°W Star Star One One C1 C1 SpacewaySpaceway 1 & DirecTV1 & DirecTV 10/12 10/12 103.0°W103.0°W 67.0°W67.0°W AMC AMC 4 4 AMCAMC 1 1 70.0°W70.0°W Star Star One One C2 C2 AMCAMC 15 15 105.0°W105.0°W 72.0°W72.0°W AMC AMC 6 6 AMCAMC 18 18 DirecTVDirecTV 1R 1R AnikAnik F1 F1 72.5°W72.5°W 107.3°W107.3°W NimiqNimiq 5 5 AnikAnik F1R F1R 74.0°W74.0°W Horizons Horizons 2 2 DirecTVDirecTV 5 5 75.0°W75.0°W Brasilsat Brasilsat B3 B3 110.0°W110.0°WEchoStarEchoStar 10 10 77.0°W EchoStar 1 EchoStar 11 77.0°W EchoStar 1 EchoStar 11 EchoStar 4 (incl. 2.3°) 111.1°W Anik F2 77.0°W EchoStar 4 (incl. 2.3°) 111.1°W Anik F2 77.0°W EchoStar 8 113.0°W SatMex 6 EchoStar 8 113.0°W SatMex 6 78.0°W Simón Bolívar 114.9°W Solidaridad 2 (incl. 2.5°) 78.0°WAMC Simón 2 Bolívar 115.0°W114.9°W XM 4Solidaridad 2 (incl. 2.5°) 79.0°W AMC 2 115.0°W XM 4 79.0°W AMC 5 116.8°W SatMex 5 AMC 5 116.8°W SatMex 5 81.0°W Intelsat 3R (incl. 1.2°) Anik F3 82.0°W81.0°W NimiqIntelsat 4 3R (incl. 1.2°) 119.0°W DirecTVAnik 7SF3 83.0°W82.0°W AMC Nimiq 9 4 119.0°WEchoStarDirecTV 14 7S 84.0°W83.0°W Brasilsat AMC 9 B4 121.0°W EchoStarEchoStar 9/Galaxy 14 23 85.0°W84.0°W AMC Brasilsat 16 B4 123.0°W121.0°W Galaxy EchoStar 18 9/Galaxy 23 85.1°W85.0°W XM AMC 3 16 123.0°WGalaxy Galaxy 14 18 85.1°W XM 3 125.0°W Galaxy 14 85.2°W Sirius XM 5 125.0°WAMC 21 87.0°W85.2°W AMC Sirius 3 XM 5 127.0°W GalaxyAMC 13/Horizons 21 1 89.0°W87.0°W Galaxy AMC 283 129.0°W127.0°W Ciel Galaxy2 13/Horizons 1 89.0°WNimiq Galaxy 1 28 131.0°W129.0°W AMC Ciel 11 2 91.0°W GalaxyNimiq 17 1 133.0°W131.0°W Galaxy AMC 12 11 91.0°W 93.1°W GalaxyGalaxy 25 17 135.0°W133.0°W AMC Galaxy 10 12 95.0°W93.1°W Galaxy Galaxy 3C 25 137.0°W135.0°W AMC AMC 7 10 95.0°W95.0°W Spaceway Galaxy 3C 3 139.0°W137.0°W AMC AMC 8 7 96.0°W95.0°W Sirius Spaceway FM 5 3 139.0°W AMC 8 96.0°W Sirius FM 5

For up to date info visit http://www.lyngsat.com/america.html Sample Lyngsat

Sample Lyngsat

142

Sample Lyngsat Broadcast Station List 143 For Blonder Tongue Labs Headquarters Address

The FCC released the "Final DTV" channel allotments on March 21, 2008. The final DTV channels are RF channels that will are used after February 17, 2009. The Final DTV assignments reflect the new core spectrum for TV broadcasts of channels 2 to 51. Channels 52 to 69 have been re-assigned for public safety and advanced wireless services. The former analog channel number information is carried in the new digital channel's PSIP (Program and System Information Protocol) information. It may also be referred to as the "tune to" or as a "virtual" channel. Digital TVs and STBs use this channel number to tune to the particular program that in most cases is transmitted over a completely different RF channel.

Below is a sample Station List. Because these can frequently change, For the most up to date information, visit www.antennaweb.org

Antenna Call City, Live Compass Miles RF DTV Channel Network Type Sign State Data Heading From Channel * yellow uhf WNJT- DT 52.1 PBS TRENTON, NJ 258º 20.8 43

* yellow uhf WNJU- DT 47.1 TEL LINDEN, NJ 50º 29.5 36 * yellow uhf WPXN- DT 31.1 ION NEW YORK, NY 50º 29.5 31 * yellow uhf WNBC- DT 4.1 NBC NEW YORK, NY 51º 26.7 28 * yellow uhf WFUT- DT 68.1 TFA NEWARK, NJ 50º 29.5 30 * yellow uhf WWOR- DT 9.1 MNT SECAUCUS, NJ 50º 29.5 38 * yellow uhf WCBS- DT 2.1 CBS NEW YORK, NY 51º 26.7 33 * green uhf WXTV- DT 41.1 UNI PATERSON, NJ 50ºº 29.5 40 * red uhf WABC- DT 7.1 ABC NEW YORK, NY 51º 26.5 7 * red uhf WNET- DT 13.1 PBS NEWARK, NJ 50º 29.5 13 * red uhf WMBC- DT 63.1 IND NEWTON, NJ 25º 32.1 18 * red uhf WNVW- DT 44 FOX NEW YORK, NY 50º 29.5 44 * red uhf WPIX- DT 11.1 CW NEW YORK, NY 51º 26.7 11 * blue uhf WNJB- DT 58.1 PBS NEW 50º 29.9 8 BRUNSWICK, NJ * blue uhf WNJN- DT 50.1 PBS MONTCLAIR, NJ 25º 32.1 51 * violet uhf WTXF- DT 29.1 FOX PHILADELPHIA, PA 256º 53.7 42

145

8 INTERNATIONAL TV FORMATS Worldwide TV Standards...... 146 CCIR Television Transmission Characteristics...152 International Analog Channel Standards...... 153 146 Worldwide TV Standards

Country Population Analog Digital TV Analog EU (millions) Standard Standard Shut-off Date Albania 3.7 PAL BG DVB-T N/A (trial) Algeria 35 PAL B DVB-T 2014 Argentina 40 PAL N ISDB-T 7/9/16 (custom) Australia 22.4 PAL BG DVB-T 5/11/11 Austria 8.3 PAL BG DVB-T2 2010 X Bahamas 0.33 NTSC TBD Bahrain 0.79 PAL B DVB-T N/A Barbados 0.285 NTSC TBD Belgium 10.8 PAL BH DVB-T completed X Bermuda 0.068 NTSC DVB-T ? Bolivia 10.9 NTSC ISDB-T ? (custom) Brazil 192 PAL M ISDB-T 6/29/16 (custom) Bulgaria 7.5 SECAM D DVB-T 2012 X Burma 50 NTSC DVB-T >2020 Cambodia 14.8 DVB-T 2015 Canada 34 NTSC 8VSB 8/31/11 Chile 17 NTSC ISDB-T 2017 (custom) China 1330 PAL D DTMB 2015 147

Country Population Analog Digital TV Analog EU (millions) Standard Standard Shut-off Date Columbia 45 NTSC DVB-T 1/1/17 Costa 4.579 NTSC ISDB- 12/1/18 Rica T(custom) Croatia 4.5 DVB-T 2011 Cuba 11.2 NTSC TBD 2025 Curacao 0.141 TBD Cyprus 0.87 PAL BG DVB-T 2011 X Czech 10.5 SECAM DVB-T 2012 X Republic DK Denmark 5.5 PAL BG DVB-T completed X Dominican 10 NTSC TBD Rep. Dubai 2.2 DVB-H Egypt 77.4 SECAM DVB-T BG El 6 NTSC 8VSB 1/1/14 Salvador Equador 13.6 NTSC ISDB- T(custom) Estonia 1.34 DVB-T 2010 X Ethiopia 79.2 PAL BG TBD Finland 5.3 PAL BG DVB-T completed X France 60 SECAM EL DVB-T 11/30/11 X 148 Worldwide TV Standards

Country Population Analog Digital TV Analog EU (millions) Standard Standard Shut-off Date Germany 82.5 SECAM DVB-T completed X BG Ghana 23.8 PAL BG DVB-T 2013 Greece 11 SECAM DVB-T 2012 X BG Greenland 0.056 NTSC DVB-T Guam 0.178 NTSC TBD Guatemala 14 NTSC *8VSB testing Haiti 9 NTSC TBD Honduras 7.5 NTSC 8VSB 2017- 2022 Hong 7 PAL I DTMB ? Kong Hungary 9.9 SECAM DVB-T Dec. X DK 2012? Iceland 0.317 PAL B DVB-T ? India 1000 PAL B DVB-T2 3/13/15 Indonesia 230 PAL B DVB-T 2015 Iran 74 PAL BG DVB-T ? Iraq 31 PAL B DVB-H ? Ireland 4 PAL I DVB-T end of X 2012 149

Country Population Analog Digital TV Analog EU (millions) Standard Standard Shut-off Date Israel 7.6 PAL BG DVB-T 3/30/2011 Italy 57.4 PAL BG DVB-T 2012 X Jamaica 2.8 NTSC TBD Japan 127.3 NTSC ISDB-T 7/24/12 Kenya 39 PAL BG DVB-T2 2012 Korea 50 NTSC 8VSB 12/31/12 (South) Latvia 2.5 DVB-T 2010 X Libya 6.4 SECAM DVB-H BG Lithuania 3.3 DVB-T 10/29/12 X Luxembourg 0.5 SECAM C DVB-T X Malaysia 28.3 PAL BG DVB-T 2015 Malta 0.413 DVB-T 6/1/11 X Mexico 107 NTSC 8VSB 2022 Morocco 32 PAL B DVB-T by 2015 Netherlands 16 PAL BG DVB-T completed X New 4.4 PAL B DVB-T Nov. 2013 Zealand Nigeria 154 PAL B DVB-H Norway 4.9 PAL BG DVB-T completed Oman 2.8 PAL BG DVB-T 150 Worldwide TV Standards

Country Population Analog Digital TV Analog EU (millions) Standard Standard Shut-off Date Pakistan 170 PAL B TBD Panama 3.3 NTSC DVB-T 2020 Paraquay 6.3 PAL N ISDB-T (custom) Peru 29.4 PAL N ISDB-T (custom) Phillipines 92 NTSC DVB-T2 Mar. 2015 Poland 37.8 SECAM DVB-T 7/31/13 X DK Portugal 11.3 PAL BG DVB-T 4/26/12 X Puerto 3.9 NTSC 8VSB 6/12/09 Rico Qatar 1.4 PAL B DVB-H Romania 22.2 SECAM K DVB-T 2012 X Russia 141.9 SECAM D DVB-T 2015 Samoa 0.179 NTSC TBD Saudi 28.7 SECAM DVB-T Arabia BG Serbia 7.3 DVB-T2 Apr-12 Singapore 5 PAL BG DVB-T2 2015 Slovakia 5.3 DVB-T2 by 2012 X Slovenia 2 DVB-T 12/1/10 X 151

Country Population Analog Digital TV Analog EU (millions) Standard Standard Shut-off Date South 49.3 PAL I DVB-T2 Dec. 2013 Africa (? Review) Spain 46 PAL BG DVB-T2 completed X St. Martin 0.075 NTSC TBD Surinam 0.481 TBD Sweden 9.3 PAL BG DVB-T completed X Switzerland 7.1 PAL BG DVB-T completed Taiwan 23 NTSC DVB-T by 2013 Thailand 66.4 PAL B DVB-T 2015 Trinidad 1.4 NTSC DVB-T Turkey 72.5 PAL BG DVB-T Uganda 31 PAL BG DVB-T (?) Dec-12 UK 62 PAL I DVB-T 2012 X Ukraine 46 DVB-T by 2015 Uruguay 3.5 PAL N DVB-T USA 310 NTSC 8VSB 6/12/09 Venezuela 26.8 NTSC ISDB-T 1/1/20 (custom) Vietnam 85.8 SECAM DVB-T 2015 DM 152 CCIR Television Transmission Characteristics

For Off Air Channels LINES FIELD LINE CHAN. VIDEO VID/SND Freq. Freq. Width B/W Spacing Sideb VEST VISUAL SYSTEM (Hz) (MHz) (MHz) (MHz) (MHz) (MHz) MOD MOD AURAL B/G 625 50 15,625 7/8 5 + 5.5 0.75 NEG FM

C 625 50 15,625 7 5 + 5.5 0.75 POS AM

D/K 625 50 15,625 8 6 +6.5 0.75 NEG FM

H 625 50 15,625 8 5 + 5.5 1.25 NEG FM

I 625 50 15,625 8 5.5 + 6.0 1.25 NEG FM

K1 625 50 15,625 8 6 + 6.5 1.25 NEG FM

L 525 50 15,625 8 6 +/- 6.5 1.25 POS AM

M 525 60 15,734 6 4.2 + 4 5 0.75 NEG FM

N 625 50 15,625 6 4.2 + 4.5 0.75 NEG FM

CCIR: Commitée Consulatif International Radiocommunications

NTSC: National Television Systems Committee

PAL: Phase Alternating Lines

SECAM: Sequential Color with Memory (Sequentiel Couleur Avec Memoire)

OIRT: Organisation Internationale Radiodiffusion - Television International Analog Channel Standards 1535 Broadcast Std. Color Standard Channel Voltage and Country System VHF UHF Frequencies Cycles (Hz)

Argentina PAL N N Amer 220 50 Australia PAL B G Australian 240 50 Austria PAL B G West Euro 230 50 Bahamas NTSC M Amer 120 60 Belgium PAL B H West Euro 230 50 Bermuda NTSC M Amer 120/240 60 Bolivia NTSC M M Amer 110/220 50 Brazil PAL M M Amer 110/220 60 Canada NTSC M M Amer 120 60 Chile NTSC M Amer 220 50 China PAL D Chinese 220 50 Colombia NTSC M M Amer 110 60 Costa Rica NTSC M Amer 120 60 Denmark PAL B G West Euro 220 50 Ecuador NTSC M Amer 120/220 60 Egypt SECAM B West Euro 220 50 Finland PAL B G West Euro 220 50 France SECAM L L French 115/220 50 Germany SECAM/PAL B G West Euro 220 50 Greece SECAM B G West Euro 220 50 Hong Kong PAL I West Euro 220 50 Hungary SECAM D K East Euro 220 50 India PAL B West Euro 240 50 Indonesia PAL B West Euro 110/220 50 Iran SECAM B G West Euro 220 50 Iraq SECAM B West Euro 220 50 Ireland PAL A I Irish 220 50 154

Broadcast Std. Color Standard Channel Voltage and Country System VHF UHF Frequencies Cycles (Hz)

Israel PAL B G West Euro 230 50 Italy PAL B G Italian 127/220 50 Japan W M M JPN 100 50/60 Jordan PAL B G West Euro 220 50 Korea S. NTSC M M Amer 100/200 60 Malaysia PAL B G West Euro 240 50 Mexico NTSC M M Amer 125 60 Morocco SECAM B Morocco 127/220 50 Netherlands PAL B G West Euro 220 50 New Zealand PAL B G NZ 230 50 Norway PAL B G West Euro 220/230 50 Panama NTSC M M Amer 110/115/120 60 Peru NTSC M M Amer 220 60 Philippines NTSC M Amer 110/115/220 50 Poland SECAM D K East Euro 220 50 Portugal PAL B G West Euro 220 50 Romania SECAM D K East Euro 220 50 Russia SECAM D K East Euro 127/220 50 Singapore PAL B G West Euro 230 50 Spain PAL B G West Euro 127/220 50 Sweden PAL B G West Euro 220 50 Switzerland PAL B G West Euro 220 50 United King. PAL I I West Euro 240 50 Uruguay PAL N Amer 220 50 USA NTSC M M Amer 117 60 Venezuela NTSC M Amer 120 60 155

9 CONVERSIONS & MISC. DATA Basic Cable Theory...... 156 Conversion Factors...... 162 Fiber Optics...... 175 156 Basic Cable Theory

The Decibel The decibel (dB) provides a means of representing large power ratios as manageable, small numbers, and allows the overall gains and losses in a module or a network to be calculated by addition and subtraction, rather than by multiplication and division. The original unit is the Bel (named after Alexander Graham Bell). The decibel is one-tenth of a Bel. The power ratio of two power measurements is calculated as follows:

Ratio of power P1 to power P2, in dB: The power ratio of two voltage measurements is calculated as follows: Power ratio of voltage V1 to voltage V2, in dB:

Voltage Confusion dBmV and dBµV expressions of power contain an upper case V. This does not mean they are expressions of voltage. They are expressions of power. When all the power scales (dBm, dBmV and dBµV) are laid next to each other, it is easy to see that each track on a dB for dB basis. Power Conversions 157

dBmV A power measurement of ‘x dBmV’ indicates that a particular signal is x dB greater than (‘above’) 1 millivolt in 75 ohms. A negative dBmV value indicates that the signal is x dB less than (‘below’) 1 millivolt in 75 ohms. To convert x millivolts to dBmV:

dBµV Similarly, a measurement of ‘x dBµV’ indicates that the signal is x dB above one microvolt in 75 ohms. To convert x microvolts to dBµV:

To convert dBmV to dBµV, add 60 to the dBmV reading:

dBm A measurement of ‘x dBm’ indicates that a particular signal is x dB greater than (‘above’) 1 milliwatt. A negative dBm value indicates that the signal is x dB less than (‘below’) 1 milliwatt. To convert x milliwatts to dBm: 158 Power Conversion

A power level, in dBmV, can be converted directly to power in dBm, if the impedance, Z. is known: To convert x dBmV directly to dBm:

The inverse operation is also possible if impedance is known: To convert dBm directly to dBmV:

Impedance Mismatch It frequently happens that the input impedance of a measuring device (spectrum analyzer; field strength meter, etc.) does not match the impedance of the system under test. In such a case, a correction must be made to the reading displayed on the instrument. Where Zi is the impedance of the instrument, and Zs is the impedance of the system under test. Table of Conversions 159

mV dBmV dbµV dBm mV dBmV dbµV dBm 1.9953 6 66 -42.75 158.4893 44 104 -4.75 2.2387 7 67 -41.75 177.8279 45 105 -3.75 2.5119 8 68 -40.75 199.5262 46 106 -2.75 2.8184 9 69 -39.75 223.8721 47 107 -1.75 3.1623 10 70 -38.75 251.1886 48 108 -0.75 3.5481 11 71 -37.75 273.8420 48.75 108.75 0 3.9811 12 72 -36.75 281.8383 49 109 0.25 4.4668 13 73 -35.75 316.2278 50 110 1.25 5.0119 14 74 -34.75 354.8134 51 111 2.25 5.6234 15 75 -33.75 398.1072 52 112 3.25 6.3096 16 76 -32.75 446.6836 53 113 4.25 7.0795 17 77 -31.75 501.1872 54 114 5.25 7.9433 18 78 -30.75 562.3413 55 115 6.25 8.9125 19 79 -29.75 630.9573 56 116 7.25 10.0000 20 80 -28.75 707.9458 57 117 8.25 11.2202 21 81 -27.75 794.3282 58 118 9.25 12.5893 22 82 -26.75 891.2509 59 119 10.25 14.1254 23 83 -25.75 1000.0000 60 120 11.25 15.8489 24 84 -24.75 1122.0185 61 121 12.25 17.7828 25 85 -23.75 1258.9254 62 122 13.25 19.9526 26 86 -22.75 1412.5375 63 123 14.25 22.3872 27 87 -21.75 1584.8932 64 124 15.25 25.1189 28 88 -20.75 1778.2794 65 125 16.25 28.1838 29 89 -19.75 1995.2623 66 126 17.25 31.6228 30 90 -18.75 2238.7211 67 127 18.25 35.4813 31 91 -17.75 2511.8864 68 128 19.25 39.8107 32 92 -16.75 2818.3829 69 129 20.25 44.6684 33 93 -15.75 3162.2777 70 130 21.25 50.1187 34 94 -14.75 3548.1339 71 131 22.25 56.2341 35 95 -13.75 3981.0717 72 132 23.25 63.0957 36 96 -12.75 4466.8359 73 133 24.25 70.7946 37 97 -11.75 5011.8723 74 134 25.25 79.4328 38 98 -10.75 5623.4133 75 135 26.25 89.1251 39 99 -9.75 6309.5734 76 136 27.25 100.0000 40 100 -8.75 7079.4578 77 137 28.25 112.2018 41 101 -7.75 7943.2823 78 138 29.25 125.8925 42 102 -6.75 8912.5094 79 139 30.25 141.2538 43 103 -5.75 10000.0000 80 140 31.25 160 Return Loss, Reflection Coefficient, and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

Return Reflec. VSWR Return Reflec. VSWR Loss (dB) Coefficient (%) Loss (dB) Coefficient (%) 0.0 100.00 20.0 10.00 1.222 0.5 94.41 34.753 20.5 9.44 1.208 1.0 89.13 17.391 21.0 8.91 1.196 1.5 84.14 11.610 21.5 8.41 1.184 2.0 79.43 8.724 22.0 7.94 1.173 2.5 74.99 6.997 22.5 7.50 1.162 3.0 70.79 5.848 23.0 7.08 1.152 3.5 66.83 5.030 23.5 6.68 1.143 4.0 63.10 4.419 24.0 6.31 1.135 4.5 59.57 3.946 24.5 5.96 1.127 5.0 56.23 3.570 25.0 5.62 1.119 5.5 53.09 3.263 25.5 5.31 1.112 6.0 50.12 3.010 26.0 5.01 1.106 6.5 47.32 2.796 26.5 4.73 1.099 7.0 44.67 2.615 27.0 4.47 1.094 7.5 42.17 2.458 27.5 4.22 1.088 8.0 39.81 2.323 28.0 3.98 1.083 8.5 37.58 2.204 28.5 3.76 1.078 9.0 35.48 2.100 29.0 3.55 1.074 9.5 33.50 2.007 29.5 3.35 1.069 10.0 31.62 1.925 30.0 3.16 1.065 10.5 29.85 1.851 30.5 2.99 1.062 11.0 28.18 1.785 31.0 2.82 1.058 11.5 26.61 1.725 31.5 2.66 1.055 12.0 25.12 1.671 32.0 2.51 1.052 12.5 23.71 1.622 32.5 2.37 1.049 13.0 22.39 1.577 33.0 2.24 1.046 13.5 21.13 1.536 33.5 2.11 1.043 14.0 19.95 1.499 34.0 2.00 1.041 14.5 18.84 1.464 34.5 1.88 1.038 15.0 17.78 1.433 35.0 1.78 1.036 15.5 16.79 1.404 35.5 1.68 1.034 16.0 15.85 1.377 36.0 1.58 1.032 16.5 14.96 1.352 36.5 1.50 1.030 17.0 14.13 1.329 37.0 1.41 1.029 17.5 13.34 1.308 37.5 1.33 1.027 18.0 12.59 1.288 38.0 1.26 1.025 18.5 11.89 1.270 38.5 1.19 1.024 19.0 11.22 1.253 39.0 1.12 1.023 19.5 10.59 1.237 39.5 1.06 1.021 Return Loss Ratio (RLR) 161

RLR (dB) VSWR

Note: In a 75-Ohm transmission line. 162 Conversion Factors

Signal Levels 0 dBm = + 48.75 dBmV /75 ohms 0 dBW = + 78.75 dBmV /75 ohms 0 dBmV = 60 dBµV

Prefixes milli (m) = 1/1,000 micro (µ) = 1/1,000,000 nano (n) = 1/1,000,000,000 pica (p) = 1/1,000,000,000,000 kilo (k) = 1,000 mega (M) = 1,000,000 giga (G) = 1,000,000,000

Energy/Heat 12,000 BTU = One Ton 1 Watt / hour = 3.415 Btu 1 horsepower = 746 Watts 1 atmosphere = 14.6 pounds per square inch °Fahrenheit = (9/5 x °C) + 32 °CELSIUS = 5/9 x (°F - 32) 163

Volume 1 cubic yard = 27 cubic feet 1 cubic inch = 16.38716 cubic centimeters 1 cubic meter = 1.307943 cubic yards 1 US gallon = 3.7853 liters 1 US gallon = 128 fluid ounces 1 US gallon = 0.8327 Imperial Gallons 1 liter = 61.025 cubic inches 1 liter = 1000 cubic centimeters

Weight 1 pound = 16 ounces 1 pound = 453.592 grams 1 kilogram = 2.20462 pounds 1 kilogram = 1000 grams 1 ton = 2000 pounds 1 ton = 907.185 kilograms 1 metric ton = 2205 pounds 164 Conversion Factors

Linear 1 mile = 5280 feet 1 mile = 1.60935 kilometers 1 kilometer = 3280.83 feet 1 kilometer = 0.621 miles 1 kilometer = 1000 meters 1 meter = 39.37 inches 1 meter = 3.281 feet 1 meter = 100 centimeters 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters 1 centimeter = 0.394 inches 1 millimeter = 1000 microns 1 micron = 1000 nanometers 1 foot = 30.48 centimeters 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters 1 inch = 1000 mils 1 mil = 25.4 microns 1 micron = 0.3937 mil 1 yard = 36 inches 165

Degrees, Fahrenheit to Celsius

F 0 -1 -2 - 3 -4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 9 - 4 0 -40.0 -40.6 -41.1 -41.7 -42.2 -42.8 -43.3 -43.9 -44.4 -45.0 -30 -34.4 -35.0 -35.6 -36.1 -36.7 -37.2 -37.8 -38.3 -38.9 -39.4 -20 -28.9 -29.4 -30.0 -30.6 -31.1 -31.7 -32.2 -32.8 -33.3 -33.9 -10 -23.3 -23.9 -24.4 -25.0 -25.6 -26.1 -26.7 -27.2 -27.8 -28.3 0 -17.8 -18.3 -18.9 -19.4 -20.0 -20.6 -21.1 -21.7 -22.2 -22.8 + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 -17.8 -17-.2 -16.7 -16.1 -15.6 -15.0 -14.4 -13.9 -13.3 -12.8 10 -12.2 -11.7 -11.1 -10.6 -10.0 -9.4 -8.9 -8.3 -7.8 -7.2 20 -6.7 -6.1 -5.6 -5.0 -4.4 -3.9 -3.3 -2.8 -2.2 -1.7 30 -1.1 -0.6 0.0 0.6 1.1 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.3 3.9 40 4.4 5.0 5.6 6.1 6.7 7.2 7.8 8.3 8.9 9.4 50 10.0 10.6 11.1 11.7 12.2 12.8 13.3 13.9 14.4 15.0 60 15.6 16.1 16.7 17.2 17.8 18.3 18.9 19.4 20.0 20.6 70 21.1 21.7 22.2 22.8 23.3 23.9 24.4 25.0 25.6 26.1 80 26.7 27.2 27.8 28.3 28.9 29.4 30.0 30.6 31.1 31.7 90 32.2 32.8 33.3 33.9 34.4 35.0 35.6 36.1 36.7 37.2 1 0 0 37.8 38.3 38.9 39.4 40.0 40.6 41.1 41.7 42.2 42.8 110 43.3 43.9 44.4 45.0 45.6 46.1 46.7 47.2 47.8 48.3 120 48.9 49.4 50.0 50.6 51.1 51.7 52.2 52.8 53.3 53.9 1 3 0 54.4 55.0 55.6 56.1 56.7 57.2 57.8 58.3 58.9 59.4 140 60.0 60.6 61.1 61.7 62.2 62.8 63.3 63.9 64.4 65.0 150 65.6 66.1 66.7 67.2 67.8 68.3 68.9 69.4 70.0 70.6 160 71.1 71.7 72.2 72.8 73.3 73.9 74.4 75.0 75.6 76.1 170 76.7 77.2 77.8 78.3 78.9 79.4 80.0 80.6 81.1 81.7 166 Conversion Factors

Ohm’s Law & Joule’s Law Ohm’s Law Joule’s Law V = IR P = IV V = voltage in volts P = power in watts I = current in amperes I = current in amperes R = resistance in ohms V = voltage in volts

Equations Summary of Ohm’s & Joule’s Laws

Ohms Law (1863) A Law in Electricity: the strength of a direct current is directly proportional to the potential difference and inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit (Georg Simon Ohm - 1870) Miscellaneous Data & Constants 167

75 Ohm Attenuator Table & Equation Loss T-Attenuator Pi-Attenuator (dB) Resistor (Ohm) Resistor (Ohm) a b c d 0.5 2.16 1302.16 2606.49 4.32 1.0 4.31 650.00 1304.32 8.65 1.5 6.46 432.14 870.75 13.02 2.0 8.60 322.86 654.32 17.42 2.5 10.72 257.01 524.75 21.89 3.0 12.82 212.89 438.60 26.42 4.0 16.97 157.24 331.46 35.77 5.0 21.01 123.36 267.73 45.60 6.0 24.92 100.40 225.71 56.03 7.0 28.69 83.70 196.09 67.20 8.0 32.29 70.96 174.21 79.27 9.0 35.72 60.89 157.49 92.38 10.0 38.96 52.70 144.37 106.73 11.0 42.02 45.92 133.87 122.49 12.0 44.89 40.22 125.32 139.87 13.0 47.56 35.35 118.27 159.11 14.0 50.05 31.17 112.39 180.46 15.0 52.35 27.55 107.44 204.21 16.0 54.48 24.39 103.25 230.67 17.0 56.43 21.62 99.67 260.18 18.0 58.23 19.19 96.60 293.15 19.0 59.87 17.04 93.96 330.01 20.0 61.36 15.15 91.67 371.25 168 75 Ohm Attenuator Table & Equations

The equations necessary to calculate the resistance values in ohms for T and Pi pad Attenuators are as follows:

where: n = loss in dB z = impedance value in Ohm To obtain resistance values at various impedances, simply multiply the resistances by the impedance value.

Example: Given n = 2.0, calculate the resistance values for a 75 Ohm T-Attenuator: Passive & Coaxial Cable Characteristics 169

Cable and Equalizer Formulas

1. Cable Loss Ratio The ratio of cable attenuation at two frequencies is approximately equal to the square root of the ratio of the two frequencies.

Example: T o calculate the approximate cable loss at 55 MHz when the loss at 450 MHz is 20 dB,

2. Tilt to Cable Loss To convert tilt (differential in signal level between end frequencies of the cable bandpass) to cable loss at the highest frequency:

Example: T o calculate the cable loss at the highest frequency when the measured tilt is 12 dB between 55 and 450 MHz 170 Cable and Equalizer Formulas

3. Equalizer Loss at any Frequency To calculate the equalizer loss at any frequency, the following formula may be used:

Example: T o calculate the loss of an equalizer for 20 dB of cable at 450 MHz at a frequency f1 of 55 MHz, Cable Loss Conversion Chart 171 Use this chart to find a cable span’s attenuation at a new frequency if you already know its attenuation at one frequency. If you know the cable loss at f1 and want to find the corresponding loss at a higher frequency f2 multiply the loss at f1 by the conversion factor. The result is the cable loss at f2. If you know the cable loss at f2 and want to find the corresponding loss at a lower frequency f1 divide the loss at f2 by the conversion factor. The result is the cable loss at f1.

f1 f2 f1 f2 (MHz) (MHz) (MHz) (MHz) 220 270 1.108 400 440 1.049 220 300 1.168 400 500 1.118 220 330 1.225 400 550 1.173 220 400 1.348 400 600 1.225 220 440 1.414 400 750 1.369 220 500 1.508 400 860 1.466 220 550 1.581 400 1000 1.581 220 600 1.651 270 300 1.054 440 500 1.066 270 330 1.106 440 550 1.118 270 400 1.217 440 600 1.168 270 440 1.277 440 750 1.306 270 500 1.361 440 860 1.398 270 550 1.427 440 1000 1.508 270 600 1.491 300 330 1.049 500 550 1.049 300 400 1.155 500 600 1.095 300 440 1.211 500 750 1.225 300 500 1.291 500 860 1.311 300 550 1.354 500 1000 1.414 300 600 1.414 330 400 1.101 550 600 1.044 330 440 1.155 550 750 1.168 330 500 1.231 550 860 1.250 330 550 1.291 550 1000 1.348 330 600 1.348 1000 1250 1.118 330 750 1.508 1000 1500 1.225 330 860 1.614 1000 1750 1.323 330 1000 1.741 1000 2000 1.414 1000 2150 1.466 Example: If a cable span attenuates a 220 MHz signal by 10 dB, by how much will it attenuate a 300 MHz signal? Loss at 300 MHz = Loss at 220 MHz x conversion factor = 10 dB x 1.168 = 11.68 dB 172 Cable Loss and Temperature

This equation calculates the percentage of change in cable attenuation (loss) caused by a temperature change: % change in cable loss = 1.1% per 10° F This equation calculates the change in cable loss in a span of cable, expressed in dB. change in cable loss (in dB) = standard loss x % change in cable loss

Example: If the standard loss is 22 dB* when the temperature is 70°F and the temperature drops to -40°F, what is the change in attenuation for that cable span?

1. Determine the number of degrees of temperature change. T = T2 - T1 = (-40°F) - 70°F = (-110° F) 2. Find the percent change in cable loss. % change = 1% per 10°F x (-110°F) = (1%/10°F) x (-110°F) = - 11%

3. Find the dB change in the span’s loss. Change in cable loss (in dB) = -11% x 22 dB = -2.42 dB

So, if the span’s loss was 22 dB at 70°F it becomes 22 dB + (-2.42 dB) = 19.58 dB at -40°F.

Changes in cable loss accumulate over multiple cable spans and can cause performance degradation if not controlled by AGC/ASC units. Typical Cable Attenuation Chart 173 in dB/100 Feet @ 68°F (20°C) 174 Directional Couplers Insertion Loss

Indoor Outdoor

TAP TAP THRU-LINE VALUE NO. OF THRU-LINE MODEL VALUE LOSS (dB) STOCK # (dB) OUTPUTS LOSS (dB) STOCK NO. (dB) @450 MHz @1000 MHz SRT-1 @450 MHz @1000 MHz 4 Terminated 1940-4 4 4.0 4.5 8 4.1 4.8 1940-6 6 3.5 4.0 11 2.2 3.7 DMT-1000-2 14 1.7 2.4 1940-9 9 1.6 2.0 17 1.4 2.2 1940-12 12 1 1.5 2.0 #3852 20 1.0 1.5 1940-16 16 0.7 1.5 23 1.0 1.5 1940-20 20 0.7 1.5 26 1.0 1.5 1940-24 24 0.6 1.5 29 1.0 1.5 1940-27 27 0.6 1.5 32 1.0 1.5 1940-30 30 0.6 1.5 35 1.0 1.5 SRT-2A @450 MHz @1000 MHz 8 Terminated 1942-4 4 Terminated 11 4.0 4.9 1942-8 8 3.2 3.5 14 2.2 3.7 1942-11 11 2.5 3.0 DMT-1000-4 17 1.6 2.2 1942-14 14 1.2 2.2 20 1.3 2.0 1942-17 17 1.0 1.8 #3854 23 1.2 1.8 1942-20 20 2 0.9 1.2 26 1.0 1.5 1942-23 23 0.9 1.2 29 1.1 1.5 1942-26 26 0.7 1.2 32 1.2 1.5 1942-29 29 0.7 1.2 35 1.2 1.5 1942-32 32 0.7 1.2 11 Terminated @450 MHz @1000 MHz 14 4.2 4.9 SRT-4A 17 2.4 3.5 Terminated 1944-8 8 DMT-1000-8 20 1.7 2.6 1944-11 11 3.8 4.4 23 1.3 2.2 1944-14 14 2.3 2.5 #3858 26 1.2 1.5 1944-17 17 1.5 2.0 29 1.2 1.5 1944-20 20 1.2 1.4 32 1.2 1.5 1944-23 23 4 1.0 1.2 35 1.2 1.5 1944-26 26 0.9 1.0 1944-29 29 0.8 1.0 TAP THRU-LINE 1944-32 32 0.8 1.0 MODEL VALUE LOSS (dB) 1944-35 35 0.8 1.0 STOCK NO. (dB) @450 MHz @1000 MHz SRT-8A @450 MHz @1000 MHz TL-PI-1000 #3850 N/A 1.2 1.5 1948-11 11 Terminated 1948-14 14 3.8 4.3 TLS-1000 8 2.9 3.2 1948-17 17 2.1 2.3 #3851 12 1.2 2.2 1948-20 20 1.3 1.8 16 1.2 2.2 1948-23 23 0.8 1.2 TLS-1000-2 N/A 4.6 5.7 1948-26 26 8 0.7 1.0 #3855 1948-29 29 0.6 0.8 TLS-1000-3 N/A 7.0 9.0 1948-32 32 0.6 0.8 #3856 1948-35 35 0.6 0.8 TLS-1000-3U N/A 5.0/8.5 6.0/9.2 #3857 (unbalanced)

Please refer to the Blonder Tongue catalog for more detailed specifications common to indoor and outdoor passives. Fiber Optics 175

Siecor MIC™ Cable Fiber Identification Guide (SOLID) (DASHED) (STRIPED) 1 -1O 11 -20 21-30 1 Blue 11 Blue + Black Dash 21 Blue + Black Stripe 2 Orange 12 Orange+ Black Dash 22 Orange+ Black Stripe 3 Green 13 Green+ Black Dash 23 Green+ Black Stripe 4 Brown 14 Brown+ Black Dash 24 Brown+ Black Stripe 5 Slate 15 Slate+ Black Dash 25 Slate+ Black Stripe 6 White 16 White+ Black Dash 26 White+ Black Stripe 7 Red 17 Red+ Black Dash 27 Red+ Black Stripe 8 Black 18 Black+ White Dash 28 Black+ White Stripe 9 Yellow 19 Yellow+ Black Dash 29 Yellow+ Black Stripe 10 Violet 20 Violet+ Black Dash 30 Violet+ Black Stripe

Standard Single Mode Fiber Wavelength Attenuation Dispersion 1310 nm 0.35 dB/km 3 ps/(nm•km) 1550 nm 0.24 dB/km 19 ps/(nm•km)

Wavelength Division Multiplexers (WDM) Wavelengths 1310/1550 nm Bandpass + 20 nm Insertion Loss < 0.5 dB Directivity ≥ 60 dB

Amphenol Optical Connectors SC-FC/APC Super SC-FC/PC Insertion Loss ≤ 0.3 dB ≤ .15 dB Back Reflection ≤ -65 dB ≤ -45 dB 176 Fiber Optics Converting MW to DBM Use the conversion table below, to convert milliwatts (mW) to decibel milliwatts (dBm).

mW dBm mW dBm 0.1 -10.0 2.0 3.01 0.2 -6.99 3.0 4.77 0.3 -5.23 4.0 6.02 0.4 -3.97 5.0 6.99 0.5 -3.00 6.0 7.78 0.6 -2.20 7.0 8.45 0.7 -1.55 8.0 9.03 0.8 -0.96 9.0 9.54 0.9 -0.45 10.0 10.00 1.0 0.00 11.0 10.41 1.1 0.41 12.0 10.79 1.2 0.79 13.0 11.14 1.3 1.14 14.0 11.46 1.4 1.46 15.0 11.76 1.5 1.76 16.0 12.04 1.6 2.04 17.0 12.30 1.7 2.30 18.0 12.55 1.8 2.55 19.0 12.79 1.9 2.79 20.0 13.01 177

Optical Coupler Design Tool

Coupler Ports Ratio Loss (dB) 1 x 2 50/50 3.6/3.6 40/60 4.7/2.7 30/70 6.0/1.9 20/80 7.9/1.2 10/90 11.3/0.6 5/95 15.1/0.5 Coupler Ports Ratio Loss (dB) 1 x 3 33/33/33 6.0/6.0/6.0 40/30/30 4.7/6.4/6.4 50/25/25 3.6/7.3/7.3 60/20/20 2.7/8.4/8.4 70/15/15 1.9/9.6/9.6 80/10/10 1.2/11.3/11.3 Coupler Ports Ratio Loss (dB) 1 x 4 25% per port 7.3 per port Coupler Ports Ratio Loss (dB) 1 x 6 16.6% per port 9.7 per port Coupler Ports Ratio Loss (dB) 1 x 8 12.5% per port 10.8 per port

179

10 FCC RULES FCC Highlights...... 180 FCC Rules...... 188 180 Highlights of FCC Rules & Regulations Part 76 ! This section is a summary of FCC specifications that CATV systems are required to meet. This section was created so technicians and engineers could have a ready reference at their fingertips. All specifications in this handbook were taken from Title 47 Telecommunications, part 76.605 from the FCC. It spells out the rule, standard, number of channels to be tested, frequency of testing, and equipment needed to perform each test. The intention of this section is to summarize FCC specifications it is not intended to replace them. Consult the current editions of all specifications and regulations for complete and detailed requirements. Aeronautical Operational Requirements Frequency Offsets All carrier signals or signal components carried at an average power level equal to or greater than 10-4 watts in a 25 kHz bandwidth in any 160 microseconds period must operate at frequencies offset from certain frequencies which may be used by aeronautical radio services operated by FCC licensees or by the United States Government or its Agencies. The following table summarizes the frequency offset requirements.

Frequency Offsets Frequency Band(Standard and IRC) Offset Tolerance 118-137, 225-325.6 and 335.4-400 MHz 12.5 kHz ±5 kHz 108-118 and 328.6-335.4 MHz 25.0 kHz ±5 kHz For Harmonically Related Carrier (HRC) systems, the fundamental frequency from which the visual carrier frequencies are derived should be a multiple of 6.0003 MHz ±1 Hz http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Cable/WWW/aeronaut.html 181 Aeronautical Frequency Notifications Cable operators planning to use the frequencies in the communications and navigational frequency bands must notify the FCC prior to the activation of these frequencies. The aeronautical operational requirements in the aeronautical bands are contained in 47 CFR Sections 76.610-76.616. Each notification shall include an FCC Form 159. ❏ Legal name and local address of the cable television operator; ❏ The names and FCC identifiers (e.g. CA0001) of the system communities affected; ❏ The names and telephone numbers of local system officials who are responsible for compliance with 76.610, 76.611, and 76.612 through 76.616 of the rules; ❏ Carrier and subcarrier frequencies and tolerance, type of modulation and the maximum average power levels of all carriers and subcarriers occurring at any location in the cable distribution system; ❏ The geographical coordinates of a point near the center of the cable system, together with the distance (in kilometers) from the designated point to the most remote point of the cable plant, existing or planned, which defines a circle enclosing the entire cable plant; ❏ A description of the routine monitoring procedure to be used; ❏ The cumulative leakage index derived under 76.611 (a) (1) or the results of airspace measurements derived under 76.611 (a)(2), including a description of the method by which compliance with the basic signal leakage criteria is achieved and the method of calibrating the measurement equipment. Use FCC Form 320 to submit the results. 182 Highlights of FCC Rules & Regulations Part 76

Visual Carrier Center Frequency Tolerance: aeronautical channels ± 5 KHz indicated by asterisk. For all other channels no specific tolerance indicated by FCC. Good engineering practice ± 10 KHz for non broadcast. Local VHF broadcasts carried “on channel” should be zero frequency tolerance. See Option 14 in Section 1.

Rule 76.605 (a)(2) Aural Carrier Center Frequency Standard 4.5 MHz 5 kHz at subscriber terminal & out put of modulating or processing equipment Number Of Channels 4 channels minimum, plus 1 channel for every 100 MHz or fractional increase: 5 Channels/54-216 MHz 6 Channels/54-300 MHz 7 Channels/54-400 MHz 8 Channels/54-500 MHz Frequency Of Testing Two times per year Type Of Equipment Spectrum analyzer, frequency counter, or automated testing system

Rule 76.605 (a)(3) Minimum Visual Carrier Level Standard 0 dBmV at subscriber terminal and 3.0 dBmV at end of 100 ft. drop cable connected to tap Number Of Channels All NTSC or similar video channels Frequency Of Testing Two times per year Type Of Equipment SLM system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system 183

Rule 76.605 (a)(4) Visual Carrier Level 24 Hour Variation

Standard Not to vary more than 8 dB within any six month interval (measured before the converter) Number Of Channels All NTSC or similar video channels Frequency Of Testing In July/August and January/February, 1 test each channel every 6 hours for each 24 hour test Type Of Equipment SLM, system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system

Rule 76.605 (a)(4)(i) Maximum Signal Level of Adjacent Channel

Standard W ithin 3 dB of any visual carrier within 6 MHz Number Of Channels All NTSC or similar video channels Frequency Of Testing In July/August and January/February, 1 test each channel every 6 hours for each 24 hour test Type Of Equipment SLM system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system 184 Highlights of FCC Rules & Regulations Part 76

Rule 76.605 (a) (4) (ii) Minimum/Maximum Bandwidth

Standard W ithin 10 dB of the visual signal on any other channel on a cable system of up to 300 MHz. A 1 dB increase in level separation for each additional 100 MHz of bandwidth 11 dB for a 400 MHz System 12 dB for a 500 MHz System 13 dB for a 600 MHz System Number Of Channels All NTSC or similar video channels Frequency Of Testing In July/August and January/February, 1 test each channel every 6 hours for each 24 hour test Type Of Equipment SLM, system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system

Rule 76.605 (a) (4) (iii) Maximum Visual

Standard A maximum level that will not overload the subscribers terminal or receiver Number Of Channels All NTSC or similar video channels Frequency Of Testing Two times per year Type Of Equipment SLM, system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system 185

Rule 76.605 (a)(5) Aural Carrier Level Standard 1 0 dB to 17 dB below the associated visual signal level. Baseband converter: 6.5 dB to 17 dB below the associated visual-signal level Number Of Channels All NTSC or similar video channels Frequency Of Testing Two times per year Type Of Equipment SLM system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system

Rule 76.605 (a)(6) Amplitude Characteristic of a Single CATV Channel

Standard ± 2 dB from -0.75 MHz to 5.0 MHz from the channels bottom boundary at tap and before converter (prior to Dec. 30, 1999) above lower boundary frequency of CATV channel (referenced to average of the highest and lowest amplitudes) Number Of Channels 4 channels minimum, plus 1 channel for every 100 MHz or fractional increase: 5 Channels/54-216 MHz 6 Channels/54-300 MHz 7 Channels/54-400 MHz 8 Channels/54-500 MHz Frequency Of Testing Two times per year Type Of Equipment Sweep transmitter/receiver, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system 186 Highlights of FCC Rules & Regulations Part 76

Rule 76.605 (a)(7)(ii) Carrier to Noise (C/N) 76.605 (a)(7)(iii) Carrier to Noise (C/N) Standard Carrier to noise shall not be less than: 1) 40 dB (June 30,1993-June 30, 1995) 2) 43 dB (As of July 1,1995) Number Of Channels 4 channels minimum, + 1 channel for every 100 MHz or fractional increase: 5 Channels/54-216 MHz 6 Channels/54-300 MHz 7 Channels/54-400 MHz 8 Channels/54-500 MHz Frequency Of Testing Two times per year Type Of Equipment SLM system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system

Rule 76.605 (a)(8)(i) Visual Signal-to-Coherent Beats Standard Not less than 51 dB for non-coherent (standard) CATV systems Or not less than 47 dB for coherent (HRC/IRC) CATV systems Number Of Channels 4 channels minimum, plus 1 channel for every 100 MHz or fractional increase: 5 Channels/54-216 MHz 6 Channels/54-300 MHz 7 Channels/54-400 MHz 8 Channels/54-500 MHz Frequency Of Testing Two times per year Type Of Equipment SLM system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system 187

Rule 76.605 (a)(9)(i)(ii) Terminal Isolation Standard Not less than 18 dB (manufacturer’s specification) and sufficient to prevent subscriber-caused terminal reflections Number Of Channels 4 channel minimum, plus 1 channel for every 100 MHz or fractional increase: 5 Channels/54-216 MHz 6 Channels/54-300 MHz 7 Channels/54-400 MHz 8 Channels/54-500 MHz Frequency Of Testing Two times per year Type Of Equipment Manufacturer’s specifications

Rule 76.605 (a)(10) Hum Standard Not to exceed 3% of visual signal level Number Of Channels Only on a single channel with a single unmodulated carrier Frequency Of Testing Two times per year Testing Type Of Equipment SLM system analyzer, spectrum analyzer, or automated test system 188 FCC Rules

Cumulative Leakage Index Cumulative Leakage Index (CLI), also referred to as a “figure of merit” measurement, is a method for assessing the leakage integrity of a cable plant. The cable operator demonstrates compliance with a cumulative signal leakage index by showing either that:

using either:

where:

and where: r = Distance in meters (m) between the leakage source and the center of the cable system. ø = Fraction of the system cable length actually examined for leakage sources. The fraction is equal to the strand miles tested divided by total strand miles. R = Slant height distance (m) from leakage source i to a point 3,000 meters above the center of the cable system. E = Electric field strength in microvolts per meter (µV/m) measured 3 meters from leak i. n = Number of leaks found with a field strength ≥ 50 µV/m. 189

Cumulative Leakage Index - continued The following formula may be substituted to determine the CLI figure of merit. Compliance is attained if the formula yields a figure of merit less than or equal to 64.

where: Mp = Total Plant Miles (miles) Md = Total Plant Miles Driven (miles) n = Number of leaks with the same level L = Level of the leak in microvolts per meter (µV/m) k = Number of different levels

Example: Given the following information about a cable system, determine the CLI. Mp = Total plant miles = 1500 miles Md = Plant miles driven = 1350 miles Number of leaks and level of each in µV/m = n1 = 300 leaks @ L1 = 50 µV/m n2 = 30 leaks @ L2 = 100 µV/m n3 = 3 leaks @ L3 = 450 µV/m Sum of: niLi2 + n2L22 + n3L32 = (300 x 50 x 50) + (30 x 100 x 100) + (3 x 450 x 450) = 750000 + 300000 + 607500 = 1657500 CLI = 10 log (1.11 x 1657500) = 10 log (1839825) = 62.65 ≤ 64 190 FCC Rules Maximum Leakage Levels The following table gives the maximum leakage levels at the given channels and voltage level.

Visual 20 µV/M 50 µV/m Visual 20 µV/M 50 µV/m CH# Carrier (dBmV) (dBmV) CH# Carrier (dBmV) (dBmV) T-7 7.0000 -17.33 -9.37 25 229.2625 -47.63 -39.67 T-8 13.0000 -22.70 -14.74 26 235.2625 -47.85 -39.90 T-9 19.0000 -26.00 -18.04 27 241.2625 -48.07 -40.11 T-10 25.0000 -28.38 -20.42 28 247.2625 -48.29 -40.33 T-11 31.0000 -30.25 -22.29 29 253.2625 -48.50 -40.54 T-12 37.0000 -31.79 -23.83 30 259.2625 -48.70 -40.74 T-13 43.0000 -33.09 -25.13 31 265.2625 -48.90 -40.94 2 55.2500 -35.27 -27.31 32 271.2625 -49.09 -41.13 3 61.2500 -36.17 -28.21 33 277.2625 -49.28 -41.32 4 67.2500 -36.98 -29.02 34 283.2625 -49.47 -41.51 5 77.2500 -38.18 -30.22 35 289.2625 -49.65 -41.69 6 83.2500 -38.83 -30.87 36 295.2625 -49.83 -41.87 14 121.2625 -42.10 -34.14 37 301.2625 -50.00 -42.04 15 127.2625 -42.52 -34.56 38 307.2625 -50.17 -42.22 16 133.2625 -42.92 -34.96 39 313.2625 -50.34 -42.38 17 139.2500 -43.30 -35.34 40 319.2625 -50.51 -42.55 18 145.2500 -43.67 -35.71 41 325.2625 -50.67 -42.71 19 151.2500 -44.02 -36.06 42 331.2625 -50.83 -42.87 20 157.2500 -44.36 -36.40 43 337.2625 -50.98 -43.02 21 163.2500 -44.68 -36.72 44 343.2625 -51.14 -43.18 22 169.2500 -44.99 -37.04 45 349.2625 -51.29 -43.33 7 175.2500 -45.30 -37.34 46 355.2625 -51.43 -43.48 8 181.2500 -45.59 -37.63 47 361.2625 -51.58 -43.62 9 187.2500 -45.87 -37.91 48 367.2625 -51.72 -43.76 10 193.2500 -46.15 -38.19 49 373.2625 -51.86 -43.91 11 199.2500 -46.41 -38.45 50 379.2625 -52.00 -44.04 12 205.2500 -46.67 -38.71 51 385.2625 -52.14 -44.18 13 211.2500 -46.92 -38.96 52 391.2625 -52.27 -44.31 23 217.2500 -47.16 -39.20 53 397.2625 -52.41 -44.45 24 223.2500 -47.40 -39.44 54 403.2500 -52.54 -44.58 191

Maximum Leakage Levels - continued

Visual 20 µV/M 50 µV/m Visual 20 µV/M 50 µV/m CH. Carrier (dBmV) (dBmV) CH. Carrier (dBmV) (dBmV) 55 409.2500 -52.66 -44.70 88 607.2500 -56.09 -48.13 56 415.2500 -52.79 -44.83 89 613.2500 -56.18 -48.22 57 421.2500 -52.91 -44.96 90 619.2500 -56.26 -48.30 58 427.2500 -53.04 -45.08 91 625.2500 -56.34 -48.39 59 433.2500 -53.16 -45.20 92 631.2500 -56.43 -48.47 60 439.2500 -53.28 -45.32 93 637.2500 -56.51 -48.55 61 445.2500 -53.40 -45.44 94 643.2500 -56.59 -48.63 62 451.2500 -53.51 -45.55 100 649.2500 -56.67 -48.71 63 457.2500 -53.63 -45.67 101 655.2500 -56.75 -48.79 64 463.2500 -53.74 -45.78 102 661.2500 -56.83 -48.87 65 469.2500 -53.85 -45.89 103 667.2500 -56.91 -48.95 66 475.2500 -53.96 -46.00 104 673.2500 -56.99 -49.03 67 481.2500 -54.07 -46.11 105 679.2500 -57.06 -49.11 68 487.2500 -54.18 -46.22 106 685.2500 -57.14 -49.18 69 493.2500 -54.29 -46.33 107 691.2500 -57.22 -49.26 70 499.2500 -54.39 -46.43 108 697.2500 -57.29 -49.33 71 505.2500 -54.49 -46.54 109 703.2500 -57.37 -49.41 72 511.2500 -54.60 -46.64 110 709.2500 -57.44 -49.48 73 517.2500 -54.70 -46.74 111 715.2500 -57.51 -49.55 74 523.2500 -54.80 -46.84 112 721.2500 -57.59 -49.63 75 529.2500 -54.90 -46.94 113 727.2500 -57.66 -49.70 76 535.2500 -54.99 -47.04 114 733.2500 -57.73 -49.77 77 541.2500 -55.09 -47.13 115 739.2500 -57.80 -49.84 78 547.2500 -55.19 -47.23 116 745.2500 -57.87 -49.91 79 553.2500 -55.28 -47.32 117 751.2500 -57.94 -49.98 80 559.2500 -55.38 -47.42 118 757.2500 -58.01 -50.05 81 565.2500 -55.47 -47.51 119 763.2500 -58.08 -50.12 82 571.2500 -55.56 -47.60 120 769.2500 -58.15 -50.19 83 577.2500 -55.65 -47.69 121 775.2500 -58.21 -50.25 84 583.2500 -55.74 -47.78 122 781.2500 -58.28 -50.32 85 589.2500 -55.83 -47.87 123 787.2500 -58.35 -50.39 86 595.2500 -55.92 -47.96 124 793.2500 -58.41 -50.45 87 601.2500 -56.00 -48.05 125 799.2500 -58.48 -50.52 192 FCC Rules

Maximum Leakage Levels - continued

Visual 20 µV/m 50 µV/m Visual 20 µV/M 50 µV/m CH. Carrier (dBmV) (dBmV) CH. Carrier (dBmV) (dBmV) 126 805.2500 -58.54 -50.58 143 907.2500 -59.58 -51.62 127 811.2500 -58.61 -50.65 144 913.2500 -59.64 -51.68 128 817.2500 -58.67 -50.71 145 919.2500 -51.73 -51.73 129 823.2500 -58.73 -50.78 146 925.2500 -59.75 -51.79 130 829.2500 -58.80 -50.84 147 931.2500 -59.81 -51.85 131 835.2500 -58.86 -50.90 148 937.2500 -59.86 -51.90 132 841.2500 -58.92 -50.96 149 943.2500 -59.92 -51.96 133 847.2500 -58.98 -51.03 150 949.2500 -59.97 -52.01 134 853.2500 -59.05 -51.09 151 955.2500 -60.03 -52.07 135 859.2500 -59.11 -51.15 152 961.2500 -60.08 -52.12 136 865.2500 -59.17 -51.21 153 967.2500 -60.13 -52.18 137 871.2500 -59.23 -51.27 154 973.2500 -60.19 -52.23 138 877.2500 -59.29 -51.33 155 979.2500 -60.24 -52.28 139 883.2500 -59.35 -51.39 156 985.2500 -60.29 -52.34 140 889.2500 -59.40 -51.45 157 991.2500 -60.35 -52.39 141 895.2500 -59.46 -51.50 158 997.2500 -60.40 -52.44 142 901.2500 -59.52 -51.56

Determine the maximum leakage levels by using the following equation:

where: L = Maximum leakage level (dBmV) ƒ E = Voltage ƒ = Visual Carrier Frequency (MHz) Step 1 Convert dBmV to µV. Use tables in Section 6 to convert dBmV to mV. Multiply mV by 1000 to set µV. Step 2 Convert µV to µV/m. Multiply µV times frequency (in MHz) times .021 193

Common CATV Symbols...... 194 Common IPTV Symbols...... 196 CATV & IPTV Acronyms...... 198 Basic Glossary of CATV & IPTV Terms...230 Useful Websites and Publications...... 235

11 SYMBOLS & ACRONYMS 194 Common CATV Symbols Common CATV Symbols 195 196 Common IPTV Symbols Common IPTV Symbols 197 198 CATV & IPTV Acronyms

1xRTT Single AAC Advanced Audio ADI Asynchronous Carrier Radio Codec Digital Interface Transmission Technology AAC Advanced Audio Ad-ID Advertising- Compression Digital Interface 3DES Triple Data Encryption AACS Advanced Access ADM Add/Drop Standard Content System Multiplexing Administration 3DTV Three ABSBH Average Busy Dimensional Season Busy Hour ADSL Asymmetric Television Digital AC Access Category Subscriber Line 3G 3rd Generation AC Alternating Current AES Advanced 3GPP Third Generation Encryption Standard Partnership AC_BE Access Category Project – Best Effort AF Assured Forwarding

4C Consortium AC_BK Access Category AFF Adaptive Field/ of Intel, IBM, – BacKground Frame Matsushita, and AC_VI Access Category Toshiba AGC Automatic Gain – VIdeo Control 5C Consortium AC_VO Access Category of Intel, Sony, AGW Access Gateway – VOice Matsushita, AI Artificial Intelligence Toshiba, and AC-3 Audio Coding Hitachi Revision 3 AIFS Arbitration InterFrame Space A/D Analog to Digital ACE Advanced Component AIN Advanced A/D/A Analog to Digital Exchange Intelligent Network to Analog ACK Acknowledge AIS Alarm Indication A/O Additional Outlet Signal ACL Access Control List A/V Audio/Video AIT Application ACL Applications AAA Authentication, Information Table Connection-Less Authorization, AKA Authentication and and Accounting ACM Adaptive Coding Key Agreement and Modulation AAAA American ALG Application Layer Association of AD Activity Detection Gateway Advertising Agencies ADI Asset Distribution AM Amplitude Interface Modulation 199

AM Application Manager APON ATM-based ASI Asynchronous Passive Optical Serial Interface AMA Automatic Network Message AsiaPac Asia Pacific Accounting Apps Applications ASIC Application- AMOL Automated APS Automatic Specific Measurement Of Protection Integrated Circuit Lineup Switching ASM Asset A-MPDU Aggregated MAC APSK Amplitude Phase Management (Media Access Shift Keying System Control) Protocol Data Unit ARCNET Attached Resource ASP Advanced Computer Network Streaming Profile AMS Asset Management ASP Average Selling System Price ARDP Advanced Return ANA Association Path Modulator ASR Access Switch Router of National Advertisers ARF Advertising Research ASTB Advanced Set- Foundation and Top Box ANC Announcement Businesses ASTD American Society ANF Aggregate Noise ARIN American Registry of for Training and Factor Internet Numbers Development

ANP Announcement ARP Address Resolution AT Advanced Player Protocol Technology

ANSI American National ARPU Average Revenue ATA Advanced Standards Institute per Unit (or User) Technology Attachment AOD Advertising On AS Application Server Demand ATDMA Asynchronous ASAP As Soon As Possible Time Division AoR Address of Record Multiple Access ASCII American AP Audio Processor Standard Code ATM Asynchronous for Information Transfer Mode AP Automatic Power Interchange ATSC Advanced Television APD Avalanche Photo ASF Advanced Systems Committee Diode Streaming Format ATTN Attenuator API Application Programming ASF Advanced AUP Acceptable Use Interface Systems Format Policy 200 CATV & IPTV Acronyms

AV Audio/Video BDR Baseband Digital BOOTP Bootstrap Protocol Reverse AV Audiovisual BP Boundary Point BE Best Effort AVC Advanced Video BPDU Bridge Protocol Coding BER Bit Error Rate Data Unit

AVI Advanced Video BERT Bit Error Rate Test BPF Band-Pass Filter Interface BFS Broadcast File BPI Baseline Privacy AWGN Additive White System Interface Gaussian Noise BFT Broadcast File BPI+ Baseline Privacy AWT Abstract Window Transfer Interface Plus Toolkit BGCF Breakout BPL Broadband over B2B Business to Gateway Control Power Line Business Function B-PON Broadband B2BUA Back-to-Back BGP Border Gateway Passive Optical User Agent Protocol Network

B2C Business to BICSI Building Industry bps Bits Per Second Consumer Consulting Services BRAS Broadband BA Behavioral Remote Access Aggregate BIF Binary Interchange Server Format BAF Bellcore AMA BRI Basic Rate Interface Format bits/ Bits per Symbol sym BRI Brand Rating BB Baseband Index BIU Broadband BB Broadband Interface Unit BRS Broadband Radio Service BC Broadcast BMS Business Management BS Broadcast Services BC/NC Broadcast/ System Narrowcast BSAM Basic Sequential BNC Broadcast Network Access Method BC-BS Backwards- Compatible BNN Bit-Error-Rate in BSAM Broadband Broadcast Services the Noise Notch Services Access Multiplexer BCID Billing Correlation BoD Broadcast on Identifier Demand BSC Base Station

BDF Broadband BOM Bill of Material BSCC Broadcast Stream Digital Forward Client Connector 201

BSS Basic Service Set CAN Cellular Access CCI Copy Control Network Information BSS Business Support System Canitec Camara Nacional CCK Complimentary de la Industria Code Keying BTS Base Transceiver Television por Cable Station CCM Channel Change CapEx Capital Message BTS Business Telecom Expenditure Services CCM Constant Coding CAPMAN Capacity and Modulation BTSC Broadcast Television Management Systems Committee CCNR Completion of CAS Conditional Calls No Reply BTU/hr British Thermal Access Server Unit Per Hour CCS Centum Call CAS Conditional Seconds BW Bandwidth Access System CCS Control Compact Disc BYOI Bring Your Own CAT Conditional Infrastructure Access Table CD Chromatic Dispersion C/N Carrier-to-Noise CAT5 Category 5 Ratio CD Compact Disc CATV Community CA Call Agent Antenna Television CDC Changed Data (or Cable Television) Capture CA Conditional Access CB Channel Bonding CDC Connected CA Content Archive Device CB Citizen Band Configuration CAB Cable Advertising Bureau CBR Constant Bit Rate CDL Code DownLoad

CAC Call Admission CBT Computer Based CDMA Code Division Control Testing (or Training) Multiple Access CAD Computer Aided CC Closed Caption CDN Content Delivery Design Network CCA Circuit Card CALA Central America Assembly CDP Cisco Discovery and Latin America Protocol CCCM CPE Controlled CALEA Communications Cable Modem CDR Call Detail Record Assistance for Law Enforcement Act CCDF Complementary CD-ROM Compact Disk-Read Cumulative Only Memory CAM Content Addressable Distribution Function CDT Carrier Definition Memory Table 202 CATV & IPTV Acronyms

CE Consumer CIN Call Indentity CMOS Complimentary Electronics Number Metal-Oxide Semiconductor CE Customer CINIT Centro de Equipment Investigacion e CMS Call Innovacion en Management CEA Consumer Telecomunicaciones Server Electronics Association CIR Committed CMTS Cable Modem Information Rate Termination CEBus Consumer System Electronic Bus CLASS Custom Local Area Signaling CNAM Calling NAMe CEO Chief Executive Services Officer CNIR Carrier-to-Noise/ CLDC Connection Ingress Ratio CEP Cable Entry Point Limited Device Configuration CNR Carrier-to-Noise Ratio CEPCA Consumer Electronics Powerline CLE Customer CNR Chronic Non- Communication Located Responder Alliance Equipment CO Central Office CER Codeword Error Ratio CLEC Common Local Echange Carrier CODEC Coder/Decoder CES Circuit Emulation Service CLI Command Line COFDM Coded Orthogonal Interface Frequency Division CFO Chief Financial Multiplexing Officer CLI Cumulative Leakage Index COLD Central Office CFP Contention Free Layout Design Periods CLR Common Language Run- COPS Common Open CH CableHome™ time Policy Service

Ch Channel CLV Consumer CORBA Common Object Lifetime Value Request Broker CIDR Classless Inter Architecture Domain Routing CM Cable Modem CoS Class of Service CIF Common Image CMCI CM (Cable Modem) Format To CPE (Customer COT Central Office Premises Equipment) Terminal CIFS Common Internet Interface File System CP Copy Protection CMLA Content CIM Common Management License CPD Common Path Information Model Administrator Distortion 203

CPE Customer CR-LDP Constraint- CSV Comma Premises based Label Separated Value Equipment Distribution Protocol CTAM Cable & CPM Cost per Telecommunications Thousand CRM Customer Association for Impressions Relationship Marketing Management CPMS Copy Protection CTB Composite Triple Management CSA Common Beat System Scrambling CTIA Cellular Algorithim CPPM Copy Protection Telecommunications & Internet for Prerecorded CSCF Call State/Session Association Media Control(ler) Function CTO Chief Technology CPRM Content Officer Protection for CSH Central Switch Recordable Media Homerun CVCT Cable Virtual Channel Table CPTWG Copy Protection CSMA/ Carrier Sense Technical CA Multiple Access CW Codeword Working Group with Collision Avoidance CW Continuous Wave CPU Central Processing Unit CSMA/ Carrier Sense CWDM Coarse CD Multiple Access Wavelength CQoS CableHome™ with Collision Division Quality of Service Detection Multiplexing

CQP CableHome™ CSO Composite CWM Common QoS Portal Second Order Warehouse Metamodel CRA Contention CSR Customer Service Resolution Algorithm Representative D&B Dun & Bradstreet

CRC Cyclic Redundancy CS-RZ Carrier- D/E Decrypt/Extract Check Suppressed Return-to-Zero DA Destination Address CRC Cyclic Redundancy CSS Content DAB Digital Audio Check Scrambling Broadcast System CRG CableHome™ DAC Descrambler Residential CSU/ Channel Service Authorization Gateway DSU Unit/Data Center Service Unit CRL Certificate DAC Digital Addressable Revocation List 204 CATV & IPTV Acronyms

DAC Digital to Analog DC Directional Coupler DCR Digital Cable Ready Converter DC Dispersion DCS Digital Cross- DANIS Digital Addressable Compensator connect System Network Interface System DCA Digital Cable DCT Digital Application Communications DARPA Defense Advanced (Cable) Terminal Research Projects D- Dynamic Capacity Agency CAPMAN Management DCT Discrete Cosine DAS Direct Attached Transform Storage; DCAS Downloadable Distributed Conditional DCT Discrete Cosine Antenna System Access System Transform

DASE Digital TV Application DCC Data DE Default Software Environment Communication Channel DeCSS Defeat Content DAT Digital Audio Tape Scrambling DCC Dynamic System DAT DOCSIS® Set- Channel Change top Gateway DEM DigiCipher Even Address Table DCD Disconnection Delay Manager

DAVIC Digital Audio DCD Downstream DENI Digital Visual Council Channel Entertainment DB Database Descriptor Networking Initiative dB Decibel DCE Data Circuit Comm Equipment DES Data Encryption dBc Decibel Referenced Standard to the Carrier DCF Dispersion Compensating DES Digital dBFS Decibel Below Fiber Encryption Full Scale Standard DCF Distributed dBm Decibel milliwatt Coordination DF Delivery Function Function dBmV Decibel milliVolt DFAST Dynamic Feedback DCII DigiCipher® II Arrangement DBPSK Differential Scrambling Binary Phase DCM Dispersion Technique Shift Keying Compensation Module DFB Distributed DBS Direct Broadcast Feedback Satellite DCP Device Control Protocol DHCP Dynamic Host DC DigiCipher® DCP Digital Convergence Configuration Protocol DC Direct Current Platform 205

DHEI DigiCable DMIF Delivery DRAM Dynamic Random Headend Multimedia Access Memory Expansion Integration Interface Framework DRC Dynamic Range Control DHWG Digital Home DML Direct Modulated Working Group Distributed DRM Digital Rights Feedback Laser Management DiffServ Differentiated Services DNCS Digital Network DS Downstream Control System Div Division DS0 Digital Signal 0 (zero) DNS Domain Name DIX DEC-Intel-Xerox System DSA Dynamic Service Addition DLCI Data Link DOA Dead on Arrival Connection Identifier DSCP Differentiated DOCS DOCSIS Diagnostic Service Code Point DLL Data Link Layer DIAG Program DSE Digital Service DLNA Digital Living DOCSIS® Data-Over-Cable Encoder Network Alliance Service Interface Specifications DSG DOCSIS® Set- DLS Down Load Server top Gateway DOCSIS® DOCSIS® Radio DM Degraded Modem -RFI Frequency Interface DSL Digital Subscriber Line DM Demodulator DoD Department of Defense DSLAM Digital Subscriber DM Device Manager Line Access DoS Denial of Service Multiplexer DM Dispersion Mitigation DPI Digital Program DSM Digital Storage Insertion Media, DNCS DMA Designated Session Manager Marketing Area DPON Deep-Fiber Passive Optical Network DSM- Digital Storage DMB Digital CC Medium Command Multimedia DPSK Differential Phase & Control Broadcasting Shift Keying DSM- UN Digital Storage DMC Dual Modem DPT Dynamic Packet CC Media Command Cards Transport and Control User- to-Network DMCA Digital Millennium DQoS Dynamic Quality DSP Digital Signal Copyright Act of Service Processing DMH Degraded DQPSK Differential Quadrature Modem Hours Phase Shift Keying DSP Digital Signal Processor 206 CATV & IPTV Acronyms

DSR Digital Satellite DVB- DVB (Digital Video DVS Digital Video Receiver DSNG Broadcast) Digital Subcommittee Satellite News DSSS Direct Gathering DWDM Dense Sequencing Wavelength Spread Spectrum DVB-H DVB Handheld Division Multiplex DSTB Digital Set-top Box DVB- DVB (Digital RCS Video Broadcast) E/I Encrypt/Insert DS-UWB Direct Sequence Return Channel Ultra-WideBand via Satellite EA-DFB Electro-Absorption Modulator Integrated DS-x Digital Signal (level) DVB-S DVB (Digital Distributed Feedback Video Broadcast Laser DSx Dynamic Service Standard Change EAP Extensible DVB-S DVB Satellite Authentication DTCP Digital Protocol Transmission DVB-T DVB Terrestial Content Protection EAS Emergency Alert DVC Digital Video System DTCP/5C Digital Transmission Compressor Content Protection/5 eBIF Enhanced Binary Companies DVD Digital Versatile Interchange Disc Format DTD Dial Tone Delay DVD+R Recordable EBITDA Earnings Before DTE Data Terminal Digital Versatile Interest, Taxes, Equipment Disc Depreciation, and Amortization DTH Direct To Home DVD+ Rewritable Digital RW Versatile Disc ECC Encryption DTMF Dual Tone Multi- Control Center frequency DVD Digital Versatile CCA Disc Copy Control eCM Embedded Cable DTV Digital Television Association Modem

DUN Dial-Up Networking DVI Display Visual ECM Entitlement Interface Control Message DUT Device Under Test DVNR Digital Vision ECR Efficient Consumer Noise Reducer Response DVB Digital Video Broadcast DVR Digital Video ECR Engineering Recorder Change Request DVB- DVB (Digital ASI Video Broadcast) DVS Digital Video EDC Electronic Asynchronous Standard Dispersion Serial Interface Compensator 207

EDCA Enhanced EIRP Effective Isotropic EoS Ethernet over Distributed Radiated Power SONET Channel Access EIS/SCS Event Information EP End Point EDFA Erbium Doped Scheduler/ Fiber Amplifier SimulCrypt EPG Electronic Synchronizer Program Guide EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global ELA Ethernet Line EPL Ethernet Private Line Evolution Aggregation EPON Ethernet Passive eDOCSIS™ Embedded E-LSP EXP-Inferred-PSC Optical Network Data-Over-Cable Label Switch Service Interface Path EPRI Electric Power Specifications Research EM Element Manager Institute EEPROM Electronically Erasable EMC Encoder Monitor EPROM Electrically Readable Programmable and Control Programmable Read Only Read Only Memory Memory EMEA Europe, Middle East and Asia EQAM Edge QAM EF Expedited EMI Electro-Magnetic Forwarding ER Edge Router Interference EFM Ethernet in the ERIM Erasmus Research First Mile EML Externally Institute of Modulated Laser Management EFMS Error Free Milliseconds EMM Entitlement ERM Edge Resource Management Manager EFS Error Free Seconds Message ERS Encryption EHDR Extended Header EMS Element Renewal System Management EIA Electronics Industry System ES Errored Seconds Association eMTA Embedded ES Exclusive Session EIC Entertainment, Multimedia Information, and Terminal Adapter ESC Embedded Communications Signaling Channel ENDEC Encode/Decode EIGRP Enhanced ESCON Enterprise Interior Gateway ENUM Electronic System Routing Protocol Numbering Connection

EIR Excess E-O Electrical-Optical ESF Extended Information Rate SuperFrame EoD Everything on Demand 208 CATV & IPTV Acronyms

ES Errored Seconds ExCCI Extended CC FF Fast Forward

ES Exclusive Session EX-MOD Externally FFT Fast Fourier Modulated Transform ESC Embedded Signaling EXP Experimental FGPS FEC, Guard Channel time, Preamble, FastE Fast Ethernet Stuffing bytes ESCON Enterprise System Connection FAT File Allocation Table FHCS Fragment Header Check ESF Extended FBI Federal Bureau Sequence SuperFrame of Investigation FHSS Frequency ESM EOD Server Manager FC Fiber Channel Hopping Spread Spectrum ESP Encapsulating FC-AL Fiber Channel – Security Payload Arbitrated Loop FICON Fiber Connection

ETS Event Trigger FCC Federal FIFO First In First Out System Communications Commission FLR Frame Loss Ratio ETSI European Telecommunication FCP Fibre Channel Protocol FM Frequency Standards Institute Modulation FCRC Fragment Cyclic ETTH Ethernet To The Home Redundancy FN Fiber Node Check ETTx Ethernet To The FOADM Fixed Filter x (end point) FDD Frequency Optical Add/ Division Duplexed Drop Multiplexer eTV Enhanced Television FDDI Fiberoptic Digital FOD Free on Demand EVC Ethernet Virtual Data Interface Circuit FOSC Fiber Optic FDIS Final Draft Splice Closure EV-DO Evolution-Data Only International FP Fabry-Perot EVM Error Vector Standard Magnitude FDP Face Description FPM FEC and Packet Multiplexer EVPL Ethernet Virtual FE Fast Ethernet Private Line FQDN Fully Qualified FEC Forward Error Domain Name EVPLAN Ethernet Virtual Private Correction Local Area Network FR Frame Relay FEC Forwarding EXC Electronic Cross Equivalence FRAG Fragmentation Connect Class 209

FS- Full Spectrum GBIC Module GNT Grant CWDM – Coarse Wave Division Gbps Gigabits per Second GOP Group of Pictures Multiplexing GC Gateway GPI General Purpose FSN Full Service Network Interface GCR Group FSO Free Space Optical Configuration G-PON Gigabit Passive Request Optical Network FTA Free to Air GDV Group Delay Variation GPRS General Packet FTP File Transfer Radio Service Protocol GE Gigabit Ethernet GPS Global Positioning FTTB Fiber to the Business GEM Globally System Executable MHP FTTC Fiber to the Curb GQoS Generic Quality GFL Group Flow Label of Service FTTH Fiber to the Home GFP Generalized GR Generic Requirement FTTN Fiber to the Node Framing Procedure GRE Generic Routing FTTP Fiber to the Premises GFP-F Generic Framing Encapsulation Procedure-Framed FTTU Fiber to the User GRM Global Resource GFP-T Generic Framing Manager FTTx Fiber to the (endpoint) Procedure-Transparent GRX GPRS (General FW Firewall GFP-T Transparent Packet Radio Generalized Service) Roaming FWM Four-Wave Mixing Framing Procedure eXchange FXS Foreign GGSN Gateway GPRS GS Global Server eXchange Station Support Node GSM Global System G2B Go2BroadbandSM GHz Gigahertz for Mobile GaAs Gallium Arsenide GigE Gigabit Ethernet communications

GARP Generic Attribute GIGO Garbage In, GSMA Global System Registration Protocol Garbage Out for Mobile communications GB Gigabyte GIS Geographic Association Information GB/s Gigabits per Second System GSRM Global System Resource GbE Gigabit Ethernet GMPLS Generalized Manager MultiProtocol GBIC Gigabit Interface Label Switching GTP GPRS Tunneling Converter Protocol 210 CATV & IPTV Acronyms

GUI Graphical User HDD High Definition HIT Headend Interface Decoder Interface Terminal

GVRP GARP VLAN HDE High Definition HITS Headend In The Sky Registration Encoder Protocol HLR Home Location HDLC High Level Data Register GW Gateway Link Control HMAC keyed-Hashing GWC Gateway HDMI High Definition for Message Multimedia Authentication Code H&S Hub and Spoke Interface HMS Headend HAN Home Area Network HD-PLC High Definition- Management ready Powerline System HAVi Home Audio Video Communications Interoperability HMS Home Media Server HDR Header HCCA Hybrid HMS Hybrid Management Coordination HDT Host Digital Sub-layer function controlled Terminal Channel Access HN Home Network HDTV High Definition H-Net Home Network HCF Hybrid Coordination Television Function HNv1 Home HDVOD High-Definition Networking HCM Hardware Control Video on Demand Message Version 1 HE Headend HCRP Hard Copy Cable HOD HBO On Demand Replacement HEC Headend Cable HOM High-Order HCS Header Check HEM Headend Modem Modulation Sequence HF High Frequency Home Home Phoneline HCT Headend PNA™ Networking Configuration Tool HFC Hybrid Fiber/Coax Alliance

HD Hardware HGW Home Gateway HP Homes Passed

HD High Definition HH HouseHold HPF High Pass Filter

HDBH High-Day Busy Hour HHP Households Passed HPLMN Home Public Land Mobile Network HDCP High-bandwidth HHR Half Horizontal Home Phoneline Digital Content Resolution HPNA Networking Alliance Protection Hi-PHY High Performance HPOV Hewlitt Packard HDD Hard Disk Drive Physical Layer Open View 211

HQ High Quality HVS Human Vision System IDE Integrated Development HRC Harmonically Hz Hertz Environment Related Carriers I/O Input/Output IDE Integrated HSA High Speed Access Device IAG Interactive Advertising Electronics HSCI High Speed Guidelines Cable Interface iDEN integrated IAMS Intelligent Asset Management System Digital Enhanced HSD High Speed Data Network IANA Internet Assigned HSDPA High Speed Downlink Intrusion Detection Numbers Authority IDS Packet Access System IB In-Band HSE HD Service Encoder IDT Integrated Digital Terminal HSI High-Speed Internet ICB Independent Customer Builds IEC International HSP Headset Profile ICC Instant Channel Electrotechnical Commission HSRP Hot Standby Change Router Protocol ICE Information & IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics HSS Home Subscriber Content Exchange Engineers Server ICE Inter Chip Encryption IEEE-SA Institute of Electrical HSS/ High Speed Serial/ and Electronics HLR Home Location Register ICMP Internet Control Engineers Standards Message Protocol Association HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access ICO Incumbent Cable IETF Internet Engineering Operator Task Force HTML Hyper Text Markup Language i-CSCF Interrogating- IF Intermediate Call State Frequency HTPC Home Theatre Control Function Personal Computer IFC Initial First Cost i-CSCF Interrogating-Call HTTP Hyper Text State/Session IGMP Internet Group Transfer Protocol Control(ler) Multicast Protocol Function HVAC Heating, Ventilation, IGRP Interior Gateway and Air Conditioning ID Identifier Routing Protocol

HVAC High Voltage IDC International IKE Internet Key Exchange Alternating Current Data Group Inc. ILEC Incumbent Local HVC HD Video Compressor IDCT Inverse Discrete Exchange Carrier Cosine Transform 212 CATV & IPTV Acronyms

ILMI Interim Link IPM Intelligent Policy ISA Interactive Management Management Service Interface Architecture IPMP Intellectual Property IM Instant Messaging Management & iSCSI Internet Small Protection Computer IMD Intermodulation System Interface Distortion IPPV Impulse Pay Per View ISDB Integrated IMS IP Multimedia IPRM IP Rights Service Digital Subsystem Management Broadcast System INA Interactive ISDB-T Integrated Network Adaptor IPSec Internet Protocol Services Digital Security Broadcasting I-NET Institutional -Terrestrial Network IPTA Internet Protocol Transport ISDN Integrated INP Input Agreement Services Digital Network INA Interface Adaptor IPTV Internet Protocol Television ISI Inter-Symbol INT International Interference IPv4 Internet Protocol IntServ Integrated Services version 4 IS-IS Intermediate System-to- IP Internet Protocol IR Infrared Intermediate System IPAT Internet Protocol IRD Integrated Access Terminal Receiver/Decoder ISM Industrial Scientific Medical IP-CAN Internet Protocol IRI Industrial Cellular Access Reporting Inc ISMS Integrated Service Network Management IRR Internal Rate of System IPCDN IP over Cable Return Data Network ISO International IRT Integrated Organization for IPDR Internet Protocol Receiver/ Standardization Detail Record Transcoder ISP Inside Plant IPDT Internet Protocol IRTDBG Integrated Receiver Digital Terminal Transmitter ISP Internet Service DeBuG Provider IPG Interactive Program Guide IS Information Systems ISTP Internet Signaling IPG Inter-Packet Gap IS International Transport Standard Protocol 213

ISUP Integrated Services JCP Java Community Process ksym/s Kilosymbols Per Second Digital Network User Part JMF Java Medium ksym/ Kilosymbols Per Second Framework sec ISV Independent Software Vendor JND Just Noticeable KTTA Korean Difference Telecommunications IT Information Technology Technology JNI Java Native Interface Association

ITA Interactive JPEG Joint kVA 1000 Volt Amperes Television Photographic kW Kilowatt Association Experts Group l Current ITU International JSR Java Specification Telecommunications Request Union L/R Left/Right JTA Job Task Analysis ITU-T International L2 Level 2 Telecommunication JVM Java Virtual Machine Union - L2TP Layer-2 Tunneling Telecommunication JVT Java Vision Toolkit Standardization Protocol Sector JVT Joint Video Team L2TPv3 Layer-2 iTV Interactive Television k Kilo = 1000 Tunneling Protocol IUC Interval Usage Code kB Kilobyte Version 3

IVR Interactive Voice kb/s Kilobits per Second LAeq Long-term Response A-weighted kbps Kilobits per Second loudness IVRM Intelligent EQuivalent Video Resource KDC Key Distribution Manager Center LAN Local Area Network IWF Internetworking KDCF Korea Digital Function Cable Forum LATA Local Access and Transport Area IWF InterWorking kHz Kilohertz Function LC Local Convergence KLS Key List Server IXC Interexchange LCAS Link Capacity Carrier km Kilometer Adjustment Scheme IXP Internet Exchange KP Kernel Processor Provider LCC Life-Cycle Cost KSA Knowledge, Skills J2ME Java2 MicroEdition & Abilities LCD Liquid Crystal Display 214 CATV & IPTV Acronyms

LCP Local Convergence LMP Link Management M/U Modulator/ Point Protocol Upconverter

LCS Line Code Signaling LNB Low Noise Block- M3UA MTP-3 User downconverter Adaptation LD Long Distance LNP Local Number MAC Media Access Control LDAP Lightweight Portability Directory Access MACD Moves, Adds, Protocol LO Local Origination Changes, Deletes

LDP Label Distribution LOADM Lightweight MAN Metropolitan Protocol Optical Add/ Area Network Drop Multiplexer LDPC Low Density MAP Main Audio Parity Check LOS Line Of Sight Program

LDS Local Digital Switch LOS Loss of Signal MAS MPEG-Aware Switch LEC Local Exchange LovSAN a.k.a The Blaster Worm Carrier MB Megabyte LP Long Play LED Light Emitting Diode Mb/s Megabits per LPCM Linear Pulse Second LEN Length Code Modulation MB/s Megabytes per LEO Low Earth Orbit LRU Least Recently Second Used LER Label Edge Router MB-AFF Macro Block Adaptive LSB Least Significant Byte Frame/Field LF Low Frequency LSP Label Switched Path Mbaud Megabaud LFA Long Format Advertising LSP Legacy Set-top Profile Mbits/ Megabits per sec Second LH Long Haul Dense LSR Label Switch Router DWDM Wave Division MBOA MultiBand Multiplex LTC Longitudinal OFDM Alliance Time Code LLC Logical Link Control MB- Multiband LTS Long Term OFDM Orthogonal L-LSP Label-Only- Storage Frequency Domain Inferred-PSC LSP Modulation LUA Last User Activity LMDS Local Multipoint Mbps Megabits per Distribution Service LVI Low Voltage Second Integrator LMI Link Management MBps MegaByte per Interface LWP Low Water Peak Second 215

MBS Mission Bit Stream MGCF Media Gateway MOS Mean Opinion Control(ler) Function Score MC Motion Compensation MGCP Media Gateway MP Media Player M- Modular Cable Modem Control Protocol Termination System MP@HL Main Profile @ CMTS MGW Media GateWay High Level

MC-PC Media Center MHP Multimedia MP3 MPEG-2 Layer 3 Personal Computers Home Platform MPAA Motion Picture MCPC Multiple Channel MHz Megahertz Association of Per Carrier America MIB Management MCTF Motion Information Base MPBGP MultiProtocol Compensated Border Gateway Temporal Filtering MIDP Mobile Information Protocol Device Profile MDA Message-Digest MPC Media Player Algorithm MIMO Multiple Input, Multiple Output MPDU MAC (Media MDA Model Driven Access Control) Architecture MIP Mobile IP Protocol Data Unit

MDR Mobile Digital MIPS Million Instructions MPE Multi Protocol Recorder Per Second Encapsulation

MDU Multiple Dwelling Unit ML@ Main Level @ MPEG Moving Pictures MP Main Profile Expert Group mDVR Multi-TV Digital Video Recorder MLD Multicast Listener MPEG- Moving Pictures Discovery TS Expert Group MEMS Micro-Electro- Transport Stream Mechanical MM Multimedia Systems MPLS Multiprotocol MMD Multipoint Microwave Label Switching MEN Metro Ethernet Distribution Network MPS Modular MMI Man Machine Interface Processing System MER Modulation Error Ratio MMT Modulation MPTS Multiple Program MF Multifield Mode Table Transport Stream

MF Multifrequency MOCA Multimedia Over MPTS- MPLS – Traffic Coax Alliance TE Engineering MG Media Gateway Control(ler) MOD Movies on Demand MQ Medium Quality

MGC Media Gateway MOF Meta Object Facility M-QAM M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 216 CATV & IPTV Acronyms

MRFC Multimedia MTBF Mean Time NASS Network Access Resource Function Between Failures Attachment Function(s)

MRFP Multimedia Resource MTP-3 Message Transfer NAT Network Address Function Processor Part Level 3 Translation

MRTG Multi Router MTTF Mean-Time-To-Failure NBC-BS Non Backwards- Traffic Grapher Compatible MTTR Mean Time- To- Repair Broadcast Services MS Master Server MTTU Mean Time to NBI Northbound ms Millisecond Understand Interface

MSA300 Standard 10 MUX Multiplexer NC Network Gigabit Ethernet Connector MV Motion Vector NCM Next Century Media

MSB Most Significant Byte MVNO Mobile Virtual NCS Network Control System Network Operator MSC Mobile Switching NCS Network-based Center MVoD Mobile Video on Call Signaling Demand MSE Multi-Standard NCTA National Cable & Encoder MVP Multi-View Profile Telecommunications Association msec Millisecond MZ Mach-Zehnder NDA Non-Disclosure MSFT Microsoft Corporation NABTS North American Agreement Broadcast Teletext MSN Microsoft Network Standard NDE Network Dimensioning MSO Multiple System NANPA North American Engine Operator Numbering Plan Administration NDMH Non-Degraded MSPP Multi-Service Modem Hours Provisioning Platform NAP Network Access Point NDVR Network Digital Msps Mega-Symbols NAPT Network Address & Video Recording per Second Protocol Translation NE Network Element MSR Multi-Standard NAS National Receiver Authorization Service NEBS Network Equipment MSRP Manufacturer’s NAS Network Building System Suggested Retail Price Attached Storage NEMA National MTA Multimedia NASRAC National Authorization Electrical Service–Regional Terminal Adapter Manufactures Access Association 217

NEMS Network Element NIST National Institute nRTP Non Real-time Management of Standards and Transport System Technology Protocol

NETBIOS Network Version NIT Network nrtPS Non-Real Time of Basic Input/ Information Table Polling Service Output System NIU Network Interface Unit NRVC Noise Reduction NF Noise Figure Video Compression NLOS Non-Line of Sight NFS Network File System NRZ NonReturn to nm Nanometer Zero NG STB Next Generation Set-Top Box NMS Network ns Nanosecond Management System NG-L1 Next Generation Layer 1 NSI Network Side NNI Network-Network Interface NGN Next Generation Interface Network NSP Network Service NNOC National Network Provider Operations Center NGNA Next Generation Network Architecture NTIA National NNTP Network News Telecommunications NGO Non-Government Transfer Protocol and Information Organization Administration NOC Network ngOSS Next Generation Operations Center NTP Network Time Operations Protocol NP Number Portability Support System NTS Near Term NPAC Number Portability ng- Next Generation Storage Administration SONET Synchronous Center NTSC National Optical NETwork Television System NPR Noise Power Ratio NI Network Interface Committee NPT Network NIC Network NTSC National Performance Tool Interface Card Television System Committee nPVR Network-based NID Network Personal Video Interface Device NVM Non-Volatile Recorder Memory NIM Network NRSS Network Interface Module NVOD Near Video-On- Renewable Demand NIS Network Infrastructure Security Standard Solutions NW Network NRTC National Rural Telecommunications Cooperative 218 CATV & IPTV Acronyms

O/E Optical Signal-to- O-E-O Optical-to- OOK On-Off-Keying Electrical Signal Electrical-to-Optical Conversion OOO Optical-Optical- OEPL Optical Ethernet Optical OADM Optical Add/ Private Line Drop Multiplexer OpEx Operations OEPLAN Optical Ethernet Expenditure OAM Operations, Private Local Administration, & Area Network OpLT Optical Line Maintenance Termination OEVPL Optical Ethernet OAM&P Operations, Virtual Private Line OpTN Optical Transport Administration, Network Maintenance & OEV Optical Ethernet Provisioning PLAN Virtual Private ORX Optical Receiver Local Area OCAP OpenCable™ Network OS Operating System Application Platform OFC Optical Fiber OSA Open Service Access Communication OC-CC OpenCable™ OSC Optical Supervisory CableCARD™ OFDM Orthogonal Channel Frequency OC-CFR OpenCable™ - Division OSD On-Screen Display Core Functional Multiplexing Requirements OSGi Open Services OH Overhead Gateway OCn Optical Carrier (level) Initiative OIU Organizationally OCSP Online Certificate Unique Identifier OSI Open Systems Status Protocol Interconnect OJT On-The-Job Training OCST Office of Cable OSMINE Operations Signal Theft OLT Optical Line Terminal Systems Modification for OC-x Optical Carrier (level) OM Out of Band the Integration of Modulator Network Elements ODA Outlet Digital Adapter OMA Open Mobile Alliance OSNR Optical Signal-to- Noise Ratio ODRL Open Digital OMG Object Management Rights Language Group OSP Outside Plant

OE Optical Ethernet ONDS Optical Node OSPF Open Shortest Distribution Switch Path First O-E Optical-Electrical ONT Optical Network OSS Operational OEM Original Equipment Termination Support System Manufacturer OOB Out-of-Band OSSI OSS Interface 219

PBP Personal Basis Profile PDG Packet Data Gateway OSW Optical Switch PBR Policy Based Routing PDH Plesiochronous OTDR Optical Time Digital Hierarchy Domain PBX Private Branch Reflectometer Exchange PDI Path Defect Indicator

OTN Optical Transition Node PC PacketCable™ PDL Polarization Dependent Loss OTU-N Optical Transport Unit PC Personal Computer PDP Policy Decision OTX Optical Transmitter Point PCI Peripheral OUI Organizationally Component PDU Protocol Data Unit Unique Identifier Interconnect PDW Polarization OWG OnRamp PCM Pulse Code Dependent Working Group Modulation Wavelength Optical Cross Connect OXC PCMCIA Personal PEG Public, Education, Computer Government P2P Peer to Peer Memory Card PEP Policy Enforcement P2P Point to Point PCMM PacketCable™ Point PACM Provisioning, Multimedia Activation, PER Packet Error Rate Configuration & PCR Peak Cell Rate Management PES Packetized PCR Program Clock Elementary Stream PAL Phase Alternating Line Reference PESQ Perceptual Evaluation PAN Personal Area PCS Personal of Speech Quality Network Communications System PHB Per-hop Behavior PAR Project PHS Payload Header Authorization P-CSCF Proxy-Call Suppression Request State/Session Control(ler) PHY Physical (layer) PARM Parameter Function PID Packet Identifier PAT Port Address PDA Personal Digital Assistant Termination PID Program Identifier Program Association PDD Post-dial Delay PAT PIM Protocol Independent Table PDF Policy Distribution Multicast Personal Function PBIA PIM-SM Protocol Independent Broadband Multicast – Sparse Industry PDF Probability Density Mode Association Function 220 CATV & IPTV Acronyms

PIN Personal Identification PN Program Number PRBS Pseudo-Random Number Bits Stream PNA Phone Network PIN Positive-Intrinsic- Alliance PRCF Positioning Radio Negative Coordination Function PO Purchase Order PING Packet Internet PRI Primary Rate Interface Gopher POD Point of Deployment PRM Polarization PIP Picture In Picture Recovery Module POH Path Overhead PKI Public Key PRNG Pseudo Random Infrastructure PON Passive Optical Number Generators Network PKT Packet PRV Privacy POP Point Of Presence PL Packet Loss PS Policy Server POP3 Post Office PLC Packet Loss Protocol 3 PS Portal Services Concealment POS Packet Over SONET PS Power Supply PLC Powerline Communications POTS Plain Old PS Provisioning Telephone Service Server PLMN Public Land Mobile Network POTS Plain Old PSA PacketCable Telephone System Service Agreement PLT Powerline Telecommunications PPD Post-pickup Delay PSI Program Specific Information PM Performance PPE Programmable Monitoring Processing Element PSIP Program & System Information Protocol PMB Permanent PPP Point-to-Point Message Buffer Protocol PSK Phase Shift Keying

PMD Polarization PPPoA PPP over ATM PSK PreShared Key Mode Dispersion PPPoE Point-to-Point Protocol PSNR Peak Signal to PMI Packet Multiplex over Ethernet Noise Ratio Interface PPT Power Passing Tap PSP Packet Streaming PMK Pairwise Master Key Protocol PPTP Point-to-Point PML Packet Multiplex Tunneling Protocol PSP Packet Success Link Probability PPV Pay per View PMP Point to MultiPoint PSQ Packet Streaming PRBS Pseudo-Random Queue PMT Program Map Table Binary Sequence 221

PSQM Perceptual QFM QoS prioritized RAP Resource Spec Quality Forwarding and Allocation Protocol Measurement Media Access RARP Reverse Address PSTN Public Switched QL Quantization Level Resolution Protocol Telephone Network QL/BR Quantization RBOC Regional Bell Level/Bit Rate Operating Company PSTN Public Switched Telephone QLP Quantization RBW Resolution Bandwidth Network Level Processor RCA Root Cause Analysis PTK Pairwise QoE Quality of RCV Receiver Temporal Key Experience RDI Remote Defect PTS Program QOS Quality of Service Indicator Transport Stream QPSK Quadrature Phase ReTP Real Time Protocol PTT Postal, Telegraph Shift Keying & Telephone R&D Research and ReCOM Rear-Chassis Output Module PTV PowerTV Development REL Rights Expression PVC Permanent R.H. Relative Humidity Language Virtual Circuit RACF Resource Access REQ Request PVC Private Virtual Control Facility Circuit RACS Resource & ResApp Resident Application Admission Control PVR Personal Video RF Radio Frequency Recorder Function(s) RFC Request for RADD Remote Addressable PWE3 Pseudo-Wire Comment End-to-End DANIS/DLS Working Group RFP Request for RADIUS Remote Authentication Proposal QAM Quadrature Amplitude Dial-in User Service Modulation RAID Redundant Array Of RG Residential Gateway QBP QoS Boundary Point Inexpensive Disks RIAA Recording Industry QoS Characteristics RAM Random Access QCC Association of Management Client Memory America QCS QoS Characteristics RAN Radio Access Network RIM Rear-Chassis Management Server RAP Regional Access Input Module QEF Quasi-Error Free Point RIN Relative Intensity Noise 222 CATV & IPTV Acronyms

RIP Routing Information RSA Rivest-Shawir-Adleman S/IMP Signal-to-Impulse Protocol (crypto algorithm) Ratio

RISC Reduced Instruction RSM Remote Satellite S/N Signal-to-Noise Ratio Set Computer Modulator SAC Subscriber RJ Registered Jack RSU Resynchronization Authorization Center Software Utility RKS Record-Keeping SAG Synthetic Analog Server RSVP Resource reSerVation Gateway Protocol RM Resource Manager SAN Storage Area Network RSVP- Resource Reservation RMS Root Mean Square TE Protocol with Traffic SAP Secondary Audio Engineering Program RMX Remux RT Real Time SAP Service Access Point RNOC Regional Network Operations Center RTI Real Time Ingest SARA Scientific-Atlanta Resident Application RO Read Only RTN Regional Transport Network SAS Subscriber ROADM Re-configurable Authorization System Optical Add/Drop RTOS Real Time Multiplexing Operating System SATA Serial Advanced Technology Attachment ROAP Rights Object RTP Real-time Acquisition Protocol Transport Protocol SAW Surface Acoustic Wave ROB Return on RTSP Real Time Bandwidth Streaming Protocol SB Switched Broadcast

ROI Return on RTT Round-trip Time SBC Switched Investment Broadcast Client RU Rack Unit ROM Read Only SBCA Satellite Broadcasting Memory RW Rewind Communication Association RPD Return Path RX Receiver SBM Switched Broadcast Demodulator RZ Return to Zero Manager RPM Revolutions per SBS Stimulated Brilliouin Minute RZ-DPSK Return to Zero Differential Phase Scattering RPR Resilient Packet Ring Shift keying SBS Switched RS Reed-Solomon s.f. Square Foot Broadcast Server

RSA Reed-Solomon S/I Signal-to- SBV Switched Association Interference Ratio Broadcast Video 223

SBW Signal Bandwidth SCSI Small Computer SDV Switched Digital System Interface Video SC/APC Standard Connector/Angled SCTE Society of Cable SDVOD Standard Definition Physical Contact Telecommunications Video-on-Demand Engineers SCADA Supervisory Control SE Single Encoder & Data Acquisition SD Standard Definition SEM SmartStream S-CDMA Synchronous SDB Switched Digital Encryptor Modulator Code Division Broadast Multiple Access SEP Simulcast Edge SDH Synchronous Processor SCE Single Channel Digital Hierarchy Encoder SeRTP Sequenced SDI Serial Digital Routing Table SCM Stored Content Interface Protocol Manager SDIO Secure Digital SERDES Serializer/ SCM Sub-Carrier Input/Output Deserializer Multiplexing SDK Software SES Severely Errored SCMS Serial Copy Development Kit Seconds Management System SDL Simple SF Service Flow DirectMedia Layer SCN Service Class Name SF SuperFrame SDM SmartStream SCN Shared Content Device Manager SFID Service Flow Network Identifier SDMH Severely Degraded SCO Synchronous Modem Hours SFP Small Form- Connection Oriented factor Pluggable SDMI Secure Digital SCP Service Control Music Initiative SG Service Group Platform SDP Session Description SG Signaling Gateway SCPC Single Channel Protocol Per Carrier SGC Signaling Gateway SDPF Service Policy SCR Silicon Controlled Decision Function SGW Security GateWay Rectifier SDRAM Synchronous SHA-1 Secure Hash SCS Service Direct Random Algorithm 1 Capability Server Access Memory SHDB Switched High- Definition Digital s-CSCF Serving-Call State/ SDTV Standard Definition Broadcast Session Control(ler) Television Function SI System Information 224 CATV & IPTV Acronyms

SIC Standard Industrial SMS Service Management SPIT SPAM over IP Classification System Telephony

SID Source Identification S-MTA Standalone Multimedia SpIM Splice Information AMOL – Automatic Terminal Adaptor Message Measurement of Lineups SMTP Simple Mail SPM Self phase Modulation Transfer Protocol SID Service Identifier SPP Serial Port Profile SNG Satellite News SIFS Shortest Gathering SPTS Single Program InterFrame Space Transport Stream SNMP Simple Network SIM Subscriber Management Protocol SQL Structured Query Identity Module Language SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio SIP Session Initiation SR Satellite Receiver Protocol SOA Semiconductor Optical Amplifier SR Switch Router SISO Single-Input Single-Output SOAP Simple Object SRAM Static Random Access Protocol Access Memory SIT Splice Information Table SoC Systems on a Chip SRM System Resource Manager SL Sync Layer S-OFDM Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division SRS Stimulated SLA Service Level Multiplexing Raman Scattering Agreement SOH State of Health SRTP Secure Real- SLC Shorten Last Codeword time Transport SOHO Small Office/ Protocol SLIC Subscriber Line Home Office Interface Card SRUP Sequenced Routing SONET Synchronous Update Protocol SLM Signal Level Meter Optical Network SS7 Signaling System SP Service Provider SM Single Mode number 7 SPAN Services & Protocols for SMB Small & Medium SSB Single Sideband Business Advanced Networks SSD Solid State Disk SME Small &Medium SPDF Synchronous Piggybacked Data Flow Enterprise SSH Secure Shell SPDIF Sony/Philips SMF Single Mode Fiber Digital Interface SSI Synchronous Serial Interface SMPTE Society of Motion SPE Synchronous Picture & Television SSL Secure Sockets Layer Engineers Payload Envelope 225

SW Software TDMA Time Division SSM Source Specific Multiple Access Multicast SX Short Reach as in 1000Base-SX TDMoIP Time Division SSMF Standard Single Multiplexing over Mode Fiber SYNC Synchronization Profile Internet Protocol

SSP Session Setup SYSLOG System Log TDT Time & Date Table Protocol SYST System TEC Triggered Event STAMP Set-top Applications Integration & Test Command & Middleware Platform T1 A Telecommunications TELR Talker Echo Standard Committee Loudness Rating STB Set-Top Box T1 TFC Tunable Filter Chip STG Subscriber TAM Tier Addressed Telephony Message TFF hin Film Filter Gateway TB Terabyte TFTP Trivial File STL Studio-to- Transfer Protocol Transmitter Link TBD To Be Determined TGCP Trunking Gateway STM Synchronous Tbps Terabits per Second Control Protocol Transport Module TC Transmission TGS Ticket Granting STP Spanning Tree Convergence Server Protocol TCAP Transaction Capabilities THz Terahertz STS Synchronous Application Part Transport Signal TIA Telecommunication TCM Tandem Connection Industry Association STT Set-top Terminal Monitoring TIA Trans Impedance STT System Time Table TCM Trellis Coded Amplifier Modulation STTD Space Time TIPHON Telecommunications Transmit Diversity TCO Total Cost of & Internet Protocol Ownership Harmonization Over STUN Simple Transversal Networks of UDP (User TCP Transmission Datagram Protocol) Control Protocol TISPAN Telecom & Internet Services & Protocols SU Subscriber Unit TCP/IP Transmission for Advanced Control Protocol/ Networks SUT System Under Test Internet Protocol TKIP Temporal Key SVOD Subscription TDD Time Division Duplex Integrity Protocol Video on Demand TDM Time Division TL1 Transaction SVP Secure Video Multiplexing Language One Processor 226 CATV & IPTV Acronyms

TLS Transparent LAN TSID Transport Stream UCC Upstream Service Identifier Channel Change

TLS Transport Layer TSP Television Service UCD Upstream Channel Security Processor Descriptor

TLV Type, Length, Value T-SPEC Traffic SPECification UCID Upstream Channel Identifier TMX Transport Multiplexer TSR Technical Service Representative UCS Uplink Control TN Transit Node System TSS Telephony Switching TNCS Transmission Network Sub-System UDDI Universal Description, Control System Discover & Integration TTL Time-to-Live TOADM Tunable Optical Add/ UDLR Uni-Directional Drop Multiplexer TTLS Tunnel Transparent Link Routing Layer Security TOD Television on UDP User Datagram Demand TTS Text To Speech Protocol

ToD Time of Day TURN Traversal Using UDP/IP User Datagram Relay NAT (Network Protocol/Internet TOS Theft of Service Address Translation) Protocol TOS Type of Service TV Television UDSL Unidirectional Digital Subscriber Line TP Transport TVCT Terrestrial Virtual Processor Channel Table UDWDM Ultra Dense Wave Division TPL TDM Private Line TVOD Television on Multiplex Demand TPS Transport UEQ Universal Edge QAM Parameter TWC Time Warner Cable (Quadrature Amplitude Signaling Modulation) TX Transmit TR Technical Reference UGS Unsolicited Grant TXOP Transmission Service TRI Telephony Return Opportunity Interface UGS/ UGS with Activity U/S Upstream AD Detection TRP Target Rating Points UA User Agent UHF Ultra High Frequency tRTO TCP Retransmit U-ASPD Unscheduled - Timeout Automatic Power UI User Interface Save Delivery TSI Time Slot UKL Unit Key List Interchange UBR Unspecified Bit Rate 227

UMA Unlicensed USM User-based VCM Virtual Channel Map Mobile Access Security Model VCO Virtual Channel UML Unified Modeling UTI Universal Transport Override Language Interface VCO Voltage Cut Off UMTS Universal Mobile UTP Unshielded Telecommunications Twisted Pair VCR Video Cassette System Recorder UWB Ultra Wideband UNE Unbundled VCT Virtual Channel Network Element V Voltage Table

UNE-P Unbundled V/A Video/Audio VDC Volts Direct Current Network Element - Platform VAC Volts Alternating VDLM Virtual Data Line Current Monitor UNI User Network Interface VAD Voice Activity VDSL Very High-bit- Detection rate Digital U-NII Unlicensed National Subscriber Line Information VAG Voice Access Infrastructure Gateway VDT Video Dial Tone

UPA Usability VBI Vertical Blanking VER Virtual Ethernet Professionals’ Interval Ring Association VBR Variable Bit Rate VF Voice Frequency UPrS Uplink Product Support VBR- Variable Bit Rate VHF Very High NRT – Non-Real Time Frequency UPnP Universal Plug & Play VBR-RT Variable Bit Rate VHS Video Home – Real Time System UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply VC Virtual Channel VLAN Virtual Local Area Network URI Uniform Resource VC-1 Video Compression Identifier (Coding) 1 VLL Virtual Leased Line (Formerly VC-9-- URL Uniform Resource Soon to be VCAT) VLR Visitor Location Locator Register VCAT Virtual US Upstream Concatenation VM Virtual Machine

USB Universal Serial Bus VCI Virtual Channel VN Voltage Null Identifier USF Universal Service VOD Video on Fund VCM Variable Coding Demand & Modulation 228 CATV & IPTV Acronyms

VoDSL Video over Digital VSB Vestigial WiMedia An alliance Subscriber Line Sideband for Wireless Multimedia VoIP Voice over VT Virtual Tributary Internet Protocol WIP Work in Process VTS Video Transport VoWi-Fi Voice over Wi-Fi Service WLAN Wireless Local Area Network VP Voltage Peak WAN Wide Area Network WM Wave Multiplexing VPI Virtual Path WCD Wideband or Wave Mixing Identifier Channel Descriptor WM9 Windows Media VPL Virtual Private Line Player, version 9 WCDMA Wireless Code VPLS Virtual Private Division Multiple WMAN Wireless LAN Service Access Metropolitan Area Network VPN Virtual Private WCM Wideband Cable Network Modem WME Wireless Multimedia VPWS Virtual Private WCMTS Wideband Cable Extension Wire Service Modem Termination System WMM Wi-Fi MultiMedia VQ Vector Quantization WDM Wave Division WMM- Wi-Fi MultiMedia Multiplex SA Standards VRF Virtual Routing Association/ & Forwarding WECA Wireless Ethernet Alliance Tables Compatibility Alliance WOFDM Wavelet VRN Video-Rich Orthogonal Navigation WEP Wired Equivalent Frequency Privacy Division VRNAV Video-Rich Multiplexing Navigation WFA Workforce Audio/Visual Automation WPA Wireless (Wi-Fi) Protected Access VRTX Virtual Real-Time WFM Workforce Extension Management WPA- Wireless (Wi-Fi) FSK Protected Access VS Video Server WiFi Wireless Fidelity with Pre-Shared Key VSA Vector Signal WiMax Worldwide Analyzer Interoperability WPAN Wireless Personal for Microwave Area Network VSAT Very Small Access Aperture Terminal WPE Wireless Plant Extension 229

WRED Weighted xOD X-service on Random Early Demand (i.e., Detection Movies on Demand) WSDL Web Services Definition xoIP Anything Over Language Internet Protocol

WSS Wavelength XPM Cross-Phase Selective Switch Modulation

WWAN Wireless Wide xPON X version of area Network Passive Optical Network WWDM Wide WDM xVOD X version (or XAUI 10 Gigabit Ethernet form) of Video Attachment Unit on Demand (i.e., Interface Subscription, Near, etc.) xDSL Any variant of the Digital xWDM Non-specific Subscriber Line form of Wave technology Multiplex XENPAK Fiber Optic y/y Year Over Year Transceiver Module ZWP Zero Water Peak conforming to 10GigE Standard ZWPF Zero Water Peak Fiber XFP 10-Gigabit Small Form-factor Pluggable xHTML Extensible Hypertext Markup Language

XMI Metadata XML Interchange

XML Extensible Markup language

XMOD Cross Modulation 230 Basic Glossary of CATV & IPTV Terms

For more information, visit the Technical Services section 32, 64 and 128. of our web site and the Blonder Tongue “Broadband Bridge: A deivce for connecting two segments of a Reference Guide”. network using identical protocols to communicate and A transmitting packets between them. Operates at the Data Access List: List kept by routers to control access to or Link layer, layer 2 of the OSI model. The purpose of the from the router for a number of services. bridge is to filter, send or flood any incoming frame, based on MAC address of that particular frame. Address Mask: Bit combination used to describe which portion of an address refers to the network or subnet Broadcast Address: Special address reserved for sending a and which part refers to the host. mask.also subnet mask. message to all stations. Generally, a broadcast address is a MAC destination address of all ones. Administrative Distance: A rate of the trustworthiness of a routing information source. The higher the value, the Broadcast Domain: The set of all devices that will receive lower the trustworthiness rating. broadcast frames originating from any device within the set. Broadcast domains are typically bounded by routers Amplification: The act of increasing the amplitude or because routers do not forward broadcast frames. strength of a signal. C Amplifier: Device used to increase strength of TV signals. Cable Equalizer: Device used to counter the effects of Amplitude Modulation: A process whereby the amplitude cable slope. Can be a stand alone device or an optional of a single frequency carrier is varied in accordance with the plug-in module for an amplifier. instantaneous values of a modulating wave. Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (C/N Ratio or CNR): The difference in Analog Signal: A signal which is continually variable and amplitude of a carrier, and the noise power that is pres- not expressed by discrete states of amplitude, frequency, ent in that portion of spectrum occupied by the carrier. or phase. See Noise. Agile (Frequency Agile): The capability to change channels Cascade: Term used when referring to amplifiers serially quickly and easily, usually by setting switches, i.e. agile connected. modulator, agile processor. Cherry Picker: Type of headend system where a desired Application Layer: Layer 7 of the OSI reference model. limited number of channels are selected from a CATV feed, This layer provides services to application processes (such rather than distributing all of the available CATV channels as electronic mail, file transfer, and terminal emulation). common in schools. Provides user authentication. CIDR: CIDR allows routers to group routes together in ATSC (Advanced Television System Committee): A digital order to cut down on the quantity of routing information television format standard that will replace the US analog carried by the core routers. With CIDR, several IP networks NTSC television system by February 17, 2009. The high appear to networks outside the group as a single, larger definition television standards defined by the ATSC pro- entity. duce wide screen 16:9 images up to 1920×1080 pixels in size, more than six times the display resolution of NTSC. In Class A Network: Part of Internet Protocal hierarchical lieu of an HD broadcast, up to six standard-definition “vir- addressing scheme. Class A networks have only 8 bits tual channels” can be broadcast over a 6 MHz TV station. for defining networks and 24 bits for defining hosts and subnets on each network. Attenuator: Device used to reduce signal strength. Class B Network: Part of Internet Protocal hierarchical Automatic Gain Control (AGC): A feature of some ampli- addressing scheme. Class B networks have 16 bits for fiers and radio receivers which provides a substantially defining networks and 16 bits for defining hosts and constant output even though the signal input varies subnets on each network. over wide limits. Class C Network: Part of Internet Protocal hierarchical B addressing scheme. Class A networks have 24 bits for Bandwidth: A range of frequencies (a portion of spec- defining networks and 8 bits for defining hosts and trum) defined by upper and lower frequency limits. subnets on each network. Bit-Error Rate: In a digital communications system, the Classful Routing: Routing protocols that do not send fraction of bits transmitted that are received incorrectly. subnet mask information when a route update is sent. Bit Rate (Baud): The speed at which digital information is Classless Routing: Routing protocols that send subnet transmitted, usually expressed in bits per second. mask information in the routing updates. Classless Block Size: Number of hosts that can be used in a subnet. Routing allows Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) and Block sizes typically can be used in increments of 4, 8, 16, supernetting. 231

Combiner: Device, which permits combining of several Demodulator: Device that provides baseband audio and signals into one output with a high degree of isolation video outputs from a TV channel input. between, inputs. Usually used for combining outputs of DHCP : A TCP/IP protocol that dynamically assigns an IP processors and modulators. address to a computer. Dynamic addressing simplifies Community: In SNMP, a logical group of managed devices network administration because the software keeps and NMSs in the same administrative domain. track of IP addresses rather than requiring a network Community String: Text string that acts as a password administrator to do so. and is used to authenticate messages sent between a Digital signal: A signal which is expressed by discrete management station and a router containing a SNMP states. Information may be assigned value or meaning by agent. The community string is sent in every packet combinations of the discrete states of the signal using a between the manager and the agent. code of pulses or digits. Connectionless: Data transfer without the existence of a Directional coupler: A network or device that divides virtual circuit. It has low overhead, uses best-effort delivery the input signal in a fixed ratio between the output and and is not reliable. tap ports. Connection-Oriented: Data transfer method that sets Diplexer: A device used to combine or separate two up a virtual circuit before any data is transferred. Uses signals. A U/V band separator is one example of a diplexer. acknowledgement and flow control for reliable data Dish: A parabolic antenna used for satellite reception. transfer. Dynamic Routing: Routing that adjusts automatically to Console: In SNMP (Simple Network Management network topology or traffic changes. Also called adaptive Protocol), a software program that has the capability of routing. interacting with an agent, including examining or changing E the values of the data objects in the agent's Management Information Base (MIB). Equalizer, cable: A network designed to compensate for the frequency/loss characteristics of a cable, so as to permit Composite Triple Beat Distortion (CTB): CTB in an important the system to pass all frequencies in a uniform manner. distortion measurement of analog CATV systems. It is mainly caused by second order distortion in distribu- Ethernet: A specification for a transmission system tion systems. including Layers 1 and2 of the OSI 7-layer model using the CSMA/CD access method and operates over various Couplers: In fiber optics, a device which links three or types of cables at 10 Mbps. In common usage, "Ethernet" more fibers, providing two or more paths for the trans- refers to both the DIX (DEC - Intel - Xerox) version of this mission signal. specification or to the IEEE version, moreformally known D as "802.3". Data Link Layer: Layer 2 of the OSI reference model. This F layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical link. FCC: Federal Communications Commission. Regulatory The data link layer is concerned with physical addressing, agency that sets communication standards in the US. network topology, line discipline, error notification, ordered delivery of frames, and flow control. The IEEE has Filter: Device used to reject or pass a speci- divided this layer into two sublayers: The MAC sublayer fied frequency or range of frequencies. Some and the LLC sublayer. examples are band-pass filters, notch filters, channel elimination filter, low & high pass filters. Decibel (dB): A logarithmic unit of measure expressing the ratio of two discrete levels, input and output for example, Firewall: Router or access server, or several routers of power, voltage, or current. May be used to denote either or access servers, designated as a buffer between any loss (-dB) or gain (+dB). connected public networks and a private network. A firewall router uses access lists and other methods to Decibel-Millivolts (dBmV): The dB denotes a ratio between ensure the security of the private network. two levels (see Decibel) but the qualifying term mV establishes one of the levels as a reference. Zero dBmV Frame: In data networks, the information packet and all of (0 dBmV) is one millivolt (0.001 or 10-1 volts) measured the preceding and succeeding signals necessary (flag bytes, across a 75 Ohm impedance. preambles, frame checks, abort sequences, etc.) to convey it along the data link Decibel-Milliwatt (dBm): A unit of power. Decibels referenced to a unit of one milliwatt. Zero dbM = 1 mW. G Decibel-Watt (dBW): A unit of power. Decibels referred to Gain: An increase in power produced by an amplifier and a unit of one watt. Zero dBW = 1 Watt. expressed in decibels. See Amplifier. 232 Basic Glossary of CATV & IPTV Terms

Gateway: A TCP/IP router that routes packets between locations or pieces of equipment. Degree of isolation different network numbers. usually specified in dB. Get: In SNMP, a command given by the Console to retrieve K a single data structure from a MIB. Ku Band: Range of frequencies used in satellite trans- Guardband: A portion of spectrum left vacant and not uti- missions. Common uplink frequency for U.S. domestic lized between two carriers or bands of carriers, to provide satellites is 14 to 14.5 GHz with a downlink frequency of a margin of safety against mutual interference. 11.7 to 12.2 GHz. H L Headend (HE): The equipment where all signals are LAN: A communication infrastructure that supports data received, processed and combined prior to distribution. and resource sharing within a small area (<2 km diameter) Hertz (Hz): Frequency of periodic oscillations, expressed that is completely contained on the premises of a single in cycles per second. owner. Heterodyne: The process of mixing two frequencies Laser: Acronym for “light amplification by stimulated emis- together to generate frequencies of their sum and differ- sion of radiation”. A device which generates or amplifies ence. This process is used for channel conversion. electromagnetic oscillations at wavelengths between the Heterodyne Signal Processor: A unit employed in CATV far infrared (sub-millimeter) and ultraviolet. systems to convert a carrier frequency to an intermediate Linear: The characteristic of a device or network whose frequency (IF). The intermediate frequency carrier may output signal voltage is directly proportional to its input then be filtered, regulated, or otherwise conditioned, and signal voltage. then heterodyned back to either the original carrier fre- Line Extender: An amplifier operating at relatively high quency, or to a completely new carrier frequency. transmission levels in the feeder sub-system of a trunk plus Highband: The radio spectrum between 174 and 216 feeder designed CATV system. megahertz (MHz). Standard television channels 7 through LNA: Low Noise Amplifier. Provides initial amplification of 13 fall within this spectrum. downlink signal at antenna location. Hub: A common connection point for computers and LNB: Low Noise Block (converter). Integrated LNA and devices in a network that takes an incoming signal and down converter. Available in either C or Ku band inputs. The repeats it on all other ports. most prevalent output frequency scheme is 950-1450 MHz, Hyperband: CATV channels AA thru YY (numeric however other schemes that have been used include 900- equivalents-37 thru 61) failing in the frequency range of 1400, 1000-1500 and 270-770 MHz. 300 to 450 MHz. Local Origination: Channels that are generated on site, I such as those that are derived from character generators, Impedance: Circuit characteristic (voltage divided by cur- laser disks, or VCR’s in the headend. rent). TV distribution has standardized on 75-Ohm and Loss: Reduction in signal strength usually expressed in dB. 300-Ohm. Synonymous with attenuation. Insertion Loss: The loss introduced into a cable or system Low Band: The radio spectrum between 54 and 88 MHz. by the Insertion of a device or network expressed in Standard VHF television channels 2 through 6 fall within decibels. See Loss. this spectrum. Interference: Noise or other disturbances such as spurious M signals that, when introduced to a desired signal, reduce Microwave: spectrum at frequencies approximately 1,000 the intelligibility of the information carried on that signal. MHz and higher. IP Address: a 32-bit address assigned to hosts using the Mid-band: The radio spectrum between 88 and 174 MHz, TCP/IP protocol. Each computer/device on the public which lies between standard VHF television, channels 6 internet has a unique IP address. An example of an IP and 7. CATV channels A through I (nine channels) fall within address is 192.168.1. the mid-band spectrum. IP Multicast: Routing technique that allows IP traffic to be Modulator: A device, which produces a TV channel from propagated from one source to a number of destinations baseband audio/video, inputs. or from many sources to many destinations. Rather than sending one packet to each destination, one packet is sent Multicast: Single packets copied by the network and sent to a multicast group identified by a single IP destination to a specific subset of network addresses. These addresses group address. are specified in the destination address field. Isolation: Electrical separation (or loss) between two 233 180, or 270 degrees). QPSK allows the signal to carry Multicast Group: Dynamically determined group of IP twice as much information as ordinary PSK using the hosts identified by a single IP multicast address.DIX (DEC same bandwidth. QPSK is used for satellite transmission of - Intel - Xerox) version of this specification or to the IEEE MPEG-2 video, cable modems, video-conferencing, cellular version, moreformally known as "802.3". phone systems, and other forms of digital communication Multimode Fiber: A fiber that supports propagation of over an RF carrier. more than one mode of a given wavelength. R Multiplexer: A device which combines two or more optical Receiver: A device that detects and converts a signal signals onto one communications channel. after transmission over a communications network from N a transmitter. Network Address: Network layer address referring to a Remote Local Origination: Closed-circuit program gener- logical, rather than a physical, network device. Also called ated some place other than the headend. Example: a protocol address. Sub-channel origination. Network Layer: Layer 3 of the OSI reference model. This Repeater: A signal amplification device, often used along layer provides connectivity and path selection between cables to extend transmission distances. two end systems. The network layer is the layer at which Return loss: A ratio expressed in dB between the reflected routing occurs. Corresponds roughly with the path control signal and the total signal applied to a device. layer of the SNA model. RFI: Radio Frequency Interference. Undesired RF signals. Noise Figure (NF): A measure of how much noise an active Router: A device that routes/forwards data across a device, such as a TV amplifier, adds to the thermal noise networks. level constant of –59 dBmV RTP: defines a standardized packet format for O delivering audio and video over IP network. Oscillator: A circuit generating an alternating current wave S at some specific frequency. Session Layer: The layer in the OSI 7-Layer Model that is P concerned with managing the resources required for the Passive: Describing a device which does not contribute session between two computers. energy to the signal it passes. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N Ratio): The difference in Phaselock: The control of an oscillator such that its output amplitude of a signal (before modulation or after detec- signal maintains a constant phase angle relative to a section of a modulated carrier), and the noise present in the ond, reference signal. spectrum occupied by the signal, when both are measured Photodetector: Any device which detects light, generally at the same point in the system. producing an electronic signal with intensity proportional Single-Mode Fiber: An optical waveguide through which to that of the incident light. only one mode will propagate. Photodiode: A diode designed to produce pho- Slope: Difference in attenuation between specified low to-current by absorbing light. Photodiodes are and high frequencies. used for the detection of optical power and for the conversion of optical power to electrical power. SNMP: A de facto standard for management of networked devices using a simple request-response data retrieval PING (Packet Internet Groper): A command used to test mechanism. connectivity to a device over a TCP/IP network. Splitter: A network or device that divides its input energy Power: Energy per unit of time. equally between two outputs. Pre-Amplifier: Low noise amplifier usually mounted in Strip Amplifier: Slang expression for a channelized high- close proximity to a receiving antenna. Used to compen- output AGC’d amplifier used in processing VHF or UHF sate for down lead losses. channels in a headend. Q Sub-Band: The radio spectrum between 5 and 40 MHz. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): Digital Subnet : A portion of a network that shares a common modulation format where information is conveyed in the address component but is on a different segment than the amplitude and phase of a carrier signal. rest of the network. Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK): Form of Phase Shift Keying in which two bits are modulated at once, Subnet Address: Portion of an IP address that is specified selecting one of four possible carrier phase shifts (0, 90, as the subnetwork by the subnet mask. See also IP address, 234 Basic Glossary of CATV & IPTV Terms

subnet mask, and subnetwork. Two-way: Describing a transmission system, which can transport signals in both directions simultaneously. Subnet Mask: A representation of a user's Internet T-1 Carrier System: A digital transport signal (1.5 Mbps). address where all of the bit positions corresponding to A 24-channel, transistorized, time-division, pulse-code the user's network and subnetwork id are 1's and the bit modulation, voice carrier used on exchange cable to pro- corresponding to the user's host id are 0's. vide short-haul trunks. Super-Band: The radio spectrum between 216 and approx. U 400 MHz. UDP: A protocol within the TCP/IP protocol suite that Switch: A switch is a device that forwards packets between is used in place of TCP when a reliable delivery is not nodes based on the packet's destination node address required. There is less processing of UDP packets than (either hardware or protocol). there is for TCP. UDP is widely used for streaming audio and video, voice over IP (VoIP) and videoconferencing, T because there is no time to retransmit erroneous or Tap, Subscriber: A device that diverts a predetermined dropped packets. amount of its input energy to one or more tap outputs. The remaining balance of the input energy is presented to a tap Uplink: Transmission from earth to a satellite. output port for propagation farther out into the system. V Tap, optical: A device for extracting a portion of the optical Vestigial Side Band (VSB): In amplitude-modulated trans- signal from a fiber. missions, a portion of only one sideband of a modulated Telnet : A Telnet program allows a user at a terminal or carrier. The modulated carrier is passed through a filter PC to log in to a remote computer and run a program and having a graduated cut-off characteristic near the carrier execute other Unix commands. frequency. Video: 1. Pertaining to the signal which carries a television Termination: Resistive device at end of distribution line or picture. 2. Describing the 4 MHz band of frequencies which unused outputs of equipment to avoid reflections (ghost). constitutes a television signal. Thru-Line Loss: Insertion loss of a tapoff. Transmitter-Fiber: In a fiber optic system, the device W which converts a modulated electrical signal into an opti- Watt: The Unit of Electric Power. cal signal for transmission through a fiber. A transmitter typically consists of a light source (LED or diode laser) and Waveguide: Any device which guides electromagnetic driving electronics. waves along a path defined by the physical construction of the device. Transmitter: A device that launches signals into a communications network, to be collected by a receiver Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM): The provi- on the other end. sion of two or more channels over a common optical waveguide, the channels being differentiated by optical Transcoder: Also Transmodulator. Changing a signal’s wavelength. modulation scheme to a different modulation for bandwidth efficiency or system requirements. 8VSB: The 8-level vestigial sideband modulation method adopted for terrestrial broadcast of the ATSC digital televi- Transponder: A frequency converter (translator) aboard a sion standard in the United States, Canada, and other satellite that changes the uplink signal to the downlink sig- countries. nal and provides amplifications. Typical C-Band domestic satellites have 24 transponders. Transport Protocol: The Protocol Layer of the OSI 7-Layer Model that is concerned with management of the data flow between source and destination.

Trap: A device used to attenuate specific frequencies of channels.

Trap: In SNMP, a message sent from the Agent to the Console when the Agent detects that condition defined by the network manager has occurred. Useful Websites 235 www.antennaweb.org: off-air antenna reports (see page 140 for sample) www.tvfool.com: off-air antenna reports www.fcc.gov: Federal Communications Commission - CATV rules Useful Websites: http://acronyms.silmaril.ie/cgi-bin/uncgi/acronyms: Acronym Search www.lyngsat.com:www.antennaweb.org satellite – off-air information antenna reports (see page 139 for sample) www.satsig.net:www.tvfool.com – satellite off-air antenna signals reports information www.satelliteguys.us:www.fcc.gov - Federal Communicationssatellite forums Commission - CATV rules www.geo-orbit.org:http://acronyms.silmaril.ie/cgi-bin/uncgi/acronyms satellite lookup - Acronym Search www.satnews.com:www.lyngsat.com - satellite glossary information www.satsig.net - satellite signals information www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037:www.satelliteguys.us – satellite forums rules for telecommunications www.scte.org:www.geo-orbit.org Society - satellite of Cable lookup Television Engineers www.satnews.com - glossary www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037 - rules for telecommunications Usefulwww.scte.org Publications - Society of Cable Television Engineers Useful Publications: Cable Television by William Grant (text book) Society of Cable Television Engineers, Inc. 140 Philips Road Exton, PA 19341-1318 Phone: 610-363-6888 Fax: 610-363-5898

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