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Towards Resilience TU Dortmund University Towards Resilience Adopting Local Knowledge in Rural Landscape Planning A dissertation submitted to The Department of Landscape Ecology and Landscape Planning School of Spatial Planning TU Dortmund University In fulfilment of the requirements for the academic degree of Doctor of Engineering (Dr. –Ing.) BY Zhao Li Supervised by: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dietwald Gruehn Univ.-Prof. Dr. habil Nguyen Xuan Thinh Head of the Committee: Prof. Dr. Stefan Greiving Towards Resilience: Adopting Local Knowledge in Rural Landscape Planning Abstract The frequency of extreme weather events increases as climate change. Rural settlements are affected by various natural hazards induced by climate abnormality. As a system, rural settlements have the capability to resist, response, and recover from the external changes. This capability is regarded as system resilience. Enhancing rural system resilience is one orientation of rural planning work. One thorny problem in conducting rural planning is the lack of scientifically recorded data. From the other side, rural residents boast local knowledge which has been inherited through generations. This research collects local knowledge related to land management and disaster prevention, elucidates the preservation status of local knowledge, testifies the correctness of local knowledge, and analyses how local knowledge influences settlement system resilience. Through literature research, fieldwork and on site survey, this research collected local knowledge and traced its evolution. The local residents in Chongqing rural region practice terraced rice field cultivation facilitated with a gravity irrigation system of Yantang. There are also Fengshui forests preserved from exploitation. The local knowledge about land management changes with time. Local knowledge about natural hazard prevention is compared with SWAT model simulation results and official records to testify the correctness. Since the accuracy of simulation is hindered by the insufficient data, local knowledge is superior to simulation results in the research region. The accuracy of local knowledge about the date when natural hazards happened is higher than that of the simulation result, so as the accuracy of the maximum water level during the previous floods. Local knowledge still contains the keen observation of the natural setting changes, and is applicable for predicting natural hazards and making contingency plans. Instructed by local knowledge, settlements apply different land use strategies and result in the divergence of system resilience. Since local knowledge has evolved in different directions, settlement resilience change accordingly in good way or bad way. The dissemination of local knowledge mainly depends on the social network of neighbors, relatives and local governors. But because of the disintegration of such social relationships caused by village hollowing and urbanization, the dissemination of local knowledge is hampered. The possessors of local knowledge are easily affected by foreign and new information. As a result, in some extreme cases, local knowledge is gradually forgotten and replaced by modern science and knowledge. This research suggests that the rural planning towards resilience to learn from local knowledge through its trails and fails, and urge the development of local knowledge alongside with modern science and technology. Key words: local knowledge; resilience; natural hazard i Towards Resilience: Adopting Local Knowledge in Rural Landscape Planning Declaration I hereby declare that this doctoral dissertation, entitled “Towards resilience: Adopting local knowledge in rural landscape planning”, is the result of my independent investigation and it has been generated by me as the result of my own research. Where it is indebted to the work of others, acknowledgements have duly been made. Zhao Li 21st. Sept. 2018 ii Towards Resilience: Adopting Local Knowledge in Rural Landscape Planning Acknowledgements I would first like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Gruehn for offering me the opportunity to work on my Ph.D thesis under their supervision. He always encouraged me when I came across difficulties, and provided priceless advices for my research. I would also like to send my sincere appreciation to my second supervisor Prof. Thinh. His suggestions helped me to improve my dissertation a lot. I want to thank my colleagues, Bryce Lawrence, Jie Zhang, Yitu Yang for their continuous support and advices. My deep appreciation goes out to Ms. Anne-Marie Geudens and Ms. Wildoer, for their kind guidance and assistance in all matters regarding the appointment arrangement, documents preparation and all the process of dissertation submission. I would like to thank my colleagues in Greenpeace East Asia, who offer me a flexible and innovative working environment, so that I could complete my Ph.D research. My family and friends supported my unconditionally, so that I can strive towards my goal. Finally, I appreciate the financial support from the China Scholarship Council (Grant No.201408080031) that funded my research. iii Towards Resilience: Adopting Local Knowledge in Rural Landscape Planning Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY ........................................................................................ 1 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................... 2 2 Theoretical Background ............................................................................................................ 2 2.1 Settlement as a System ....................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 Urban System ...................................................................................................... 2 2.1.2 Rural Settlement System ..................................................................................... 8 2.2 Urban and Rural Resilience Theory ................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Resilience ........................................................................................................... 10 2.2.2 Disturbance ....................................................................................................... 13 2.2.3 Evaluating Resilience ......................................................................................... 14 2.2.4 Evaluation Methods Derived from Other Dimensions ...................................... 15 2.2.5 Three Components Contributing to System Resilience ..................................... 16 2.3 Ethnography Theories ....................................................................................... 19 2.3.1 Local Knowledge ................................................................................................ 19 2.3.2 Evolutionary Epistemology ................................................................................ 22 2.3.3 Precautionary Principle ..................................................................................... 23 2.3.4 Implications of local knowledge in rural planning............................................. 24 2.4 The Potential of Applying Local Knowledge in Planning ................................... 26 2.4.1 Public Participation ............................................................................................ 26 2.4.2 Legal Environment of Public Participation in China .......................................... 29 Chapter 3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ....................................................................... 30 3 Research Design ...................................................................................................................... 30 3.1 Research Question and Hypotheses .................................................................. 30 3.2 Research Structure ............................................................................................ 32 3.2.1 Investigation of the Contents of Local Knowledge ............................................ 34 3.2.2 Evaluate the Correctness of Local Knowledge .................................................. 35 3.2.3 Evaluate Local Knowledge’s Value in Improving System’s Resilience against Natural Hazards ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………36 4 Research Methodology ........................................................................................................... 36 4.1 Technical Methodology ..................................................................................... 36 iv Towards Resilience: Adopting Local Knowledge in Rural Landscape Planning 4.1.1 GIS and Flood Simulation Models ..................................................................... 36 4.1.2 Input Data Management for Hydrologic Models .............................................. 41 4.2 Fieldwork Methodology .................................................................................... 55 4.2.1 Questionnaire and Interview ............................................................................
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