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A Taxonomic Study on Pteris L. (Pteridaceae) of Bangladesh

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A Taxonomic Study on Pteris L. (Pteridaceae) of Bangladesh Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 28(1): 131‒140, 2021 (June) https://doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v28i1.54213 © 2021 Bangladesh Association of Plant Taxonomists A TAXONOMIC STUDY ON PTERIS L. (PTERIDACEAE) OF BANGLADESH 1 2 SHI-YONG DONG* AND A.K.M. KAMRUL HAQUE Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Keywords: Checklist; Misidentification; Morphology; Nomenclature; Taxonomy. Abstract Bangladesh lies in Indian subcontinent, an area rich in Pteris species. However, so far there is no modern account on the species diversity of Pteris in Bangladesh. Based on a thorough study of literature and limited specimens available to us, we currently recognize 15 species of Pteris in Bangladesh. Among these species, P. giasii is currently known only from Bangladesh; P. longipinnula, which has not been collected since 1858, was recently rediscovered in Sylhet. Pteris cretica, P. pellucida, P. quadriaurita var. quadriaurita, and P. quadriaurita var. setigera are excluded for the fern flora of Bangladesh. To facilitate the recognition of species, a key to species and brief notes for each species are provided. Introduction The genus Pteris L. (Pteridaceae) consists of about 250 species, being a natural group of terrestrial ferns across the world with relatively rich species in tropical, warm-temperate, and south-temperate areas (Tyron et al., 1990; PPG I, 2016). This group is well represented in East Asia with 85 species (Nakaike, 1982; Liao et al. 2013) and in Indian subcontinent with 57 species (Fraser-Jenkins et al., 2017). In comparison, other regions are not so rich with Pteris species. For example, there are 55 species in America (Tryon and Tryon, 1982), 39 in Indochina (Lindsay and Middleton, 2012; Phan, 2010), 24 in tropical Africa (Kamau, 2012), and only 10 in Australia (Kramer and McCarthy, 1998). Morphologically, the stable characters of Pteris include few, narrow scales restricted to rhizome and basal stipe, the marginal and linear sori, and the linear indusia formed by recurved, modified margin of lamina. Morphological variations between species lie mainly in leaf architecture (digitate, pinnate-pectinate, tripartite, etc.) and venation (from free, forming only costal areoles, to completely anastomosing) as shown in Tryon and Tryon (1982: 336–337). To date, no satisfactory subdivision of Pteris is available. Christensen (1906) divided Pteris into three subgenera, i.e., subg. Campteria with a row of costal areoles, subg. Litobrochia with amply reticulate veins, and subg. Eupteris with free veins. Ching and Wu (1983) proposed three sections, namely 1) sect. Pteris with free venation and non-pectinate pinnae, 2) sect. Quadriauricula Ching with free venation and pectinate pinnae, and 3) sect. Campteria (C. Presl) Ching with anastomosing venation. Tryon et al. (1990) suggested two subgenera (subg. Pteris and subg. Litobrochia) for the genus based mainly on the difference of venation. However, these are all entirely artificial, as Fraser-Jenkins et al. (2015: 305) commented, “in fact in S Asia there are no sections or subgenera within the genus”. Recent molecular analyses based on plastid sequences supported Pteris to be a monophyletic group but did not support any subdivision previously proposed under this genus (Zhang et al., 2014). Species relationships within this large genus are still uncertain. *Corresponding author, Email: [email protected] 1Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China 2Department of Botany, Mohammadpur Govt. College, Dhaka, Bangladesh 132 DONG AND HAQUE As compared with some countries in Indian subcontinent (such as India and Nepal), Pteris in Bangladesh is poorly documented. To know the species diversity of Pteris and other ferns in Bangladesh, currently the only literature to refer is Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh (Siddiqui et al., 2007). However, when consulting this book for the identification of a recent collection of Pteris from Sylhet, the first author (Dong) realizes the inaccuracy and incompletion of Pteris recorded in Siddiqui et al. (2007). Our new collection turns out to be P. longipinnula Wall. ex J. Agardh, a species which was collected in Sylhet probably early in 1850s (Hooker, 1858: 179) but was not included in Siddiqui et al. (2007). Other apparent deficiencies on the Pteris in Siddiqui et al. (2007) include the problematic spelling or misapplication of some species’ names, such as “P. geminata Wall. apud Hook.”, “P. longifolia var. vittata Roxb.”, Pteris quadriaurita Retz., and Pteris quadriaurita var. setigera Bedd., which will be addressed in detail later in this account. In addition, Siddiqui et al. (2007) did not provide any taxonomic key to species or any critical description or list of key characters for the purpose of distinguishing species of similar morphology. Therefore, we conducted this study, aiming to provide accurate and updated knowledge on Pteris from Bangladesh in species recognition, nomenclature, and geographical distribution. Materials and Methods To update a checklist of Pteris from Bangladesh, we critically reviewed each names recorded in Siddiqui et al. (2007) according to the original descriptions, type specimens, and herbarium collections in JUH (Jahangirnagar University Herbarium), TAIF (Taiwan Forestry Research Institute), and US (Smithsonian Institution) available to us. Recent publications of Pteris in adjacent regions, especially the checklist of Pteris of Nepal (Fraser-Jenkins et al., 2015) and that of India (Fraser-Jenkins et al., 2017), are also consulted. Our recently collected specimens in Sylhet were deposited in Herbarium of South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IBSC). Result and Discussion We recognize 15 species of Pteris from Bangladesh for the time being. Of the 15 species, P. giasii is currently only known in Bangladesh and P. longipinnula has not been collected or reported in Bangladesh since 1858. An updated taxonomic checklist including a key to the species of Pteris of Bangladesh is provided below. Key to species of Pteris in Bangladesh 1a. Lateral pinnae pectinate, i.e., regularly deeply lobed on both sides of costae (rarely lobed only on basiscopic side) 2 1b. Lateral pinnae simple (not lobed), or at most with one to three lobes on one or both sides of costae 10 2a. Pinnae 1-pinnate-pinnatifid, at least lowest pinnae with several pairs of pectinate pinnules 10. P. khasiana 2b. Pinnae pinnatifid, or at most the lower ones having one to three basiscopic branches 3 3a. Fronds pentagonal; lateral pinnae 1–2 pairs, their bases connected with rachis-wings 8. P. grevilleana 3b. Fronds oblong to lanceolate; lateral pinnae more than 3 pairs; rachis wingless 4 A TAXONOMIC STUDY ON PTERIS L. (PTERIDACEAE) 133 4a. Lateral pinnae pectinate only on basiscopic side of costae 13. P. semipinnata 4b. Lateral pinnae symmetrically pectinate on both sides of costae 5 5a. Veins anastomosing below sinuses between pinna-lobes, forming costal areoles 6 5b. Veins all free (or those below sinuses occasionally anastomosing), not forming costal areoles 7 6a. Pinna-lobes entire at margin 2. P. biaurita 6b. Pinna-lobes with the distal sterile parts obviously crenate 6. P. geminata 7a. Lowest pinnae not forked, without branches on basal basiscopic side 8 7b. Lowest pinnae forked, each with one or two short branches on basal basiscopicside 9 8a. Frond-axes bright blueish-green; pinna-lobes mucronate at apex 11. P. longipinnula 8b. Frond-axes stramineous or brown; pinna-lobes acute, never mucronate at apex 7. P. giasii 9a. Fronds herbaceous; costae without spines on the adaxial surface 1. P. assamica 9b. Fronds chartaceous; costae obviously with spines on adaxial surfaces 3. P. blumeana 10a. Pinnae cordate at base; lower pinnae gradually reduced in length 15. P. vittata 10b. Pinnae cuneate at base; lower pinnae not reduced 11 11a. Sterile segments entire at margin 12 11b. Sterile segments serrate at margin 13 12a. Fronds 1-pinnate and becoming 2-pinnate towards base; ultimate segments linear, mostly 1.5–3 cm long 9. P. griffithii 12b. Fronds uniformly 1-pinnate; pinnae much longer, 15–20(30) cm long 14. P. venusta 13a. Fronds 1-pinnate to 2-pinnate towards base; lateral pinna 3–5 pairs; rachis wingless 5. P. ensiformis 13b. Fronds simple, digitate, or consisting of a trilobed terminal part and a pair of lateral segments or pinnae; rachis usually winged 14 14a. Fronds digitate to 1-pinnate, segments or pinnae irregularly lobed, producing one to several lobes on one or both sides of costae 4. P. cadieri 14b. Fronds simple, or digitate, if digitate or nearly pinnate, the segments linear and simple (never lobed) 12. P. pseudopellucida 1. Pteris assamica Fraser-Jenk. & T.G. Walker, Taxon. Revis. Indian Subcontinental Pteridophytes 118. 2008. —Type: INDIA. Assam: Bor Bhil marsh, near Digboi, 27 Dec 1995, C.R. Fraser-Jenkins 23943 “F.N. Pt. 84” (holotype, BM, not seen). Pteris assamica is morphologically similar to P. biaurita but differs in its veins being wholly free (versus forming costal areoles), lamina herbaceous (versus chartaceous) in texture, costae spines lacking (versus present), and the basal basiscopic segments on lowest pinnae usually being asymmetric (versus symmetric) (i.e., long and simple on one of the lowest pair of pinnae whereas normal-sized and pinnatifid on the other in P. assamica, Fraser-Jenkins, 2008: 118). In Bangladesh, it is known from Chittagong (C.R. Fraser-Jenkins 31011, TAIF). The species was also reported from India, Bhutan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, and Thailand (Fraser-Jenkins et al., 2017). 134 DONG AND HAQUE 2. Pteris biaurita L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1076. 1753; Siddiqui et al., Encycl. Flora Fauna Bangladesh 5: 236. 2007.—Type: “Domingo, Martinica, Jamaica”, Anonymous s.n. (lectotype, LINN- 1246.19, designated by Tryon in Contr. Gray Herb. 194: 201. 1964). Fraser-Jenkins et al. (2015) recognized two subspecies of Pteris biaurita, namely subsp. fornicata Fraser-Jenk. and subsp. walkeriana Fraser-Jenk. & Dominic Rajkumar. It seems difficult and unpractical to accept the two subspecies under P. biaurita, since “the subsp. walkeriana is very similar to and slightly overlaps subsp.
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