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The Hydrogen Economy: an Introduction

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The Hydrogen Economy: an Introduction International Seminar on the Hydrogen Economy for Sustainable Development – Reykjavik Sept. 2006 TheThe HydrogenHydrogen Economy:Economy: AnAn introductionintroduction ThorsteinnThorsteinn I.I. SigfussonSigfusson Professor of Physics University of Iceland CoChair of The International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy ILC Planet Earth – Habitat of Humans. Main energy source: The Sun. Secondary Energy source: geothermal and fission elements Main energy carrier in 2006: fossil HydroCarbons Main energy problem in 2006: Non sustainability. EnergyEnergy andand fuelsfuels HumankindHumankind hashas beenbeen burningburning biomassbiomass sincesince antiquity.antiquity. TheThe industrialindustrial revolutionrevolution coincidedcoincided withwith thethe harnessingharnessing ofof coal.coal. TheThe firstfirst automobileautomobile centurycentury coincidedcoincided withwith thethe utilizationutilization ofof oiloil andand petrol.petrol. HumankindHumankind isis facedfaced withwith aa numbernumber ofof energyenergy relatedrelated problems:problems: ClimateClimate changechange duedue toto thethe COCO 2 contentcontent ofof thethe emissionemission ofof burningburning fossilfossil fuelsfuels InsecurityInsecurity concerningconcerning thethe safesafe deliverydelivery ofof thethe hydrocarbonshydrocarbons whichwhich sourcessources areare mostlymostly ownedowned byby governmentsgovernments inin aa relativelyrelatively smallsmall numbernumber ofof countries.countries. LimitedLimited resourcesresources onon planetplanet EarthEarth PossiblePossible energyenergy resourcesresources onon EarthEarth II CoalCoal 60006000 gigatonsgigatons OilOil 400400 gigatonsgigatons (Of which 6 gigatons oil used annually) NaturalNatural gasgas 350350 gigatonsgigatons FissionFission feedstockfeedstock 0.0040.004 gigatonsgigatons AA HydroCarbonHydroCarbon economyeconomy onon EarthEarth isis totallytotally unsustainable.unsustainable. AreAre wewe thethe generationgeneration destineddestined toto changechange thethe viciousvicious pattern?pattern? LimitsLimits toto ourour presentpresent utilizationutilization –– limitslimits toto thethe growthgrowth ofof ourour civilizationcivilization HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons areare limitedlimited byby thethe COCO 2 emissions.emissions. CarbonCarbon sequestrationsequestration isis aa possiblepossible wayway toto reducereduce thethe emissionsemissions butbut aa biologicalbiological cyclecycle toto renewrenew thethe carboncarbon sourcesource wouldwould bebe ratherrather slowslow FissionFission productsproducts areare limitedlimited andand leadlead toto bigbig environmentalenvironmental problemsproblems TheThe optionsoptions leftleft includeinclude renewablesrenewables andand water:water: AnthropogenicAnthropogenic carboncarbon cyclecycle isis suffocatingsuffocating thethe EarthEarth Fossil fuel burning releases roughly 5.5 gigatons of carbon (GtC [giga=1 billion]) per year into the atmosphere and that land-use changes such as deforestation contribute roughly 1.6 GtC per year. Measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels (going on since 1957) suggest that of the approximate total amount of 7.1 GtC released per year by human activities, approximately 3.2 GtC remain in the atmosphere, resulting in an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. In addition, approximately 2 GtC diffuses into the world’s oceans, thus leaving 1.9 GtC unaccounted for. ThreeThree interestinginteresting resourcesresources ofof choicechoice WaterWater 14001400 millionmillion gigatonsgigatons SolarSolar radiationradiation andand renewablesrenewables thatthat areare solarsolar derivativesderivatives –– thethe irradiationirradiation ofof EarthEarth isis enormousenormous BiomassBiomass TwoTwo hundredhundred yearsyears ofof thethe developmentdevelopment ofof hydrogenhydrogen energyenergy economyeconomy WaterWater splittingsplitting byby NicholsonNicholson inin 18001800 HH energyenergy ProphesisedProphesised byby JulesJules VerneVerne inin 18741874 FuelFuel cellcell developmentdevelopment fromfrom GroveGrove toto BaconBacon inin aa hundredhundred yearsyears fromfrom 18401840 ““HydrogenHydrogen EconomyEconomy ”” CoinedCoined 19701970 HH2 aa focusfocus ofof IEAIEA forfor decadesdecades InternationalInternational PartnershipPartnership forfor thethe HydrogenHydrogen EconomyEconomy foundedfounded inin WashingtonWashington 20032003 HydrogenHydrogen byby differentdifferent pathwayspathways Primary Process Primary feedstock Other feedstock Energy Quantity of Resource Carbon footprint Method Gigaton level or emissions Steam Reforming Natural Gas Water Heat 10 * 2 Carbon sequestration T Oil " 10 * 2 needed H E Gasification Coal Water, Oxygen Steam at high T and P 10 *3 Carbon sequestration R needed M Pyrolysis Biomass Moderately high temp. Essentially A steam renewable L Thermochemical Water Nuclear 10 * 7-10 * 9 Nuclear waste disposal problems E C L H Electrolysis Water Renewables incl. Solar 10 * 7-10 * 9 Emissions mostly E E wind, hydroelectric related to Life Cycle C M T I Photoelectro- Water Direct sunlight 10 * 7-10 * 9 Minor emissions R C chemical O A L B Photobiological Water Algaie strains Direct sunlight 10 * 7-10 * 9 No emissions I O L Anaerobic Biomass High temperature steam LCA related minor O digestion G I Fermentative Biomass High temperature steam LCA related minor C Microorganisms A L HydrogenHydrogen fromfrom RenewablesRenewables andand waterwater ElectricityElectricity producedproduced fromfrom renewablesrenewables HydrogenHydrogen producedproduced byby solarsolar waterwater splitting,splitting, electrolysiselectrolysis ofof waterwater …….... TransportTransport systemsystem basedbased onon electricelectric motors,motors, regenerativeregenerative breakingbreaking andand backback -- upup energyenergy fromfrom hydrogenhydrogen andand fuelfuel cellscells IPHEIPHE PartnersPartners Russian USA Canada Iceland Federation IPHE Partners’ Economy: United Japan • Over $35 Trillion in GDP, 85% Kingdom of world GDP Republic of Korea • Nearly 3.5 billion people France • Over 75% of electricity used China worldwide; Germany • > 2/3 of CO 2 emissions and India energy consumption Italy European New Australia Brazil Norway Commission Zealand IPHEIPHE GoalGoal Efficiently organize and coordinate multinational research, development and deployment programs that advance the transition to a global hydrogen economy . SoSo whatwhat isis thethe modernmodern hydrogenhydrogen economyeconomy about?about? TheThe challengeschallenges ofof aa hydrogenhydrogen economyeconomy Production Price of renewable based hydrogen higher than hydrogen from hydrocarbons. IPHE wants to aim for a carbon neutral pathway. Storage The lightest and smallest of elements requires lot of space. Sto rage is a great challenge. Distribution The light element provides challenges to pipelines and infrastru cture with related diffusivity etc. Utilization The most efficient utilization in fuel cells actually transforms our former Carnot efficiency limited energy economy with the advent of Gibbs Free Energy Economy ScenariosScenarios forfor hydrogenhydrogen e Photochemical l b a w Biomass Gasification (w/o or with CO 2 Sequestration) e n e R Electrolysis from Renewable Electricity Nuclear (Thermocycles) e l b a Electrolysis from Nuclear Electricity n i a t s Electrolysis from Fossil Fuel derived Electricity with CO 2 Seq u S Reforming of Fossil Fuels (NG, Oil, Coal) with CO 2 Seq Electrolysis from Fossil Fuel derived Electricity Hydrogen from Coal Hydrogen vehicle fuel l i s s production EU 2020: o Hydrogen from Oil F 2.3 - 20.6 billion Nm³/a Decentralised Small Natural Gas Reforming [Source: HyNet scenarios] Centralised Natural Gas Reforming SHORT TERM (2010) MEDIUM TERM (2015) LONG TERM (> 2025) LetLet usus taketake aa looklook atat aa numbernumber ofof scenariosscenarios wherewhere aa hydrogenhydrogen economyeconomy componentscomponents areare beingbeing testedtested inin projectsprojects aroundaround thethe worldworld withwith veryvery highhigh carboncarbon neutrality:neutrality: HydrogenHydrogen scenario:scenario: HydrogenHydrogen forfor anan islandisland oror isolatedisolated territoryterritory AssumingAssuming accessaccess toto renewablesrenewables :: solar,solar, wind,wind, geothermalgeothermal andand possiblypossibly laterlater oceanocean currentscurrents oror waves.waves. PhotovoltaicPhotovoltaic solarsolar hydrogenhydrogen HydrogenHydrogen fromfrom lightlight An exciting relatively new development is taking place in the area of photochemical hydrogen production which was first introduced by Fujishima and Honda in 1972. In a photoelectrochemical system (PEC) a semiconductor material which is photoactive is arranged to form a junction in contact with a liquid (or sometimes solid) electrolyte. When such a junction is lit by sunlight, electron -hole pairs are formed at the junction. These light - induced electron -hole pairs in turn drive a chemical reduction and an oxidation in the electrolyte of the PEC system. UtsiraUtsira –– HydrogenHydrogen islandisland inin NorwayNorway On the island of Utsira in the Atlantic Ocean just outside the fjords of Norway Norsk Hydro and its partners have been running a wind generator based hydrogen system since 2004. Two wind generators of 600 kW each deliver electric energy to a small electrolyser which stores its hydrogen under pressure. The hydrogen is used for powering a number of houses on this small island. There is a 12kW fuel cell from a Danish producer, IRD, delivering the power in addition to some 50kW of electric energy stemming
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