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Duke Farms Permaculture Demonstration Garden Design Plan Page 1 Environment Permaculture Demonstration Garden Design Plan Location: Duke Farms; Hillsborough, New Jersey Prepared by: Participants in the 2010 Permaculture Design Certificate Course held at Duke Farms: Andrew Bowman, Michael Boyle, Lacy Brittingham, Susanne Eckhardt, Laurie Fischer, Luis Jerez, David Scarcinci, Stan Sersen, and Hannah Smith Instructor: Wayne Weiseman Introduction The mission of Duke Farms is to become a model of environmental stewardship for the 21st Century and to inspire visitors to become informed stewards of the land. Duke Farms will implement this mission by demonstrating sustainable horticultural, agricultural, and wildlife management practices and how they can be integrated into a holistic approach to land use sometimes referred to as “agro-ecology.” In many ways, this vision for Duke Farms is remarkably similar to the objectives and principles of permaculture – a term that represents both a world view of what constitutes true environmental sustainability and an applied approach to landscape design that produces high agricultural yields while improving the health of the land. [Note: In our discussion below, we highlight key permaculture “Cultures cannot survive without a principles and how our recommendations incorporate those sustainable agricultural base and principles]. land use ethic. Permaculture is about the relationships we can Given how well permaculture reflects the goals and create between minerals, plants, aspirations of Duke Farms, it makes sense for the property to animals and humans by the way we feature a permaculture demonstration garden. This site plan place them in the landscape. The describes such a demonstration garden around Cottage 35, aim is to create systems that are located just west of the Farm Barn (which will serve as the ecologically sound and economically orientation center for visitors to Duke Farms). This location viable, which provide for their own was selected because the Northeast Organic Farming needs, do not exploit or pollute, and Association of New Jersey (NOFA-NJ) will use Cottage 35 for its are therefore sustainable in the long headquarters and the cottage presents an opportunity to term.” demonstrate how homeowners can incorporate permaculture features around their home. This location is also adjacent to – Bill Mollison, the community garden plots to be installed in the western Permaculture co-founder Farm Barn area. In addition to advancing the mission of Duke Farms, the proposed demonstration garden will also facilitate NOFA-NJ’s objectives to serve as a catalyst in the development of a sustainable organic agricultural system and to educate diverse audiences about the significance and meaning of organic practices for food and the Duke Farms Permaculture Demonstration Garden Design Plan Page 1 environment. In short, the demonstration garden will serve as a valuable tool for NOFA-NJ as it seeks to instill an appreciation for the importance of healthy, locally-grown food that is produced sustainably. Goals Informed by input from NOFA-NJ, our goals in creating this garden design are to: 1. Support the objective of Duke Farms and NOFA-NJ to promote sustainable land use and stewardship. 2. Demonstrate permaculture principles and methods that homeowners and others can replicate to regenerate and increase yields on their own properties. 3. Design a beautiful aesthetic environment that maximizes sensory experiences, attracts visitors, and draws people toward the adjacent community gardens. 4. Inspire visitors to want to learn more about permaculture and the benefits of local, sustainably- grown food. 5. Demonstrate how a small investment in garden design can lead to a productive, functional, and low-maintenance garden. Site Orientation The following five photos capture the site from various perspectives. View of the cottage, facing east Duke Farms Permaculture Demonstration Garden Design Plan Page 2 West entry to the path on the southern edge of the site, facing east East entry to the path on the southern edge of the site, facing west Duke Farms Permaculture Demonstration Garden Design Plan Page 3 View of the central portion of the site, facing south View of the central portion of the site, facing east Duke Farms Permaculture Demonstration Garden Design Plan Page 4 Site Assessment As part of the permaculture design process, we performed a comprehensive assessment of the garden site. Significant findings are set forth below. 1. Climate The climate is humid temperate with mean annual precipitation of 38 to 46 inches, mean annual air temperatures of 50 to 55 degrees Fahrenheit, and a frost-free season of 150 to 200 days. The site is within USDA Zone 6a/6b for plant hardiness. The last spring frost is around May 4, with the first fall frost around October 7. Although precipitation is, on average, fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, extreme summer heat and drought are possible (e.g., the summer of 2010). Permaculture emphasizes the importance of retaining water on-site and increasing drought resilience through techniques such as soil improvement, constructed swales, and other modest changes to the shape of the land. We have incorporated these elements into our garden design. 2. Landform The site is approximately two acres in size, generally flat, and slopes downward gently (approximately 8 feet) from south to north. A unique feature of the site is a large mound of subsoil placed in the center of the garden area during construction in the Farm Barn area. Currently, the mound is as high as 8 feet. Our understanding is that Duke Farms would prefer that the long distance view from the second story of the Farm Barn (i.e., facing west) not be obstructed by infrastructure or vegetation included in the permaculture garden. As such, the mound will be reduced to no more than two feet in height and our recommended design for this area will not impair the existing viewshed. 3. Water Water supply is available on the site with an existing spigot located approximately 40 feet to the west of the cottage. As discussed elsewhere in this report, we have incorporated design elements to capture and retain precipitation that falls on site (e.g., rain barrels, swales). 4. Access and Circulation The permaculture garden will be visited primarily by pedestrians who exit the Farm Barn orientation center and move west along the path located to the south of the garden site. Other visitors will include people visiting the community gardens and the NOFA-NJ offices. We propose two new paths to provide pedestrian access to the NOFA-NJ offices and NOFA-NJ information booth. Duke Farms Permaculture Demonstration Garden Design Plan Page 5 5. Vegetation and Wildlife Duke Farms is located in the Central Piedmont Plains area of central New Jersey. This is a transitional habitat zone between the hardwood forests of northern New Jersey and the oak-pine forests in the southern part of the state. Duke Farms Landscape and Habitat Management Guidelines, Vitetta/Andropogon, 2008. A prominent design element in permaculture gardens is the “food forest” in which garden designers mimic the natural structure and characteristics of native forests by using species of trees, shrubs, and plants that provide food and products for people. We have incorporated a number of food Every function is supported by forests into our design. many elements (redundancy): In regard to wildlife, deer will likely pose a management challenge. The Good design ensures that all Farm Barn area is outside of the deer fence that surrounds the park area important functions can of Duke Farms and, accordingly, deer will be present at the garden site. withstand the failure of one or We propose to address this issue through two means: (1) create more element. redundancy and abundance in the garden to reduce the impact of fruit Duke Farms Permaculture Demonstration Garden Design Plan Page 6 and foliage consumed by the deer; and (2) in certain instances (e.g., around new food forest plantings), install fencing to exclude deer. 6. Buildings and Infrastructure A two-story wood and stone residential cottage currently exists on the garden site. This structure is being renovated and converted into office space for NOFA-NJ. Near the cottage are also two small, wood-framed storage buildings that create a natural courtyard between them. The area between the two sheds is in a direct line of sight from the Farm Barn. The cottage will be served by underground natural gas and electric supply. As such, no utility lines are overhead. Given the large solar array located near the cottage, and the fact that this array will likely generate power sufficient to cover all electricity consumption at Duke Farms, we do not recommend the installation of photovoltaic solar panels on the cottage. A solar hot water system, however, may still be appropriate. 7. Microclimate Duke Farms Permaculture Demonstration Garden Design Plan Page 7 Generally, the site receives abundant sunlight for growing trees, shrubs, and plants. There are some existing trees on site that will provide shade, including a line of mature oak trees along the south border of the garden site. All existing trees are deciduous. The figure below shows wind direction and sun exposure during different seasons. 8. Zones of Use Permaculture designers employ a “zone system” through which they divide a property into six different zones based on what activities will take place in each area: Zone 0 – The on-site residence Zone 1 – The most visited and frequently used portion of the site (e.g., a kitchen garden featuring annual crops). This area is usually immediately adjacent to the residence. Zone 2 – An area slightly removed from the residence that is semi-intensely cultivated and features more perennials than annuals. Duke Farms Permaculture Demonstration Garden Design Plan Page 8 Zone 3 – An area further removed from the residence dominated by perennials, shrubs, and trees. Livestock and animals can be included in this zone.
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