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An Analysis of Social Enterprise Approaches Adopted by Faith-Based Projects Supporting Women to Leave Prostitution

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An Analysis of Social Enterprise Approaches Adopted by Faith-Based Projects Supporting Women to Leave Prostitution Durham E-Theses Global Perspectives on Sustainable Exit from Prostitution: An analysis of social enterprise approaches adopted by faith-based projects supporting women to leave prostitution THORLBY, KATIE,ELAINE How to cite: THORLBY, KATIE,ELAINE (2015) Global Perspectives on Sustainable Exit from Prostitution: An analysis of social enterprise approaches adopted by faith-based projects supporting women to leave prostitution, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11072/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Global Perspectives on Sustainable Exit from Prostitution: An analysis of social enterprise approaches adopted by faith-based projects supporting women to leave prostitution Katie Elaine Thorlby School of Applied Social Sciences Durham University April 2015 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Abstract Prostitution is highly contested and extensively researched yet despite the amount of research that has been carried out there has, until recently, been little focus on how people leave prostitution. Within the literature that does exist, the complexity of leaving prostitution is widely acknowledged. Exiting is seen as a process not an event, and one which is not necessarily linear, and studies recognise that those who seek to leave face multi-faceted barriers. The role of support organisations in facilitating transitions from prostitution is acknowledged but such organizations remain largely unexamined, as do the associations with faith traditions that have been noted amongst some of these organisations. The existing literature attests to the role of alternative employment in enabling women to exit and remain out of prostitution and a small number of empirical studies have begun to explore the role of micro-enterprise development and vocational skills training in the context of prostitution. The provision of alternative employment through the operation of a social enterprise, has, however, received scant attention. This thesis contributes to understandings of the process of exiting prostitution through an exploration of the phenomenon of faith-based projects that support women to leave prostitution through the operation of social enterprises. Based on data from an internet mapping study and ethnographic research with two case studies, a project in India and a project in the US, both of which are running social enterprises, the research examines the nature of such projects; how they support women to exit prostitution; how the social enterprise models employed by these projects operate; the salience of faith in the nature and work of such projects; and the experiences of the women engaging with these projects. In doing so, this thesis contributes to knowledge in three areas: (1) exiting prostitution, (2) social enterprise, and (3) faith. i Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................ vii List of Tables ................................................................................................................. vii Declaration of Copyright.................................................................................................. x Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ xi Dedication ................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................1 Introducing the Thesis .......................................................................................................... 1 The Contested Nature of Prostitution .................................................................................. 1 Existing Knowledge Base on Prostitution ............................................................................. 4 The Interplay of Research and Researcher ........................................................................... 5 Research Aims and Objectives .............................................................................................. 6 Outline of Thesis Structure ................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2: Exiting, transitioning and ‘moving on’: the literature on exiting prostitution .. 10 Introduction ........................................................................................................................10 Contested definitions ..........................................................................................................10 The desire and decision to exit ...........................................................................................13 The matrix of factors influencing exit .................................................................................16 Barriers ............................................................................................................................16 Enabling Factors ..............................................................................................................18 Understanding the how of exit ...........................................................................................19 The role of support organisations .......................................................................................23 Summary: the politics of exit ..............................................................................................26 Chapter 3: Understanding the phenomenon of social enterprise .................................... 29 Introduction ........................................................................................................................29 Making sense of the world of social enterprise ..................................................................29 From definitional jungles to analytical toolkit ....................................................................33 ii The choice of organisational form and business model .................................................33 Measuring social impact and pursuing growth ...............................................................36 Negotiating tensions and identifying challenges ............................................................38 Social enterprise, prostitution and the real world ..............................................................40 Summary .............................................................................................................................43 Chapter 4: Understanding and Researching Faith-Based Organisations ........................... 45 Introduction ........................................................................................................................45 Religion, faith and spirituality .............................................................................................46 What is a Faith-based Organisation? ..................................................................................49 The salience of faith within FBOs ........................................................................................53 From typologies to empirical examination .........................................................................57 Summary .............................................................................................................................59 Chapter 5: The Research Journey ................................................................................... 61 Introduction ........................................................................................................................61 Research Approach .............................................................................................................61 Research Design ..................................................................................................................63 Phase 1: The Mapping Study ...........................................................................................65 Phase 2: Case Studies ......................................................................................................69 The Experience of Research and the Question of Ethics ....................................................92 The question of informed consent..................................................................................92 Confidentiality and anonymity ........................................................................................94
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