Research Article

Available Online at http://www.recentscientific.com International Journal of CODEN: IJRSFP (USA) Recent Scientific

International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research Vol. 8, Issue, 7, pp. 18129-18135, July, 2017 ISSN: 0976-3031 DOI: 10.24327/IJRSR Research Article

LIMNOLOGICAL STUDIES OF NILJE AND GOVELI PONDS OF KALYAN TALUKA, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

Tushar A. Pawar* and Madhuri K. Pejaver

1Mahatma Night Degree College of Arts and Commerce, Chembur-71 2B.N. Bandodkar College of Science, Thane

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2017.0807.0456

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: Water is considered as the elixir of life and is consumed in the greatest quantity throughout the world for drinking, bathing, washing, recreation, irrigation and aquaculture. Rivers, ponds, lakes and tanks Received 05th April, 2017 are the major sources of the water. Present study undertaken to analyse water quality parameters of Received in revised form 21st Nilje and Goveli ponds in KalyanTaluka for the period of 12 months i.e. from June 2014 to May May, 2017 2015. Various parameters like pH, Temperature, total hardness, alkalinity, chlorides, total solids, Accepted 06th June, 2017 suspended solids, and total dissolved solids, nitrates, phosphates, silicates, CO , dissolved oxygen, Published online 28th July, 2017 2 biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, salinity and electrical conductivity were

Key Words: analysed as per the methods given in APHA (2005) and Trivedi and Goel (1984). The results revels that all the parameters studied are within permissible limit according to Indian Standard specified for Nilje, Goveli, Ponds, Physico-chemical, drinking water.

Parameters

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INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ponds as source of water, are of fundamental importance to For the study of physico-chemical parameters, the water man. However pond may have been natural water source samples were collected from different sites, at the boundaries exploited by man at different time to meet different needs, or of ponds and not from the central region of ponds as to reach may have been created for a multitude of different purpose e.g. centre, boat facility was not available. domestic or agricultural use, transport, defence, ritual and The water samples were collected fortnightly, in early morning industrial use, swimming, fish farming or the creation of the hours. Clean plastic 2 litre carboys were used to collect water picturesque (Ress, 1997, Narayan et. al. 2007, Bishnoi and samples. pH, CO , air and water temperature were recorded on Malik, 2008). Hence attempt was made to analyse physico- 2 the spot and sample for DO also collected in BOD bottle and chemical parametres of these ponds to understand quality of fixed immediately and analysed on the spot. Water analysis water. These freshwater ponds namely Goveli and Nilje located was performed as per the methods described in standard in KalyanTaluka (19o4’ and 19o24’N and 73o and 73o24’ E) of methods (APHA, 1992); Trivedi and Goel (1984) and Kodarkar Thane District, Maharashtra, India. The total area of this taluka 2 (1992). is 710 Km . The Kalyan Taluka is cubular in form, and in its western part a rich open plain. In the south and east ranges of RESULTS AND DISCUSSION hills running parallel with the boundary line, throw out spurs into the heart of plain. The climate is not very hot. The pH value recorded in both the ponds was range between 7 to temperature ranges between 21.930C to 31.720C. It receives 8.4. The maximum value recorded in Nilje pond in the month average rainfall 2355.2 mm. of February 2015 while minimum value recorded in the month of September 2015. In Goveli pond maximum pH value So far no scientific study conducted on these ponds hence recorded in the months of June 2014 and May 2015 while present investigation will help to create awareness among minimum value recorded in the month of August 2015. In both people in the Taluka and will be helpful to the scientific the ponds minimum value recorded in the rainy season while community in general and government in particular as a maximum value recorded in towards summer season. database for future investigations.

*Corresponding author: Tushar A. Pawar Mahatma Night Degree College of Arts and Commerce, Chembur-71 Tushar A. Pawar and Madhuri K. Pejaver., Limnological Studies of Nilje and Goveli Ponds of Kalyantaluka, Maharashtra, India

Google map showing Nilje and Goveli Village, Kalyan, Maharashtra

Table 1 Showing monthly fluctuations in physico-chemcal parameters of Nilje and Goveli pond (from June-2014 to May-2015)

pH Air Temp. Water Temp Ele. Condcuctivity TDS SS TS DO Hardness

oC oC Us mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L Months NJ GO NJ GO NJ GO NJ GO NJ GO NJ GO NJ GO NJ GO NJ GO June 7.8 8.4 31 30 27 29 440 181 160 120 80 280 240 400 7.27 3.7 175 150 July 7.51 7.2 27 25 26 25 210 190 220 160 60 0 300 160 7.5 7.1 100 100 Aug 7.51 7 28 29 26 25 250 140 180 200 60 20 240 220 8.06 6.87 125 125 Sept 7.01 7.2 28 29 27 28 320 180 20 140 120 0 140 140 6.21 5.95 175 125 Oct 7.8 7.2 29 29 28 28 410 220 60 200 280 160 340 360 6.88 6.35 225 125 Nov 7.81 7.25 27 28 25 27 470 250 460 200 0 0 460 200 6.61 5.55 300 225 Dec 7.81 7.4 24 26 23 23 490 270 760 200 240 120 1000 320 7.53 6.7 375 275 Jan 7.79 7.71 24 23 23 22.5 520 320 400 160 440 0 840 160 6.21 4.089 300 300 Feb 8.2 8.19 27 25 25 24 550 330 600 80 320 200 920 280 6.87 4.49 225 225 March 7.9 7.9 29 30 28 27 370 370 460 260 0 80 460 340 5.82 11.237 450 250 April 7.88 7.82 31 29 28 28 390 350 140 220 100 200 240 420 5.68 9.12 500 350 May 7.91 8.4 30 30 28 28 410 320 100 100 140 360 240 460 6.21 6.87 530 175

Maxima and Minima Highlighted

Table 2 Showing monthly fluctuations in physico-chemcal parameters of Nilje and Goveli pond (from June-2014 to May-2015)

Chlorides Alkalinity Nitrates Phosphates Silicates Salinity BOD COD CO2 Months mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ppt mg/L mg/L mg/L

NJ GO NJ GO NJ GO NJ GO NJ GO NJ GO NJ GO NJ GO NJ GO June 70.92 35.46 175 100 0.15 0.04 0.11 0.54 4.80 5.18 0.128 0.064 4.8 4.8 48 152 8.8 22 July 53.19 53.19 75 100 0.78 0.31 0.14 0.63 5.72 7.32 0.128 0.096 4.2 4.2 52 80 17.6 4.4 Aug 70.92 35.46 125 75 0.17 0.40 0.15 0.13 10.89 19.38 0.128 0.064 2.4 4.2 20 32 4.4 4.4 Sept 70.92 35.46 150 125 0.67 0.42 0.16 0.12 13.46 15.62 0.128 0.064 3.3 3.6 48 80 4.4 4.4 Oct 159.57 88.65 250 175 0.92 0.42 0.17 0.14 13.41 14.63 0.29 0.16 4.8 3.6 44 20 13.5 8.8 Nov 212.76 124.1 300 200 0.81 0.45 0.12 0.19 13.88 9.67 0.38 0.224 2.7 2.1 36 36 8.8 0 Dec 212.76 88.8 350 225 0.82 0.32 0.17 0.12 9.50 8.99 0.38 0.16 4.2 3.9 20 16 8.8 4.4 Jan 141.8 124.11 350 250 0.97 0.49 0.18 0.17 8.99 7.33 0.26 0.224 3.3 3.9 76 88 4.4 4.4 Feb 248.2 159.57 525 300 0.96 0.57 0.18 0.16 9.32 11.73 0.45 0.29 2.7 3.6 68 56 0 8.8 March 212.76 53.19 200 125 0.22 0.62 0.04 0.16 7.69 11.59 0.38 0.096 6.3 5.7 64 56 4.4 4.4 April 230.49 53.19 200 175 0.32 0.65 0.04 0.16 7.59 13.08 0.416 0.96 7.2 3.6 60 144 4.4 4.4 May 212.76 159.57 225 175 0.34 0.52 0.04 0.14 7.81 12.24 0.38 0.229 7.8 6 80 32 4.4 8.8

Maxima and Minima Highlighted

Similar results were observed by Korgaonkar and et.al (2014) In the present study air temperature was recorded in the range in Osargaon pond of Sindhudurga district, Maharashtra. of 240C (Dec. 2014 and Jan-2015) to 310C (June-2014 and

Temperature is a primary environmental factor that affects and April-2015) in Nilje pond where as in Goveli pond it was 0 0 governs the biological activities and solubility of gases in recorded in the ranged of 23 C (Jan-2015) to 30 C (June-214, water. Owing to the gases in air, humidity, dust andother March and May 2015). colloidal particles, the air temperature is always higher than water temperature (Mohammad et.al., 2015). 18130 | P a g e International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 8, Issue, 7, pp. 18129-18135, July, 2017

pH Air Temperature

9 32 C

8.6 o 30 n i 8.2 28 e r H u 26 7.8 t p a

r 24 7.4 e

NJ p NJ 22 7 m e GO 6.6 GO T 20 t t l e c y h y b v n g l i t t e c c l y h y v n p g b i e r a n e c a o u c l p r e a e c n a e r u o u

J p u O F e r u D J J p A N a u O S F J M D J A N a S A M J A

M M Months Months

Water Temperature Electrical Conductivity

35 600

C s o 30 500 u

n e i c 25 400 e n r

o i

u 20 t t 300 c a u

r 15 e d 200 p 10 NJ n NJ o m e 5 C 100 T GO GO 0 0 l t t e c y n v h y g t t l b i e c y h y v n b c g l p i r e a a c n e c l o u p e r e c a n a e o u r u J p u e O u F r J D p J u O A N F a S M D J J A N a S J M A A

M M

Months Months

Total Dissolved Solids Suspended Solids 800 700 500 l / 600 400 g l /

m 500 g

n 300 m i 400

S i 300 200 D S

T NJ 200 S 100 NJ 100 GO 0 0 GO t t l l t t e e c y c y y h n v y v h g g n b b i i c c l l p p e r r e a a c n a e n c a e o o u u e e u r u r J J p p O u u O F F D D J J A N a A N a S S M J M J A A M M

Months Months

Total Solids Dissolved Oxygen 1200 12 l 1000 / g l 10 / m g 800 n i m 8

n n 600 i e

g 6 S

400 y x T NJ 4 O 200 NJ d GO e 2 v

0 l GO

o 0 l s t t c y v y i g e b h n l s c r p e a c l t o t u i a e n e c y h v n y g u b i r J p e O c l p F J D u A r e N a c a n e o u D a M S J A e r u J p O u F D J A N a S M J M

A M Months Months

18131 | P a g e Tushar A. Pawar and Madhuri K. Pejaver., Limnological Studies of Nilje and Goveli Ponds of Kalyantaluka, Maharashtra, India

Hardness Chlorides 600 300 l

550 l / / g 500 g 250 m

450 m

n 400 n

i 200 i

350 s s e 150 e 300 d n 250 i r d 100 o r

200 NJ l NJ a 150 h 50 H 100 GO C 50 0 GO l t t e c y l h t y t v g n b i e c y y h n v g b c l i p r e a c c n l e a o p u e r a c a n e o u e r u J p e u O u r F J p D O J u F A N a S D M J J A N a S M J A

A M M Months Months

Alkalinity Nitrates

600 1.20

l 550 / l

/ 1.00 g 500 g m 450

0.80 n 400 i n

i y 350 s t 0.60 i 300 e t n i a l 250 r 0.40 a NJ t

i NJ

k 200 l 150 N

A 0.20 100 GO GO 50 0.00 t t l t t l e c h y y e v n b c g y y v n h g i b i c l p c l p e r c a n e e a r a o n a c u e o u e r u e u r J J p u O p F u O F D J D a A N J S A N a J M S J M A A M M Months Months

Phosphates Silicates

0.70 25.00 l / l g 0.60 /

g m 20.00

0.50 m n

n i s 0.40 15.00 e s t e

a 0.30 t 10.00 h a c p 0.20 i

s NJ

l NJ i o 0.10 5.00 S

h p GO 0.00 0.00 GO l t t e c y y v n h g b t l i t e c c l y y h v n g p b i e r a a c n e o u c l p e r a n c e a e u r o u

J p u O F e u r D J J p A N u a O F S M J D J A N a S A J M A

M M Months Months

Salinity Biological oxygen Demand 1.2 9 1 8 t l p 7 / p g 0.8 6 n m

y n 5 i

t 0.6

i 4 n D i l

0.4 O 3 a NJ NJ B S 0.2 2 GO 1 GO 0 0 t t l t t l e c e y c h y n v g h y b y v n b g i i c c l p l p e r e a r c n a e c a e n a o u o u e e r u r u J J p p u O O u F F D D J J a A N A N a S S M J J M A A M M Months Months

18132 | P a g e International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 8, Issue, 7, pp. 18129-18135, July, 2017

Chemical Oxygen Demand Carbon dioxide

160 25

l 140 / l / g 120 20 g m

100 m

n 15 i n

80 i

D 60 2 10 O 40 NJ O C 20 C 5 NJ 0 GO 0 GO l t t e c y h y n v g b i t t l c l p e c y y h b v n g e r a c n i a e o u c l p

e e r u r a e n c a J o u p u O F e D u r J a A N J p S M O u J F D J A N a A S J M

M M Months Months

The water temperature during study period recorded in the 0 0 The Dissolved oxygen values recorded 5.68(April-2015) to ranged of 23 C (Dec-2014 and Jan-2015) to 28 C (Oct-2014, 8.06 (August-2014) mg/L in Nilje pond whereas3.7 (June- March, April and May-2015) in Nilje pond whereas in Goveli 0 0 2014) to 11.237 (March-2015) mg/L in Goveli pond. Fritsch pond it was observed in the range of 22.5 C (Jan-2015) to 29 C (1907) stated that the oxygen contents would be low (June-2014). Highest values of temperatures were recorded considering their high temperature in tropical water. Similar during June 2014 in both the ponds though it was rainy season finding were also recorded by Pandeyet.al (2014) in the ponds ideally but during that year raining was started in the month of of Bilaspur District C.G. July 2014 and summer was prolonged hence highest temperature recoded in the month of June 2014. The minimum The total hardness were recorded in Nilje pond between the values of temperatures were recorded in the winter season in range of 100 mg/L (July-2014) to 530 mg/L (May-2015) both the ponds. Similar findings were recorded by Jain whereas in Goveli pond were recorded in the ranged of 100 et.al.(1996) and D.L. Bharamal and D.S. Korgaonkar (2015). mg/L (July-2014) to 350 mg/L (April-2015). The higher value of hardness ascribed to accumulation of dissolved materials due The electrical conductivity of water is related to the nature and to water pollution by discharging sewage waster like any concentration of ionized substances in the water and to the anthropogenic use like washing clothes, bathing etc. The higher temperature of the water (Jain, Renu 2008). In present value of hardness recorded in both the ponds during summer investigation electrical conductivity was recorded in the range season. Hulyal and Kaliwal (2011) found that higher value in between 210us/cm (July-2014) to 550 us/cm (February-2015) summer and lower in winter season. They attributed to in Niljepond and in Goveli pond it was recorded in the ranged decreases in water volume and increases in rate of evaporation of 140 (August-2014) us/cm to 370 us/cm (March-2015). The at high temperature. fluctuation in electrical conductivity in the both ponds during study may be due to inflow from surface runoff, discharge of The chlorides values recorded in the range of 53.19 mg/L sewage waste, washing clothes, bathing, immersion of Idol, (July-2014) to 248.2 mg/L (February-2015) in Nilje pond discharge of silt and salts from agricultural field and cleaning whereas 35.46 mg/L (Jan, Aug, Sept-2015) to 159.57 mg/L vehicle any other anthropogenic activities. The maximum (Feb and May 2015). The highest value recorded towards values were recorded in both the ponds during winter and summer season in both the ponds and lower values in winter summer season. Similar finding were recorded by Dixit and rainy season. The higher concentration of chlorides is et.al.(1989) and Jain Renu (2008). considered to be an indicator of higher pollution due to higher organic waste of animal origin (Moundiotiya et al., 2004). The Total dissolved solids value range between 20 mg/L (Sept-214) concentration of chlorides in water bodies increases during to 760 mg/L (December-2015) in Nilje pond whereas in Goveli summer season due to evaporation of water and concentration pond recorded in between 80 mg/L (Feb-2015) to 260 mg/L of salt due to increase in water and atmospheric temperature. (March-2015). Study shows that total dissolved solids shows Similar findings were also recorded by Jana (1973) at West high value during winter season in Nilje pond and in Goveli Bengal and Sehgal (1980) at Surinsar Lake, Jammu. The pond during summer may be due to evaporation rate of water. chloride concentration of lake water depends upon the degree Suspended solids value range between 0.0 mg/L (Nov-2014 of pollution resulting from the waste materials poured into the and March-2015) to 440 mg/L (January-2015) in Nilje pond ponds. and 0.0 mg/L (July, September-2014 and January-2015) to 360 The total alkalinity values range between 75 mg/L (July-2014) mg/L (May-2015) in Goveli pond. The higher fluctuation in the to 525 mg/L (February-2015) in Nilje Pond and 75 mg/L value may be due to torrential rain which through washes down (August-2014) to 300 mg/L (February- 2015). The higher value the top soil. This event stops once the rainy season is over of alkalinity recorded in the both the ponds during winter leading to a drastic fall in the value (Pandeyet.al., 2014). season may be due to organic load. Natural water bodies in Total solids value range between 140 mg/L (September 2014) tropics usually show wide range of fluctuations in their total to 1000 mg/L (December-2015) in Nilje pond and 140 mg/L alkalinity value depending upon the geography and different (September 2014) to 460 mg/L (May-2016). Higher value of season (Pandey et.al., 2014). total solids recorded in Nilje ponds during winter season. The nitrate is the basic constituent of all organisms and plays a vital role in metabolism growth, reproduction and transmission 18133 | P a g e Tushar A. Pawar and Madhuri K. Pejaver., Limnological Studies of Nilje and Goveli Ponds of Kalyantaluka, Maharashtra, India of heritable characters (Mudgal et.al., 2013). In the present recorded in the month of June though its falls in monsoon investigation value of nitrate ranged between 0.15 mg/L (June- season but during 2014 raining was started from the month of 2014) to 0.97 mg/L (January-2015) in Nilje pond and 0.04 July-2014 hence June-2014 may be considered as summer for mg/L (June-2014) to 0.65 mg/L (March-2015) in Goveli pond. this study. The higher value of COD recorded in summer may Similar fluctuations in nitrates value were found by Pejaver and be due to higher organic load in the ponds and also because of Minakshi (2008) in Kalwa Lake, Thane. higher evaporation rate of water during summer which leads concentration of all the chemical constituents, compounds, In the present study values of phosphates range between 0.04 minerals and salts and may help to increase COD level of pond mg/L (March and April-2015) to 0.18 mg/L (January and water. Similar results were observed by Pandey et.al. (2014) in February-2015) in Nilje pond whereas in Goveli pond values of pond water of Bilaspur district, Dakshini and Soni (1979) phosphates found in the ranged of 0.12 mg/L (September and stated that domestic sewage and industrial waste are main December-2014) to 0.63 mg/L (July-2014). The highest values factors responsible for increase in COD values which they recorded in Nilje pond in the winter season whereas in Goveli studied in Yamuna river. pond highest value recorded in the month of June-2014. Highest value of phosphates recorded in Goveli pond in the The concentration of CO2 recorded in the range of 0.0 mg/L month of July 2014. Agricultural runoff during rainy season (February-2015) to 17.6 mg/L (July-2014) in Nilje pond discharging phosphates into water bodies (Korgaonkar et.al. whereas in Goveli pond it was recorded between 0.0 mg/L 2014). Inflow of fertilizers and detergents into water body are (November-2014) to 22 mg/L (June2014). The released of responsible for high concentration of the phosphates, is stated Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reduces concentration of by Tuzen et al (2002). CO2 in water. Some amount of CO2 also consumed by photosynthetic organisms like aquatic flora (Phytoplankton and Silicates are an important chemical parameter of any water macrophytes) which may decrease the concentration of CO in body which helpful to enhance the growth of diatoms and 2 aquatic ecosystem. having the growth of silica shell (Pejaver and Minakshi, 2008). During present investigation, the range of silicates found in CONCLUSION Nilje pond was between 4.8 mg/L (June-2014) to 13.88 mg/L (November-2014) while in Goveli pond it was between 5.18 According to present study we can conclude that all the (June-2014) to 19.38 mg/L (August-2014).Similar results physico-chemical parameters of Nilje and Goveli ponds were finding also recorded by Pejaver and Minakshi (2008) in Jail within permissible limit as per Indian Standard for drinking and KalawaLake, Thane, Maharashtra. water but above the permissible limit as per WHO standards for

In present study Salinity was recorded in the range of 0.128 ppt drinking water hence water of these ponds may be utilize for (June to September-2014) to 0.45 ppt (February-2015) in Nilje domestic use and human consumption with some precautionary pond and 0.064 ppt (June to September-2014) to 0.96 ppt treatment. The present study may also help to provide baseline (April-2015) in Goveli pond. Salinity found higher in winter data to stakeholders and government officials to plan season to summer may be due to evaporation of water and conservation strategies and monitor these water bodies. concentration of salts and minerals. Similar findings were also Acknowledgement recorded by Pejaver and Minakshi (2008) in Jail and Kalawa Lake, Thane, Maharashtra. We thankful to VidyaPrasarakMandal, Thane for providing infrastructure facility to carry out this research work. We also Biological Oxygen Demand is dissolved oxygen required by thankful to Principal, teaching and non teaching staff of B.N micro-organism for aerobic decomposition of organic matter Bandodkar College of Science, Thane and Mahatma Night present in water (Pandey et.al., 2014). Jain and Dhamija (2000) Degree College of Arts and Commerce, Chembur for their found that Biological Oxygen Demand as an important continuous support during this research. parameter in aquatic ecosystem to establish the status of pollution. BOD value in present investigation recorded in the References range of 2.4 mg/L (August-2014) to 7.8 mg/L (May-2015) in APHA.2005. Standard methods for the examination of water Nilje pond whereas in Goveli pond between 2.1 mg/L and waste water. American Public Health Association, (Novmber-2014) to 6 mg/L (May-2015).The maximum BOD 21 Ed. Washington, DC. value recorded in both ponds during summer season. Similar KorgaonkarD.S., D.L.Bharamal and Y.J.Koli 2014, Physico- Findings were reported by Yadav et al., (2013) they found chemical study of the freshwater pond Osargaon- highest value of BOD in early rainy season. Seasonally, the Ghonsari in Kankavlitaluka of District Sindhudurg, Biological oxygen demand was highest during late summer Maharashtra, India, International Journal of current /early rainy season. High BOD during late summer/early rainy microbiology and applied sciences, 3(10) 889-896 season may be due to the presence of several microbes in water Dakshini K. M. M. and Soni J. K. 1979.Water quality of bodies (Pandey et.al., 2014). sewage drains entering Yamuna in Delhi. Indian J. In the present investigation COD value recorded in the range of Environ. Hlth., 21(4): 354-360 20 mg/L (August and December-2014) to 80 mg/L (May-2015) Diwedi BK., Pandey GC. 2002. Physicochemical factors and and in Goveli pond it was recorded in between the ranged of 16 algal diversity of two ponds GirjaKund and Maqubara mg/L (December-2014) to 152 (June-2014). Lowest value of pond, Faizabad. Pollution Research, 21: 361-370. COD recorded in the winter season whereas highest value Dixit, S.C., Limnological studies of Physico chemical recorded in the summer season but in Goveli pond it was properties of Tighara Lake with special reference to 18134 | P a g e International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 8, Issue, 7, pp. 18129-18135, July, 2017

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Tushar A. Pawar and Madhuri K. Pejaver.2017, Limnological Studies of Nilje and Goveli Ponds of Kalyantaluka, Maharashtra, India. Int J Recent Sci Res. 8(7), pp. 18129-18135. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2017.0807.0456

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