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Influences of Type of Anaesthesia on Cortisol, -Endorphin and Heart Rate

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Influences of Type of Anaesthesia on Cortisol, -Endorphin and Heart Rate Influences of type of anaesthesia on cortisol, β-endorphin and heart rate in pigs H Gerard, Pl Sensky, Dm Broom, S Perremans, R Geers To cite this version: H Gerard, Pl Sensky, Dm Broom, S Perremans, R Geers. Influences of type of anaesthesia on cortisol, β-endorphin and heart rate in pigs. Veterinary Research, BioMed Central, 1996, 27 (3), pp.219-226. hal-00902416 HAL Id: hal-00902416 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00902416 Submitted on 1 Jan 1996 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Original article Influences of type of anaesthesia on cortisol, β-endorphin and heart rate in pigs H Gerard1 PL Sensky DM Broom S Perremans R Geers1 1 Laboratorium Agrarische Bouwkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kard Mercierlaan 92, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium; 2 Department of Clinical and Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK (Received 5 April 1995; accepted 16 January 1996) Summary ― Two experiments were carried out using a total of 20 growing pigs of approximately 20 kg in order to investigate the effect of different types of anaesthesia (metomidate versus ketamine) on plasma levels of cortisol and (3-endorphin on the heart rate. The animals were housed individually within a zone of thermal neutrality. Feed and water were available ad libitum. After becoming accus- tomed to human contact (being approached and touched), a catheter was implanted in the jugular vein, exteriorized in the neck region. This operation was performed under halothane anaesthesia. After recovery, hourly blood samples were taken over a 27 hour period, and cortisol and beta-endor- phin concentrations were measured in the sample plasma. After this reference period, half of the ani- mals were anaesthetized with metomidate, the other half with ketamine, and blood samples were taken at regular intervals. During a second experiment the heart rate was monitored after being anaes- thetized as described before. An influence of the type of anaesthesia was observed on the plasma con- centration of cortisol, but no effect was observed with respect to the (3-endorphin concentration. A fivefold increase of cortisol concentration was observed after injection with ketamine, while a twofold increase was observed after injection with metomidate. This finding suggests a suppressive effect of metomidate on the plasma cortisol levels. A fivefold increase was also observed for the (3-endorphin concentration after injection with either ketamine or metomidate. The increase in the heart rate was related to the awakening activity, which was more difficult after the ketamine injection. pig / anaesthesia / cortisol / [3-endorphin / heart rate * Correspondence and reprints Résumé ― Influence du type d’anesthésie sur le taux de cortisol, de fi-endorphines et sur le rythme cardiaque chez le porc. Au cours de deux expérimentations l’effet de l’anesthésie (métomi- date ou kétamine) a été recherché sur les taux plasmatiques de cortisol et de {3-endorphine, ainsi que sur le rythme cardiaque. Vingt porcelets d’environ 20 kg de poids vif ont été placés dans des loges individuelles. Les conditions thermiques étaient optimales ; la nourriture et l’eau étaient dis- tribuées ad libitum. Quand les porcelets ont été habitués au contact humain, un cathéter a été implanté dans la veine jugulaire sous anesthésie à l’halothane. Après la guérison, chaque heure, un échantil- lon de sang a été prélevé pendant une période de 27 heures pour déterminer les valeurs de référence. Puis la moitié des porcelets a été anesthésiée par une injection de métomidate ou de kétamine, suivie par la collecte des échantillons de sang. Dans le plasma les taux de cortisol et de j3-endorphine ont été déterminés. Au cours d’une autre épreuve, le rythme cardiaque a été mesuré avant, pendant et après l’anesthésie. Le type d’anesthésie a eu une influence sur le taux de corüsol et le rythme cardiaque. Le taux de cortisol a augmenté cinq fois après une injection de kétamine, de même que le taux de {3-endor- phine après une injection de kétamine ou métomidate. Le taux de corüsol a augmenté seulement deux fois après une injection de métomidate. Ce résultat suggère un effet suppressif du métamidate sur le taux de cortisol plasmatique. L’augmentation du rythme cardiaque était liée à l’activité d’éveil, plus laborieuse en cas d’injection de kétamine. porc / anesthésie / cortisol / {3-endorphine / rythme cardiaque INTRODUCTION sol levels normally starts about 10 min after injection. At the level of the adrenal cortex, The release of ACTH and [3-endorphin from however, etomidate blocks the stimulating the anterior pituitary gland during stress effect of ACTH, thus inhibiting the increase reactions is controlled by the corticotrophin in cortisol levels (Preziosi and Vacca, 1988). hormone et releasing (CRH) (Bagdy al, Several drugs are used for pig anaes- Vale et 1990a; al, 1981 Adrenocorticotropic thesia. Azaperone, a butyrophenone deriva- hormone (ACTH) induces the production tive, acts as a neuroleptic drug. It is partic- and release of glucocorticoids such as cor- ularly useful in pigs as a premedicant for tisol from the adrenal cortex. Plasma (3- anaesthesia or for reducing distress (Green, endorphin also originates from the interme- 1979). Metomidate and etomidate are both diary lobe of the pituitary gland (Bagdy et hypnotic agents. They have marked mus- al, 1990b; Murburg et al, 1993). The type cle relaxant properties in pigs, but produce of stress may determine however, the level no analgesia. In combination with azaperone of production of p-endorphin from the ante- however, they produce a state that resem- rior or intermediary lobe of the pituitary gland bles general anaesthesia (Callear and Van (Kjaer et al, 1995). Diurnal rhythmicity has Gestel, 1973; Green, 1979). Etomidate is been reported for plasma levels of p-endor- not often used in pigs, mainly because it phin in rats (Bagdy et al, 1991) and humans has to be injected intravenously (Holzchuh (Iranmesh et al, 1989; Veldhuis et al, 1990), and Cremonesi, 1991 ). Ketamine hydrochlo- and for plasma cortisol levels in pigs (Becker ride produces loss of consciousness and et al, 1985; Bottoms et al, 1972; Dalin et al, peripheric analgesia, but no muscle relax- 1993; Favre and Moatti, 1977). In humans, ation. Therefore, azaperone is used in com- the stimulation of the hypothalamus-pitu- bination with ketamine to complete analge- itary-adrenal axis by ketamine and other sia and to reduce muscle tone (Green, anaesthetics is well known (Monk et al, 1979). It is therefore necessary to consider 1992; Oyama et al, 1970; Preziosi and one’s research objectives in order to select Vacca, 1988). An increase in plasma corti- an appropriate type of anaesthesia. The aim of our research was to find out the anaesthetic was injected intravenously at 9 am and 3 Blood taken whether metomidate has the same sup- pm. samples were by the i/v catheter at 60 min and 1 min prior to the pressing effect as etomidate on plasma administration of anaesthetic and 5, 30, 60 and cortisol levels and Ketamine rhythmicity. 120 or 180 min after its administration. Samples was used as a reference method because were handled as previously described. The same it increases cortisol plasma level. Plasma procedure was repeated two days later with an (3-endorphin, the release of which is con- intramuscular injection of azaperone and ketamine comitant with ACTH (Vale et al, 1981 and and an intraperitoneal injection of metomidate which is less affected by storage condi- (table I). tions after blood sampling than ACTH (ICN Plasma hormone levels were determined with available kits. Because the Biochemicals, 1984), was evaluated as a commercially assays needed to be carried out two months after sam- second parameter. Heart rate, which is ple collection, p-endorphin was analysed instead affected anaesthetic was also by agents, of ACTH. [3-Endorphin is released concomitantly measured. with ACTH, but is less affected by duration of storage of the sample at -20 °C when no preser- vatives are added (ICN-Biochemicals, 1984). MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma cortisol was evaluated by enzyme immunoassay (Biogenesis Ltd, Bournemouth, UK). This heterogeneous enzyme immunoassay method is based on the principle of competitive 1 Experiment binding. Cortisol is released from serum binding proteins in a two-step process. First, the dilution of the serum in the weakens its Eight Large White x Landrace piglets (four male, protein assay the four female) weighing between 18 and 20 kg were binding capacity. Secondly, higher affinity more for the cor- housed individually on straw. Food and water antibody competes effectively tisol than the weaker serum were provided ad libitum. Lights were on contin- binding proteins. uously in order to allow blood sampling. After The total amount of cortisol present is free to becoming accustomed to human approach and compete with an enzyme-labelled cortisol for a limited number of available sites on an contact, a catheter was inserted in the jugular binding for cortisol. The bound and free vein and exteriorized in the neck region. The oper- antibody specific ation was performed under halothane anaesthe- enzyme-labelled cortisol fractions are separated. The is the sia. Patency of the catheters was maintained by bound enzyme quantified by enzy- daily flushing with 50 units/mL heparinized saline. matic conversion of a specific substrate to a When the pigs had recovered, three days after coloured product.
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