Nerve Agent Tables

Home , Cyclosarin, Nerve agent, Sarin, Soman, VS (nerve agent)

Field Release Detection Personal Safety Effect Levels Health Effects Scenarios Agent Characteristics SURVEILLANCE Tube: (contained inG, V agents)andsulfur(contained inHD, V agents). Identifiespresence ofG-agentsatconcentrations improvement over agents. monitorsthatcould notdistinguishamongthe previous nerve military at concentrations ties andlimitations. ofscreeningtoolsprocuredby mostEPAis asummary responseteams. Otherscreeningtoolsmay beusedby other agenciesandresponderssomewithsimilarcapabili orquantified): Real-time fieldscreeningtools(results notconfirmatory able value tousefor thegeneral populationsincetheirconsumptionrate isconsiderably less. water buffalo, tanktruck) have beencontaminated. Acceptable levels for 5-15L/day troopsdrinking ofacontaminated supplyfor 7days are4-12µg/L. This level isareason Drinking Water: Industrial ExposureScenario= General Population Limit (GPL) Occupational: AEGL 3: AEGL 2: AEGL 1: q for general populationone-timeexposure for emergencyscenarios GD: Acute ExposureGuidelineLevels (AEGLs) Air: to areinplaceatthesesites. properties plans toaddresspotentialreleasesfromArmy plans(go These sitesprovide (SMEs) andpertinent potentiallocalsubjectmatterexperts U.S. MunitionsStockpiles: are notsignificanttoxic concerns. Facility: tion. Environmental andhydrolytic degradation productsofGDarenotsignificant toxic concerns. Water: Liquid-contamination onsurfaces couldpersistfor hoursordays incolderenvironments andareasprotectedfromopenweathering. Air Release: Vapor Pressure: Freezing point: Volatility: Molecular Weight: Persistence: minutes ofexposure may beeffective. (SeeFirstAid/Deconbelow) toms ofexposure toGDwilloccurwithinminutes orhours, dependingonthedose. Even relatively low doseexposure toGDcanbefatal; administration ofantidoteswithin2 enclosed environments. Breakdown/hydrolysis inwater (especiallytreatedwater) isexpected. Environmental breakdown productsofGDarerelatively nontoxic. Signs/symp tile thanpersistentagents VX orsulfurmustard (HD). While consideredrelatively non-persistent,liquidGDcouldbepresentfor hourstodays ifinlargeamounts, orincold of toxicity asorganophosphateinsecticidesbut ismuch morepotent. GDisconsideredtohave low persistence; thoughitislessvolatile (GB),itismuch more vola thansarin Description: Classification: Agent SITE SPECIFIC CONCERNS SYMPTOMS EXPOSURE FIRST AID/ http://www.cma.army.mil/csepp.aspx MEDICAL AEGL Level ROUTES DECON OTHER ONSET SIGNS/ PPE

Glass detector tubes impregnated with an indicating agent. Reagent produces a colorimetric indication in the presence of a particular gas,Glass detectortubes impregnatedwithanindicatingagent. vapor, indication inthepresenceofaparticular Reagentproduces a colorimetric or aerosol. Gross

If releasedintowater, GDwould likely degrade fromevaporation andhydrolysis, broken down by andbefurther dissolutionandtreatmentprocesses, suchaschlorina

Due toitsvolatility, GDcouldfeasibly bedispersedinabuilding orfacility. Decontaminationshouldfocus onareasofliquidcontamination. Breakdown productsofGF

threshold for severe effects/medical needs/increasingpotentialfor lethality: potentially irreversible effects orimpairedabilitytoescape: threshold mildeffects:

3900 mg/m

Soman (GD) NRT Quick Reference Guide:

Because itissomewhat volatile, GDisnotgenerally considereda “persistent” agent. for GDisaplausible agent ofconcern facilities orlargeoutdoorareas. Colorless liquid;Colorless generally possibly odorless, fruity. GDwas manufactured asawarfare agentandisalethalcholinesterase inhibitor. Ithasthesamemechanism vapor: See: also be PPE/respiratory measurestominimize potentialexposuresalso bePPE/respiratory vapors. toassociated chlorine suit: Tychem F, BR,LV, Responder, TK, orReflector. Gloves: ButylRubber Goves, orChemicalProtective Set. M3andM4Norton, level ofprotectionthantheSCBAanditsuseisgenerally allowed onceconditions are understoodandexposures tobeatlower levels. aredetermined Outer tors whenthetypesofinhalationhazardsandtheirconcentrations areunknown orexpected tobehigh. The CBRNAPR full-face respirator provides alower Hazard evaluation respondersuseNIOSH-approved chemical,biological,radiological, andnuclear (CBRN)self-contained breathingapparatus (SCBA)respira hypochlorite solution. USE WARM SOAPY WATER INSTEADOFDILUTEBLEACH FORDECONOFBARE SKIN. 5% sodiumhypochlorite. To water) createadilutebleach yieldinga0.5%sodium bleach solution,combinewater to9parts tohousehold bleach (add1part within 2minutes ofexposure for any antidoteeffect; atropinedropsfor eyes. Antidote: Post-Incident: and symptomstreataccordingly. During Incident: Baseline: depending upon thecircumstancesofsiteandincident.vary PPElevels below are general recommendationsonly. Check withtheHealthandSafety Officerregarding Personal Protective Equipment(PPE),MedicalSurveillance, andSafety Plans. Level andtypeofPPEmay Females appeartobemoresusceptible agenteffects. tonerve Smallpercentages ofgeneral populationhave genetictraits thatmay increasesusceptibility. Ingestion: Eyes: ofvapors throughskin.from absorption Skin: Inhalation: Severe: rhea, cramps, generalized weakness, twitchingoflargemuscle groups. Moderate: Mild: Symptoms aredosedependentandmay occurwithinsecondsafterexposure tovapors andwithinminutes orhoursfromexposure toliquidfrom.

IDLH =0.05mg/m

-44°F ≥ Although G-agentcontaminationoflargewater sourcesisunlikely, screeninglevels ifsmaller, therearemilitary todetermine containedwater supplies(e.g., 0.4 mmHg@77°F

0.1mg/m

Hand-Held:

182.18 g/mol

http://www2.dupont.com/Personal_Protection/en_US/assets/downloads/tychem/permguide82004.pdf.

Runny nose, reductioninpupilsize (miosis),dimnessofvision,tightness ofchest, difficultbreathing. Especially toxic fromcontactwithliquidagent; usuallymoderate tosevere localized effects (e.g., sweating) andsystemiceffects. Effects canalsoresult minutes-hours; liquid: Eyes arethemostsensitive agentexposure: targetorgansofnerve miosis(reductioninpupilsize) willtypicallybethefirstsignof exposure.

77°F Chemical Warfare Agent Nerve Involuntary defecation convulsions, drooling,twitching,staggering, andurination, cessationofbreathing,lossconsciousness, coma,anddeath.

Nerve agentantidotes Atropineand(ifmoresevere)Nerve 2-PAM injections are oflimitedeffectiveness Chloride withGD–2-PAM must begiven chloride Annual physical functionexams and respiratory andabaselinecholinesterase activity.

Increased miosis(tolevel ofpinpointingpupils),headaches, confusion,drowsiness, nasalcongestion,tightnessofchest,nauseavomiting diar Overall systemiceffects. A primary exposure route;A primary smallconcentrations inhalationofvery canproduceeffects.

3 U.S. munitions stockpiles ofG-agentare/have inAlabama,andKentucky. Utah,Oregon,Arkansas, undergonedestruction/disposal State/local

within10seconds. This device issubject tofalse positives (e.g., perfumes, exhausts, diesel). agent,whichis an Itcanspecifytypeofnerve Monitor for signs/symptoms andtreataccordingly.

1) 32-41mg/kg; [a24-hourtimeweighted average lifetime chronicvalue] =1.0x10 Conduct medicalmonitoring; usePPEdesignatedby theHealthandSafety (H&S)Plan; documentPPElevels used; for observe any signs 3

; APD-2000/(CAM) STEL = for moreinfo).

5.0x10 hours todays dependingonamount,temperature, rain orotherweather conditions, andtypeofsurface. (completedefinitionsare available in Key References Cited/Used*inNRT Quick Reference Guides for Chemical Warfare Agents) Residential ExposureScenario=

Conversion Factors: Flashpoint: Boiling Point: Vapor Density: -5 and mg/m Improved ChemicalAgentMonitor(ICAM): exposure duration 3 ; Worker Population Limit(WPL)

250°F

388°F 6.33 (air=1)

1ppm= 7.5mg/m

Caution shouldbegiventoequipment thathasnotbeenproperly evaluated. u

1.3-1.6mg/kg.

0.38 “ 0.044 “ 0.0035 mg/m 10 min:

Decon outerPPEwithadilutehouseholdbleach solution. Householdbleach is 3 ; °C=0.56×(°F–32) [an8-hourtime-weighted average occupationalvalue] =3.0x10 2)

AP2C: -6 (NRT) Quick Reference Guides(QRGs)for Chemical Warfare Agents. For References, PleaseSee: anyReport releaseof WMD totheNationalResponseCenter1-800-424-8802

3 mg/m

Hand-held vapor detectiondevices thatidentify presenceofG-agents

0.0020 mg/m 0.19 “ 0.025 “ 30min: A hydrogen flamespectrophotometerthatdetects phosphorous 3 .

≥ 0.03mg/m 3

0.0014 mg/m 0.13 “ 0.018 “ 1 hr: During decontaminationoperations thereshould During

Key References Cited/Used*inNationalResponse Team

3 within10seconds. Specific Gravity: Soluble: Aqueous Solubility: 3

organic solvents 0.00070 mg/m 0.070 “ 0.0085 “ 4 hr:

1.02 g/ml68°F 3) Final —Rev #00 (2007)

Dräger Detector 21 g/L68°F CAS: 3

0.00050 mg/m 0.051 “ 0.0065 “ 8 hr: The following

-5 mg/m 96-64-0 3 ------3 Waste Decontamination/Cleanup Laboratory Sampling for Confirmatory Results THIS SECTIONADDRESSES THE COLLECTIONOFSAMPLESFORQUANTITATIVE CONFIRMATORY LABORATORY ANALYSIS FORRISKASSESSMENTANDCLEANUP VERIFICATION Field Detection Disposal Analysis (cont’d)

detectG-agentvapors atconcentrations aslowcan reportedly as4.9x10 Advanced FieldMonitoring: Water Test Kit: x 10 neutralized todisposal. prior contain residualagents andtherefore notneedtobe classified asahazardous waste but sampling must beusedto verify. wastewater Chlorinated may needtobe treated/ hazardous waste facility (typicallyanincinerator). Wastewater solutionfrom decon willbeanalyzed toensurenoresidualagent ispresent. Itislikely thatthesolution willnot ment toensureno leakage/off-gassing. Typically inaccordance withstaterequirements to adesignateddisposalfacility, waste willbetransported suchasanRCRA-permitted manage contaminated debris. USACE thatinclude andDODtypicallyuse safety“head space” totransport toship proceduresprior aroundcontainers prior (offgas) monitoring Wastewater solutionfromdeconshouldbeanalyzed toensurenoresidualagent is present. agencyto The NationalResponsePlan,ESF-3designatesUSACE astheprimary related costs. shouldbedecontaminatedand andlabeledinaccordancewith DOT containerized Grosslyliquid-contaminated materials andEPA requirementsasahazwaste. ous. However, extreme cautionshould begiven tosampleandsegregate wastes samplingtominimize hazwaste disposalcostswhichcanfar exceed allotherresponse Though GDissomewhat volatile andactual liquidcontaminatedwaste willlikely be limited,perception/politicsmay suggestmanagementofallresponsewastes ashazard While nota “Federally-listed” waste, GDismoretoxic thanmostRCRAlistedchemicals andisa “listed” stockpiles. hazardouswaste insomestateswherestoredmilitary This exercise approachensured: sampling plan(developed during TOPOFF 2005for sulfurmustard, andmay beapplicable for thisagent) included atieredapproachinvolving multi-media samples. prioritized Verification ofDecon/Cleanup: may have specificapplicationbenefits. certain liquid inlocalized areas; efficacyontheorderofhours. (e.g. deconmaterials *Proprietary gelsand foams) have beenundergoingtestingandarenotofficiallyendorsedthough Reactive adsorbent clay isusefulfor (e.g., absorbingandneutralizing fullersearth) liquidagent; efficacyontheorderofhours; solutions lesscorrosive thanbleach (e.g., ammoniasolutions, sodiumbicarbonateorborate solutions/slurries, hydrate/“Borax”); efficacysimilartothatof bleach. sodium hypochlorite); efficacyachieved between 0.5-4hourswith contacttimeof 15minutes; however, damaging(corrosive) tosurfacesvery rinsed; andshouldbe between depending onlevel 0.5-4hrsafter2-15minute rinse ofcontamination. FORBUILDINGS/HVACS: ally effective for low level contaminationbut requirewaste-water collection/sampling/possible hazwaste disposalandmay damagesensitive items; efficacytypicallyachieved and noadverse impactstosensitive items. recommended for vapor plumecontaminationorlow concentration G-agentinlarge openareas; efficacytypicallycanbeachieved inhourstodays withno waste generated Decon/Cleanup Methods: how tocollect/test wastefor materiels/solutions possible classificationashazwaste. nation versus vapor/aerosol depositionoflargeareas; impactstosensitive surfaces; (e.g. whethersomematerials etc)arebestremoved furniture, for carpeting, disposal,and “clear” areasthatarenotlikely tobecontaminated. For (seemethodsbelow), useofdeconconsiderthefollowing: materials areasrequiring localized liquid(surface) contami hazard withinanacceptable amountoftime(typicallywillrequirehourstodays andisapreferred optionfor largeopenareas). whensamplingcanbeconductedto Determine an areafor whetheradditional use(e.g., determine “decon” hotzone orwhethernatural entry/egress), attenuation canadequatelyreduceoreliminatethe actionsarenecessary ly duetohighvolatility ofGD. toreducethespreadofG-agentorimmediatelyclear Exceptwhereimmediatedecontaminationofliquid-contaminated hotspotsisnecessary Decon/Cleanup Planning: a During WMD response;Support for accesspleasecontacttheERT 24hrnumber: 732-321-6660. Information:Laboratory (type andlocation)iscritical. ferent labs. isgenerally limitedto20-30environmental Sample thru-put samplesin a48hourperiod; therefore, avoid overwhelming laboratories: plannedsampleprioritization may notbeable (e.g., toperform analysisonallmatrices wipesandsoil). Mostlabsusetheir own datasetsfromdif specificmethods, socautionisneededwhencomparing fewThere arevery labswithintheU.S. capability thathavefor GDbecauseaccesstoG-agentstandards calibration islimited. confirmatory for laboratory Oftheselabs, many Agricultural/Food: may tools(scabbling beobtainedusingappropriate for extraction ordrills) subsequentlaboratory analysis. Scabble/Cores: Different labsmay have specificrequestsregardingtype ofwipepadsor extraction solvent touse. health-based effect levels toevaluate wipesampledata. Wipe samplinggenerally involves usingsyntheticgauze orcottonpadswithasolvent towipea10cmx area. Wipes: depth oflessthanoneinch. Sub-surfaceunlessalargeamountofliquidwas poredonground. soilsamplesaretypicallynotnecessary Soil: Water: exposures. solidphasesorbentmedium(e.g., Appropriate tubes, PUFsamplers)andSUM Note: tion (efficacyinhours)orammoniagasandsteamachieved inlessthan an hour. FORLIQUID CONTAMINATED SURFACES: Air results<8hourAEGL1value Soil samples

-3

Air samples are used in all phases of response and typically comprise largest number of samples since air is a primary exposure pathway largestnumber ofsamplessinceairisaprimary Air samplesareusedinallphasesofresponseandtypicallycomprise andasignificantpublic health mg/m

Note: For localized “hot spot” areaswheresoildeposition may occur(i.e., aerosolorliquid droplets), surface soilsamplesshouldbetaken fromanon-vegetated area toa

Final confirmatory quantifiedresultscanonlyFinal confirmatory beobtained from officially endorsed agentlaboratoriesthatuseGas Chromatography (GC)-MS. Some established effect levels (e.g., WPLs and GPLs)may bebelow theanalytical detectionlimitsofsomelaboratories.

As previously indicated,G-agentsareunlikely topersistinwater. Ifanalysisisperformed, standardEPA volatile water samplingmethodsshouldbeused. Wipe samplesareoftendesiredtoindicateabsenceofG-agentsonnon-porous surfaces. isrecommendedbecausetherearecurrentlyno Concurrentairmonitoring 3

within15minutes. These are general guidelinesanddonotreplaceneedforThese aregeneral asite-specific samplingplan. Seereference list for sources ofsamplingguidance.

Colorimetric testkitsthatcandetectG-agentsatconcentrations Colorimetric

For hotspotareaswhereliquidG-agentdepositionmay occuronporoussurfaces (e.g., concrete, asphalt),actualpiecesorcoresofcontaminatedsurface

Currently, therearenovalidated methodsfor analysis ofagricultural/food products; insteadair, soil,andwater sampleresultscanbeusedasindicators.

Detection, samplingequipmentandprocedures, andanalyticaltechniqueswillbe highlysite-specificanddependon:

Chemical AgentAnalysesContract Vehicles for EPA emergencylabsupport. EPA hasIAGs (AberdeenandDugway) withArmy for AnalyticalLab

Effective andreadilyavailable deconmethodsfor G-agentsinclude FORLARGEAREAS: non-proprietary* Once sitecontrolshave beenestablished, develop aspecificdecon/cleanup plan. SignificantareasoflastingGDcontaminationisrelatively unlike

EPA ERT Mobile Trace GasAnalyzer Atmospheric (TAGA): 5)

Cleanup levels basedonsite-specific willbedetermined factors and multi-agency agreements. An example ofa multi-agency verification M8 andM9papers:

Initially consider atmospheric samplingto Initiallyconsideratmospheric “delineate theplumearea,” followed by targetedsamplingandanalysistoidentify “hot spots” The packaging regulationsestablished andshipping ofsamplesaresubjecttostrict by DOT, CDC, USPS, OSHA,andIATA. Consultthe 2) Water samples<15L/day water value drinking Wipe samples—presence-absence approach; detectioncapability, laboratory perlaboratory whichwillvary Water, seawater, dilutehouseholdbleach/chlorinated water (e.g., 0.5%sodiumhypochlorite, swimming poolwater,) aregener

Note:

Decon products may have uniquesafety/ PPErequirements(e.g., bleach resultsinchlorine vapors). Presence/absence colorimetric detector strips for detectorstrips liquidG-agentonsurfaces.Presence/absence colorimetric M8hasanindefiniteshelflife. 3) the purpose ofsampling(e.g., initialidentification, thepurpose extent ofcontamination,decon); and ≥ 0.025mg/m -6 mg/m 3 . 4) ≥ 3 0.02mg/Lwithin7minutes. Canbeusedfor raw ortreatedwater withminimalinterferences.

(basedoncalibration withasurrogate agent). Quantifiedresultsmay beobtained fromother M256 Kit:

A vehicle-mounted Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) laboratory that (MS/MS)laboratory Spectrometry A vehicle-mounted MassSpectrometry/Mass

Air sampledetectorthatidentifiespresenceofG-agentsatconcentrations

Recommended optionsfor G-agentsincludeuseofhotairventila 4) Chlorinated limeisbest for Chlorinated highconcentration

1) 1) Householdbleach solution(5.0% Natural attenuation/degradation is

1) physical stateoftheagent; 4) Final —Rev #00 (2007) specific laboratory specificlaboratory

6) 2)

High-pH M272 - ≥ 3) 5.0 -

2) - - - -

- - Release Field Detection Personal Safety Effect Levels Health Effects Scenarios Agent Characteristics SURVEILLANCE Occupational: identify presenceof G-agentsatconcentrations read directlyfromthe discoloration onthetube’s scale; analysis. printed lab agentidentificationthe tubes mustbesenttoanappropriate for further for confirmatory Tubes gas,detector tubesimpregnated withanindicatingagent. vapor, indication inthepresenceofaparticular Reagentproducesacolorimetric or aerosol. Gross levels canbe in G, V agents)andsulfur(containedin HD, V agents). IdentifiespresenceofG-agents atconcentrations ment over agents. monitorsthatcouldnotdistinguishamongthenerve previous military oncentrations nd limitations. ofscreeningtoolsprocuredby mostEPAs asummary responseteams. Otherscreeningtoolsmay beusedby other agenciesandresponderssomewithsimilarcapabilitiesa orquantified): Real-time fieldscreeningtools(results notconfirmatory able value tousefor thegeneral populationsincetheirconsumptionrate isconsiderably less. water buffalo, tanktruck) have beencontaminated. Acceptable levels for 5-15L/day troopsdrinking ofacontaminated supplyfor 7days are4-12µg/L. This level isareason Drinking Water: General Population Limit (GPL) AEGL 3: AEGL 2: AEGL 1: q for general populationone-timeexposure for emergencyscenarios GF: Acute ExposureGuidelineLevels (AEGLs) Air: to areinplaceatthesesites. properties plans toaddresspotentialreleasesfromArmy plans(go These sitesprovide (SMEs) andpertinent potentiallocalsubjectmatterexperts U.S. MunitionsStockpiles: cant toxic concerns. Facility: tion. Environmental andhydrolytic degradation productsofGFarenotasignificant toxic concern. Water: or largeoutdoorareas. Liquid-contaminatedsurfaces couldpersistfor hoursordays incolderenvironments andareasprotectedfromopenweathering. Air Release: Vapor Pressure: Freezing point: Volatility: Molecular Weight: Persistence: ate administration ofanantidote(seeFirstAid/Deconbelow) canbelifesaving. Signs/symptoms ofexposure toGFwilloccurwithinminutes orhoursdepending on thedosereceived. Even arelatively low doseexposure toGFcanbefatal, thoughimmedi enclosed environments. Breakdown/hydrolysis inwater (especiallytreatedwater) isexpected. Environmental degradation/breakdown productsofGFarerelatively nontoxic. persistent agentssuchas VX orHD(sulfurmustard). While consideredrelatively non-persistent,liquidGFcouldbepresentfor hourstodays ifinlargeamountsorcold organophosphate insecticides, but ismuch morepotent. GFisconsideredtohave moderately low persistenceasitislessvolatile but thanGB(sarin), ismorevolatile than Description: Classification: Agent Soil: SITE SPECIFIC SYMPTOMS EXPOSURE CONCERNS FIRST AID/ http://www.cma.army.mil/csepp.aspx AEGL Level MEDICAL ROUTES DECON OTHER ONSET SIGNS/ PPE

Industrial ExposureScenario=

If releasedintowater, GFwould likely degrade fromevaporation andhydrolysis, broken down by andbefurther dissolutionandtreatmentprocesses, suchaschlorina

GF couldpotentiallybedispersedinabuilding orfacility. Decontaminationshould focus onareasofliquidcontamination. Breakdown productsofGFarenotsignifi

threshold for severe effects/medical needs/increasingpotentialfor lethality: potentially irreversible effects orimpairedabilitytoescape: threshold mildeffects:

581 mg/m

Cyclosarin (GF) NRT Quick Reference Guide:

≥ Hand-Held: Because itissomewhat volatile, GFisnotgenerally considereda “persistent” agent. Though lesssothanGB, withinfacilities GFisaplausible agentofconcern Colorless liquid,generally odorless.Colorless GFwas manufactured asawarfare agentand isalethalcholinesterase inhibitor. Ithasthesamemechanismoftoxicity as vapor:

See: Females appeartobemoresusceptible agenteffects. tonerve Smallpercentages ofgeneral populationhave genetictraits thatmay increasesusceptibility. Ingestion: Eyes: ofvapors throughskin.from absorption Skin: Inhalation: Severe: rhea, cramps, generalized weakness, twitchingoflargemuscle groups. Moderate: Mild: Symptoms aredosedependentandmay occurwithinsecondsafterexposure tovapors andwithinminutes orhoursfromexposure toliquidfrom. also be PPE/respiratory measurestominimize potentialexposuresalso bePPE/respiratory vapors. toassociated chlorine suit: level ofprotectionthantheSCBAanditsuseisgenerally allowed onceconditions are understoodandexposures tobeatlower levels. aredetermined Outer rators whenthetypesofinhalationhazardsandtheirconcentrations areunknown or expected tobehigh. The CBRN APRfull-face respirator provides alower Hazard evaluation respondersuseNIOSH-approved chemical,biological,radiological, andnuclear (CBRN)self-contained breathingapparatus (SCBA)respi yielding a0.5%sodiumhypochlorite solution. USE WARM SOAPY WATER INSTEADOFDILUTEBLEACH FORDECONOFBARESKIN. tion. Householdbleach is5%sodiumhypochlorite. To water) createadilutebleach bleach solution,combinewater to9parts tohouseholdbleach (add1part Effective Antidote: Post-Incident: and symptomstreataccordingly. During Incident: Baseline: depending upon thecircumstancesofsiteandincident.vary PPElevels below aregeneral recommendationsonly. Check withtheHealthandSafety Officerregarding Personal Protective Equipment(PPE),MedicalSurveillance, andSafety Plans. Level andtypeofPPEmay 0.1mg/m

IDLH =

-22°F Although G-agentcontaminationoflargewater sourcesisunlikely, screeninglevels ifsmaller, therearemilitary todetermine containedwater supplies(e.g., 0.044 mmHg@77°F

180.2 g/mol

Tychem F, BR,LV, Responder, TK, orReflector. Gloves: ButylRubber Goves, orChemicalProtective Set. M3andM4Norton,

http://www2.dupont.com/Personal_Protection/en_US/assets/downloads/tychem/permguide82004.pdf. 3

Runny nose, reduction inpupilsize (miosis),dimnessofvision,tightnesschest, difficultbreathing. 77°F minutes tohours; liquid: Especially toxic fromcontactwithliquidagent; usuallymoderate tosevere localized effects (e.g., sweating) andsystemiceffects. Effects canalsoresult

Eyes arethemostsensitive agentexposure: targetorgansofnerve miosis(reductioninpupilsize) willtypicallybethefirstsignof exposure.

Chemical Warfare Agent Nerve 0.05 mg/m Involuntary defecation convulsions, drooling,twitching,staggering, andurination, cessationofbreathing,lossconsciousness, coma,anddeath.

within10seconds. This device issubject tofalse positives (e.g., perfumes, exhausts, diesel). agent,whichis an improve Canspecifytypeofnerve

Annual physical functionexams and respiratory andabaselinecholinesterase activity. Increased miosis(tolevel ofpinpointingpupils),headaches, confusion,drowsiness, nasalcongestion,tightnessofchest,nauseavomiting diar Overall systemiceffects. 1)

A primary exposure route;A primary smallconcentrations inhalationofvery canproduceeffects. U.S. munitions stockpiles ofG-agentare/have inAlabama,andKentucky. Utah,Oregon,Arkansas, undergonedestruction/disposal State/local

APD-2000/(CAM)

Monitor for signs/symptoms andtreataccordingly.

[a 24-hourtimeweighted average lifetime chronicvalue] =1.0x10 Conduct medicalmonitoring; usePPEdesignatedby theHealthandSafety (H&S)Plan; documentPPElevels used; for observe any signs 3

; STEL= Atropine and(ifmoresevere) 2-PAM Chlorideinjections; atropine eye drops. for moreinfo) 5.2-8.2mg/kg; 5.0 x10 (completedefinitionsare available in Key References Cited/Used*inNRT Quick Reference Guides for Chemical Warfare Agents)

hours todays dependingonamount,temperature, rain orotherweather conditions, andtypeofsurface. and ≥ 0.025mg/m

Improved ChemicalAgentMonitor(ICAM): Conversion Factors: Flashpoint: Boiling Point: Vapor Density: - 5 mg/m Residential ExposureScenario= exposure duration 3 ; 3 Worker Population Limit(WPL) . 4)

M256 Kit: 201°F

462°F 6.2 (air=1)

1ppm =7.4mg/m Caution shouldbegiventoequipment thathasnotbeenproperly evaluated. Air sampledetector thatidentifiespresenceofG-agents atconcentrations u

0.38 “ 0.044 “ 0.0035 mg/m 10 min: 2)

AP2C: 0.22–0.31 mg/kg. 3

; °C=0.56x(°F–32)

[an 8-hourtime-weighted average occupationalvalue] =3.0x10 Hand-held vapor detectiondevices thatidentify presenceofG-agentsatc

A hydrogen flamespectrophotometerthatdetectsphosphorous (contained 3 -6 (NRT) Quick Reference Guides(QRGs)for Chemical Warfare Agents. For References, PleaseSee: anyReport releaseof WMD totheNationalResponseCenter1-800-424-8802

mg/m 0.19 “ 0.025 “ 0.0020 mg/m 30min: ≥ 0.03mg/m 3 .

3 3 within10seconds. DeconouterPPEwithadilutehouseholdbleach solu

0.13 “ 0.018 “ 0.0014 mg/m 1 hr: During decontamination operations thereshould During

Key References Cited/Used*inNationalResponse Team

Specific Gravity: Soluble: Aqueous Solubility: 3

organic solvents 0.00070 mg/m 0.070 “ 0.0085 “ 4 hr: Dräger Detector Tube:

1.1327 g/ml68°F Final —Rev #00 (2007)

≥ insoluble inH 5.0x10 3

CAS: 0.051 “ 0.0065 “ 0.00050 mg/m 8 hr: The following i -5

mg/m -3

329-99-7 mg/m Glass 2 O 3

------3 - - Waste Disposal Decontamination/Cleanup Laboratory Sampling for Confirmatory Results THIS SECTIONADDRESSES THE COLLECTIONOFSAMPLESFORQUANTITATIVE CONFIRMATORY LABORATORY ANALYSIS FORRISKASSESSMENTANDCLEANUP VERIFICATION Field Detection Analysis (cont’d) neutralized todisposal. prior contain residualagents andtherefore notneedtobe classified asahazardous waste but sampling must beusedto verify. wastewater Chlorinated may needtobe treated/ hazardous waste facility (typicallyanincinerator). Wastewater solutionfrom decon willbeanalyzed toensurenoresidualagent ispresent. Itislikely thatthesolution willnot ment toensurenoleakage/off-gassing. Typically inaccordance withstaterequirementstoadesignateddisposal facility, waste willbetransported suchasanRCRA-permitted manage contaminateddebris. USACE thatinclude and DODtypicallyusesafety“head space” totransport toship proceduresprior aroundcontainersprior (offgas)monitoring Wastewater solutionfromdeconshouldbeanalyzed toensurenoresidualagent is present. agencyto The NationalResponsePlan,ESF-3designatesUSACE astheprimary related costs. shouldbedecontaminatedand andlabeledinaccordancewith DOT containerized Grosslyliquid-contaminated materials andEPA requirementsasahazwaste. ous. However, extreme cautionshould begiven tosampleandsegregate wastes samplingtominimize hazwaste disposalcostswhichcanfar exceed allotherresponse Though GFissomewhat volatile andactual liquidcontaminatedwaste willlikely be limited,perception/politicsmay suggestmanagementofallresponsewastes ashazard While nota “Federally-listed” waste, GFismoretoxic thanmostRCRAlistedchemicals andisa “listed” stockpiles. hazardouswaste insomestateswherestoredmilitary Cyclosarin (GF)(side2)

mounted orfixed equipmentused by othergovernmental laboratory responseteams. sodium hypochlorite); efficacyachieved between 0.5-4hourswith contacttimeof 15minutes; however, damaging(corrosive) tosurfacesvery rinsed; andshouldbe between depending onlevel 0.5-4hrsafter2-15minute rinse ofcontamination. FORBUILDINGS/HVACS: ally effective for low level contaminationbut requirewaste-water collection/sampling/possible hazwaste disposalandmay damagesensitive items; efficacytypicallyachieved and noadverse impactstosensitive items. recommended for vapor plumecontaminationorlow concentration G-agentinlarge openareas; efficacytypicallycanbeachieved inhourstodays withno waste generated Decon/Cleanup Methods: for disposal,andhow tocollect/testwastefor materiels/solutions possible classificationashazwaste. (surface) contaminationversus vapor/aerosol depositionoflargeareas; impactstosensitive surfaces; (e.g. whethersomematerials etc)arebestremoved furniture, carpeting, be conductedto “clear” areasthatarenotlikely tobecontaminated. For (seemethodsbelow), considerthefollowing: useofdeconmaterials areasrequiring localized liquid eliminate thehazardwithinanacceptable amountoftime(typicallywillrequirehours todays andisa preferred optionfor largeopenareas). whensamplingcan Determine clear anareafor whetheradditional use(e.g., determine “decon” hotzone orwhethernatural entry/egress), attenuation canadequatelyreduceor actionsarenecessary unlikely duetohighvolatility ofGD. toreducethespreadofG-agentorimmediately Exceptwhereimmediatedecontaminationofliquid-contaminated hotspotsisnecessary Decon/Cleanup Planning: a During WMD response;Support for accesspleasecontacttheERT 24hrnumber: 732-321-6660. Information:Laboratory (type andlocation)iscritical. ferent labs. isgenerally limitedto20-30environmental Sample thru-put samplesin a48hourperiod; therefore, avoid overwhelming laboratories: plannedsampleprioritization may notbeable (e.g., toperform analysisonallmatrices wipesandsoil). Mostlabsusetheir own datasetsfromdif specificmethods, socautionisneededwhencomparing fewThere arevery labswithintheU.S. capability thathavefor GFbecauseaccesstoG-agentstandards calibration islimited. confirmatory for laboratory Oftheselabs, many Sampling Concerns: sampling to “clear areas” wherenoliquiddepositionisexpected vs. identifyingpotential hotspotsofliquidcontaminationandshouldbeemphasized inthesamplingplan. abouttheareaimpactedoramountreleased.(e.g., statisticalapproach)may grid, iftherearelargeuncertainties beappropriate BecauseGFisgenerally notpersistent, and agentflow paths. the Additionalbiasedor random samplingcanbeusedtodetermine extent ofcontaminationorto efficacyofcleanup.verify Morethoroughsampling Sample LocationsandPlanning: endorsed agentlaboratories thatuseGasChromatography (GC)-MS. edly detectG-agentvapors atconcentrations aslow as4.9x10 Kit: within 15minutes. This exercise approachensured: sampling plan(developed during TOPOFF 2005for sulfurmustard, andmay beapplicable for thisagent) included atieredapproachinvolving multi-media samples. prioritized Verification ofDecon/Cleanup: though may have specificapplicationbenefits. certain tion liquidinlocalized areas; efficacyontheorderofhours. (e.g. deconmaterials *Proprietary gelsand foams) have beenundergoing testingandarenotofficiallyendorsed Reactive adsorbent clay isusefulfor (e.g., absorbingandneutralizing fullersearth) liquidagent; efficacyontheorderofhours; solutions lesscorrosive thanbleach (e.g., ammoniasolutions, sodiumbicarbonateorborate solutions/slurries, hydrate/“Borax”); efficacysimilartothatof bleach. Agricultural/Food: may tools(scabbling beobtainedusingappropriate for extraction ordrills) subsequentlaboratory analysis. Scabble/Cores: Different labsmay have specificrequestsregardingtype ofwipepadsor extraction solvent touse. health-based effect levels toevaluate wipesampledata. Wipe samplinggenerally involves usingsyntheticgauze orcottonpadswithasolvent towipea10cmxarea. Wipes: depth oflessthanoneinch. Sub-surfaceunlessalargeamountofliquidwas poredonground. soilsamplesaretypicallynotnecessary Soil: Water: exposures. solidphasesorbentmedium(e.g., Appropriate tubes, PUFsamplers)andSUMMAcanisterscanbeusedfor analysis. samplecollectionandsubsequentlaboratory inches above potentiallycontaminatedsurfaces/soil toassessany off-gassinghazard aswell asatbreathingzone level (e.g., 5feet) toassesspotentialpublic healthinhalation pathways (e.g., analysissinceithashealth-based exposure off-gassingfromsoil)andisusefulinrisk limits. On-siteanddownwind samplingshouldbeconductedwithin6 concern. Air sampling can be performed to answer, “Has the plume passed? Is liquid deposition off-gassing?” and to “prove a negative.” Air sampling is a good indicator of other Air: Types ofSamples: ifthey have receivingthesamplestodetermine analytical laboratory additionalpackaging orshippingrequirements. Sample Packaging andShipping: RegionalEPAResponse Center(1-800-424-8802)tonotifytheappropriate Division(HSD)/FBI)investigative HomelandSecurity unittoensurechain-of-custody. requirements. Few have laboratories capabilitytoanalyze GF, inalltypesofmedia. particularly SeeLABORATORY ANAYSIS, below. For forensic sampling,asktheNational type ofsurfaces contaminated(e.g., porousvs. nonporous); Field Monitoring: Note: Note: tion (efficacyinhours)orammoniagasandsteamachieved inlessthan an hour. FORLIQUID CONTAMINATED SURFACES: Air results<8hourAEGL1value Soil samples

Colorimetric testkitsthatcandetectG-agentsatconcentrations Colorimetric

For localized “hot spot” areaswheresoildeposition may occur(i.e., aerosolorliquid droplets), surface soilsamplesshouldbetaken fromanon-vegetated areatoa These are general guidelinesanddonotreplaceneedforThese aregeneral asite-specific samplingplan. Seereference list for sources ofsamplingguidance.

Some established effect levels (e.g., WPLs andGPLs)may bebelow theanalytical detectionlimitsofsomelaboratories.

For hotspotareaswhereliquidG-agentdepositionmay occuronporoussurfaces (e.g., concrete, asphalt),actualpiecesorcoresofcontaminatedsurface

EPA ERT Mobile Trace GasAnalyzer Atmospheric (TAGA):

Currently, therearenovalidated methodsfor analysis ofagricultural/food products; insteadair, soil,andwater sampleresultscanbeusedasindicators. M8 andM9papers:

Detection, samplingequipmentandprocedures, andanalyticaltechniqueswillbe highlysite-specificanddependon:

Chemical AgentAnalysesContract Vehicles for EPA emergencylabsupport. EPA hasIAGs (AberdeenandDugway) withArmy for AnalyticalLab

Cleanup levels basedonsite-specific willbedetermined factors and multi-agency agreements. An example ofa multi-agency verification

Presence/absence colorimetric detector strips for detectorstrips liquidG-agentonsurfaces.Presence/absence colorimetric M8hasanindefiniteshelflife. 2) Water samples<15L/day water value drinking Wipe samples—presence-absence approach; detectioncapability, laboratory perlaboratory whichwillvary Water, seawater, dilutehouseholdbleach/chlorinated water (e.g., 0.5%sodiumhypochlorite, swimming poolwater,) aregener

Note: 3)

Decon products may have uniquesafety/ PPErequirements(e.g., bleach resultsinchlorine vapors). the purpose ofsampling(e.g., initialidentification, thepurpose extent ofcontamination,decon); and -6 mg/m ≥ 0.02mg/Lwithin7minutes. Canbeusedfor raw ortreatedwater withminimalinterferences. 3 (basedoncalibration withasurrogate agent). Quantifiedresultsmay beobtained fromothertruck-

A vehicle-mounted Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) laboratory thatcanreport (MS/MS)laboratory Spectrometry A vehicle-mounted MassSpectrometry/Mass

Note:

Final confirmatory quantifiedresultscanonlyFinal confirmatory beobtained from officially

Recommended optionsfor G-agentsincludeuseofhotairventila 4) Chlorinated limeisbest for Chlorinated highconcentra

1) 1) Householdbleach solution(5.0% Natural attenuation/degradation is

1) physical stateoftheagent; 6) 4) Final —Rev #00 (2007)

specific laboratory specificlaboratory M272 Water Test

2) Advanced High-pH 3)

2 - - - - ) - - Personal Safety Release Effect Levels Health Effects Scenarios Agent Characteristics SURVEILLANCE Vapor Pressure: Freezing Point: (HT)831mg/m Volatility: Molecular Weight: (HT)0.077mmHg@68°F AEGL 1: q general populationone-timeexposure for emergency scenarios H/HD/HT: Acute ExposureGuidelineLevels (AEGLs) Air: plans(go to provide (SMEs)andpertinent potentiallocalsubjectmatterexperts Alabama,Oregon,Kentucky,Arkansas, andColorado. areinplaceatthesesites. State/localplanstoaddress potentialvapor properties plumereleasesfromArmy These sites water sourcewithlimitedagitation,thereispotentialfor “globules” ofagenttosettle out. drolysis processes. treatmentprocesseswillalsofacilitate Chlorination/water degradation ofagents. IfalargequantityofH/HD/HTliquidisdirectlypouredintosmall,untreated persistence. climate condition(e.g. thelikelihood rain) ofsomeresidualsurface willdetermine hazards. Cooler, environments andlow-lying dry areaswould beareasofgreatest concentration/ Air Release: Sulfur mustard isuniqueinthatitsfreezingpoint~57°F, thick, sothatincoolertemperatures itwillbeinavery viscousform thatwillnotvolatilize. concentration exposures ofskin,eye toH/HD/HTincludescarring damage, andpossibly cancer. eye tractinclude blistering oftheskinandpermanent damage; andrespiratory concentrations may eye lesser airborne justcausetemporary irritation. effects Long-term ofhigh as thereisnoantidote. Immediatedecontaminationisonlymeanstominimize effects. Highconcentration exposures (especiallydirectliquidcontact),cancausesevere effects to until hoursaftertheexposure—so thoseexposed may notbeaware. The effects causedby H/HD/HTarenottypicallyfatal, but medicalcare canrequiresubstantialsupportive lets cansettleincooler/low-lying areasandmay persistfor days. Environmental breakdown productsofH/HD/HTarerelatively nontoxic. Healtheffects fromH/HD/HTaredelayed vapor, theresidualdepositionofsmalldropletsonsurfaces canlasthourstodays dependingonweather conditions(heatandmoistureincreaseagentbreakdown). Vapors/drop tions. Largeliquidspillswillpersistincoolertemperatures. Bulkliquidcansettlein water andremainfor years ifundisturbed. Ifreleasedinairassmallaerosolized dropletsorasa ormustard odor.liquid withaslightgarlic Becauseofitshighfreezingpoint,H/HD/HT canpersistfor decadesifsignificantquantitiesare inthesoilorwhenstored muni buried which contains20-30%impurities; and fare agenttocausesevere totheskin,eyes, injuries tract. andrespiratory Itwas manufactured inthreeforms ofpurity: Description: Classification: Agent able value tousefor thegeneral populationsincetheirconsumptionrate isconsiderably less. water buffalo ortanktruck) have beencontaminated. Acceptable levels for 5-15L/day troopsdrinking ofacontaminatedsupplyfor 7days are47-140µg/L. This level isareason Drinking Water: Soil: General Population Limit(GPL): Occupational: AEGL 3: AEGL 2: out abuilding orfacility fromapointsource. Possible localized areasofliquidcontamination. SITE SPECIFIC CONCERNS SYMPTOMS EXPOSURE FIRST AID/ AEGL Level MEDICAL ROUTES DECON ONSET SIGNS/

PPE Industrial ExposureScenario=

threshold mildeffects: threshold for severe effects/medical needs/increasingpotentialfor lethality: potentially irreversible effects orimpairedabilitytoescape: (H) 610mg/m

Water: Sulfur Mustard (H/HD/HT) NRT QuickReference Guide: Though vapors andeven aerosoldropletscanbelargelybroken down by physical andchemicalprocesses(e.g., volatilization, oxidation, dilution),temperature and Despite the common term Despite thecommonterm “mustard gas,” H/HD/HT(sulfurmustard) isanoilyliquid andnota “gas,” unlessheatedorexploded. H/HD/HTwas developed asawar

See: be PPE/respiratory measures tominimize potential exposuresbe PPE/respiratory vapors. toassociatedchlorine F, BR,LV, Responder, TK, orReflector. Gloves: ButylRubber Goves, orChemical Protective Set. M3 andM4Norton, protection thanthe SCBAanditsuseisgenerally allowed once conditionsareunderstood and exposures tobeatlower levels. aredetermined Outersuit: when thetypesofinhalation hazardsandtheirconcentrations areunknown orexpected tobe high. The CBRN APRfull-face respirator provides alower level of Hazard evaluation respondersuseNIOSH-approved chemical,biological,radiological, andnuclear (CBRN)self-containedbreathingapparatus (SCBA)respirators resuscitation,ensure thevictimisdecontaminatedfirst.aid orcardiopulmonary forrinse eyes. may relieve Antihistamines andcorticosteroids skinandeye andguardagainstinfection. irritation Follow regimenfor burn blisters. To administer first yielding a0.5%sodiumhypochlorite solution. USE WARM SOAPY WATER INSTEAD OFDILUTEBLEACH FORDECONOFBARESKIN. Usewater orsalineeye tion. Householdbleach is5%sodiumhypochlorite. To water) create adilutebleach bleach solution, combinewater to9parts andhouseholdbleach (add 1 part THERE ISNOANTIDOTE. Plan; documentPPElevels used; for observe any signsandsymptoms treataccordingly. Baseline: depending uponthecircumstancesofsiteandincident. PPElevels below aregeneral recommendations only. Check withtheHealthandSafety Officerregarding Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), Medical Surveillance, andSafety Plans. Level andtypeofPPEmay vary (rare): Ingestion Eyes: tract), causingDNAdamage/celldeathinseconds.(including respiratory Skin: exposure isabsorbedthroughthemucous membranes (eyes, mouth,throat,andlungs) andinducesDNAdamage/celldeathwithin seconds. Inhalation: (rare): Ingestion sitivity, injury. pain,andcorneal Highconcentration effects extremely painfulandgenerally requireextended medicaltreatment. Eyes: Skin: time. Highconcentration cancauselungdamage. Inhalation: exposures thatproducevisible symptomscouldlaterresultincancer. tion H/HD/HTexposure isnotgenerally lethal, withoutmedicaltreatmentinfections tissuedamagecouldbefatal. fromopenblisters/respiratory High concentration Severe: Moderate: Mild: severity ofeffects dependondose, duration, androuteofexposure (notallsigns/symptoms may develop). is notlike anacidburn). DespitetheimmediateDNAdamage, actualsigns/symptoms areDELAYED 1-48HOURSAFTEREXPOSURE. Time ofonsetand H/HD/HT produceeffects by cellsoftheskin,eyes entering tract), ormucous causingDNAdamage/celldeathinseconds(this membranes (includingrespiratory

IDLH =

(H/HD) 57°F, (HT)89°F Although H/HD/HTcontaminationoflargewater sourcesisunlikely, screeninglevels ifsmaller, therearemilitary todetermine containedwater supplies(e.g., (H/HD) 0.072mmHg@68°F,

(H/HD) 159g/mol,(HT)263g/mol

http://www2.dupont.com/Personal_Protection/en_US/assets/downloads/tychem/permguide82004.pdf.

If vapor/droplets contactlargewater surfaces, hydrolysis isexpected tobreakdown agentsrapidly. Water facilitate movement/mixing breakdown/hy further Effects aredelayed 2-48hours: grittiness); Eye (tearing, irritation nose, runny sneezing,nosebleed, hoarseness, hacking cough. Direct contactwithH/HD/HTcancauseeffects inoneormorehours. H/HD/HTproduceeffects by cellsoftheskin,eyes entering ormucous membranes Direct contactwithH/HD/HTliquidcancauserednessorblisters intwo to24hours. Warm and sweaty groin) skinareas(underarms, mostsusceptible. Chemical Warfare Blister(Vesicant) Agent Greatly affected by vapor hazard; symptomsoccurinanhourormorewithdirect liquid contact. Eyes arethemostsensitive toH/HD/HTinjury; effects noted1-12hours; feeling, gritty burning, irritation, itching,weeping, reddening,lidswelling, light-sen

0.7mg/m Effects aredelayed 1-24hours: damagemay Upperrespiratory/lung occurathigh concentrations andlongerexposure durations. While high concentra 3

@68°F; (H/HD)920mg/m

3 Annual physical functionexams. andrespiratory

@77°F Effects aredelayed 2-24hours: Above plusreddening,swelling ofeyelids, severe ofbreath,reddeningskin. cough, shortness Vapor exposure isabsorbedthroughthemucous membranes (nose, mouth,throat, and lungs)andinhaled. develops Injury slowly andintensifies over H/HD andHTcanbeheatedorotherwisereleasedasvapor/aerosol andinhaled. develops Injury slowly andintensifies over several days. Vapor

3 Consumption ofcontaminatedfood couldcauselocaleffects. ordrink Consumption ofcontaminatedfood couldcausenauseaandvomiting. ordrink

; [a 24-hourtimeweighted average lifetime chronicvalue] =2.0x10 STEL = 3) 0.3-14mg/kg(10-4cancerrisk); HT, amixtureof60%HDwiththickening toreducefreezingpoint. material whenpure, but Itiscolorless istypicallyayellow tobrown oily The onlyway tominimize effects istoperform immediateandthoroughdecon. Decon outerPPEwithadilutehouseholdbleach solu 3.0x10 (completedefinitionsare available in Key References Cited/Used*inNRT Quick Reference Guides for Chemical Warfare Agents) for -3 3 mg/m @86°F, 3 ; Worker Population Limit exposure duration °C=0.56 x(°F–32) Conversion Factors: Flashpoint: Boiling Point: Vapor Density:

Residential ExposureScenario= During Incident: http://www.cma.army.mil/csepp.aspx

(H/HD) 223°F, (HT)227-237°F u

(H/HD)~422°F, (HT)>442°F

(H/HD) 5.4,(HT)6.9(air=1.0)

(WPL)[an8-hourtime-weighted average occupationalvalue] =4.0x10 Facility: 10 min: 0.40 mg/m 3.9 “ 0.60 “

(H/HD) 1ppm=6.5mg/m

U.S. MunitionsStockpiles: Conduct medicalmonitoring; usePPEdesignatedby theHealthandSafety (H&S)

Due toitslow volatility, VX would bedifficulttodistribute effectively through 3

-5 (NRT) Quick Reference Guides(QRGs)for Chemical Warfare Agents. For References, PleaseSee: Key References Cited/Used*inNationalResponse Team anyReport releaseof WMD totheNationalResponseCenter1-800-424-8802 mg/m 30min: 2.7 “ 0.20 “ 0.13 mg/m 0.01-0.55mg/kg(10-5cancerrisk). Post-Incident: 3 .

for moreinfo). 3

3 1)

pure(distilled)substance,The nearly HD;

H/HD is undergoing destruction in Utah, Maryland, inUtah,Maryland, H/HD isundergoingdestruction

During decontamination operations there shouldalso During Monitor for signs/symptomsandtreat accordingly. 1 hr: 2.1 “ 0.10 “ 0.067 mg/m

(HT) 1.26g/cm Specific Gravity: Soluble: Aqueous Solubility: (HT)slightlysoluble CAS:

(H/HD) 505-60-2; (HT)63918-89-8

(all) organicsolvents, oils, fats 3

4 hr: 0.53 “ 0.025 “ 0.017 mg/m (H/HD) 1.27g/cm

(H/HD) practically insoluble

Final —Rev #00(2007) 3

-4 mg/m 3 @77°F 3 0.27 “ 0.013 “ 0.0080 mg/m 8 hr: 2) @77°F AgentH, 3

Tychem

------

3 - - - Waste Decon/Cleanup Laboratory Sampling for Confirmatory Results THIS SECTIONADDRESSES THE COLLECTIONOFSAMPLESFORQUANTITATIVE CONFIRMATORY LABORATORY ANALYSIS FORRISKASSESSMENTANDCLEANUP VERIFICATION Disposal Analysis Field Detection Sulfur Mustard (H/HD/HT)(side2) Note: Note: used toverify this. wastewater Chlorinated may needtobe treated/neutralized todisposal. prior ensure no residualagentis present. Itislikely that thesolutionwillnotcontainresidual agentandtherefore may notneedtobeclassifiedasahazwaste, but sampling must be requirements toadesignated disposalfacility hazardous waste facility such asanRCRA-permitted (typically anincinerator). Wastewater solution fromdeconwillbeanalyzed to that include “head space” toshipment ensurenoleakage/off-gassing. aroundcontainersprior (offgas)monitoring Typically inaccordancewithstate waste will betransported agencytomanage contaminateddebris.National Response Plan,ESF-3designatesUSACE astheprimary USACE andDODtypicallyusesafety totransport procedures prior costs. shouldbedecontaminatedandthen andlabeledinaccordance withDOTcontainerized Grosslyliquid-contaminatedmaterials andEPA requirementsasahazwaste. The wastes ashazardous, extreme cautionshouldbegiven tosampleandsegregate wastes tominimize hazwaste disposalcostswhichcanfar exceed allotherresponserelated piles. BecauseH/HD/HTisdifficulttodisperse, hazardous waste canbeminimized withpropersegregation. Whileperception/politicsmay suggestmanagement ofallresponse While nota “Federally-listed” waste, H/HD/HTismoretoxic thanmostRCRA listed chemicals andisa “listed” stock hazardouswaste insomestateswhere storedinmilitary Note: pling plan(developed during TOPOFF 2005for H/HD/HT)includedatieredapproach involving multi-media samples. prioritized This exercise approachensured: Verification ofDecon/Cleanup: e.g. deconmaterials *Proprietary gelsandfoams have beenundergoingtestingand arenotofficiallyendorsedthoughmay have specificapplicationbenefits. certain absorbing andneutralizing liquidagent; efficacyontheorderofhours; solutions, sodiumbicarbonate solutions/slurries,orsodiumborate hydrate/“Borax”); efficacysimilartothatof bleach. 0.5-4 hourswithcontacttimeof15minutes; however, damaging(corrosive) very tosurfaces andshouldberinsed; gas andsteam(efficacyachieved inhour(s). FORLIQUID CONTAMINATED SURFACES: dependingonlevel0.5-4 hrsafter2-15minute rinse ofcontamination. FORBUILDINGS/HVACS: effective for low level contaminationbut requirewaste-water collection/sampling/possible hazwaste disposalandmay damagesensitive items; efficacytypicallyachieved between and noadverse impactsto sensitive items. recommended for vapor plumecontaminationorlow concentration H/HD/HTinlarge openoutdoorareas; efficacytypicallycanbeachieved indays withno waste generated Decon/Cleanup Methods: to collect/testwastefor materiels/solutions possible classificationashazwaste. tion versus vapor/aerosol depositionoflargeareas; impactstosensitive surfaces; (e.g. whethersomematerials etc)arebestremoved furniture, for carpeting, disposal,andhow “clear” areasthatarenotlikely tobecontaminated. For (seemethodsbelow), useofdeconconsiderthefollowing: materials areasrequiring localized liquid(surface) contamina the hazardwithinanacceptable amountoftime(typicallywillrequirehourstodays andisapreferred optionfor largeopenareas). whensamplingcanbeconductedto Determine clear anareafor whetheradditional use(e.g., determine “decon” hotzone orwhethernatural entry/egress), attenuation canadequatelyreduceoreliminate actionsarenecessary unlikely duetohighvolatility ofH/HD/HT. toreducethespreadofH/HD/HTimmediately Exceptwhereimmediatedecontamination ofliquid-contaminatedhotspots isnecessary Decon/Cleanup Planning: a During WMD response;Support for accesspleasecontacttheERT 24hrnumber: Information:Laboratory (type andlocation)iscritical. different labs. isgenerally limitedto20-30environmental Samplethru-put samples ina48hourperiod; therefore, avoid overwhelming laboratories: many may notbeable (e.g., toperform analysisonallmatrices wipesandsoil). Mostlabsusetheirown datasetsfrom specificmethods, socautionisneededwhen comparing fewThere arevery labswithintheU.S. capability thathavefor H/HD/HTbecauseaccesstoCWagentstandards calibration islimited. confirmatory for laboratory Oftheselabs, Agricultural/Food: tools(scabblingbe obtainedusingappropriate for extraction ordrills) subsequentlaboratory analysis. Scabble/Cores: Different labsmay have specificrequestsregardingtypeofwipepadsor extraction solvent to use. health-based effect levels toevaluate wipesampledata. Wipe samplinggenerally involves usingsyntheticgauze orcottonpadswithasolvent towipea10cmxarea. Wipes: less thanoneinch. Sub-surfaceunlessalargeamountofliquidwas poredonground. soilsamplesaretypicallynotnecessary Soil: Water: solid phasesorbentmedium(e.g., tubes, PUFsamplers)andSUMMAcanisterscan beusedfor analysis. samplecollectionandsubsequentlaboratory contaminated surfaces/soil toassessany off-gassing hazardaswell asatbreathing zone level (e.g., 5feet) toassesspotentialpublic healthinhalationexposures. Appropriate analysissinceithashealth-basedexposuregassing fromsoil)andisusefulinr 2.0mg/m Soil samples

For localized “hot spot” areaswheresoildepositionmay occur(i.e., aerosolorliquid droplets),surface soilsamplesshouldbetaken fromanon-vegetated areatoadepthof

Final confirmatory quantifiedresultscanonlyFinal confirmatory beobtained from officially endorsed agentlaboratoriesthatuseGas Chromatography (GC)-MS. Decon products may have uniquesafety/ PPErequirements(e.g., bleach resultsinchlorine vapors). Some established effect levels (e.g., WPLs andGPLs)may bebelow theanalytical detectionlimitsofsomelaboratories.

In largevolumes ofwater, H/HD/HTisexpected todissipateviabreakdown, hydrolysis, anddilution. StandardEPA semi-volatile water samplingmethodsapply. Wipe samplesareoftendesiredtoindicateabsenceofH/HD/HTonnon-poroussurfaces. isrecommendedbecausetherearecurrentlyno Concurrentairmonitoring 3 within15minutes.

≥ Note: Hand-Held: Colorimetric testkitsthatcandetectH/HD/HTatconcentrations Colorimetric

0.1mg/m For hotspotareaswhereliquidH/HD/HTdepositionmay occuronporoussurfaces (e.g., concrete, asphalt),actualpiecesorcoresofcontaminatedsurface may

Currently, therearenovalidated methodsfor analysisofagricultural/food products; insteadair, soil,andwater sampleresultscanbeusedasindicators.

These are general guidelinesanddonotreplaceneedforThese aregeneral asite-specific samplingplan. Seereference list for sources ofsamplingguidance. Detection, samplingequipmentandprocedures, andanalyticaltechniqueswillbe highlysite-specificanddependon: Glass detector tubes impregnated with an indicating agent. Reagent produces a colorimetric indication in the presence of a particular gas,Glass detectortubesimpregnatedwithanindicatingagent. vapor, indicationinthepresenceofaparticular Reagentproducesa colorimetric or

3 Chemical AgentAnalysesContract Vehicles for EPA emergencylabsupport. EPA hasIAGs (AberdeenandDugway) withArmy for AnalyticalLab

within10seconds. This device issubjecttofalse positives (e.g., perfumes, exhausts, diesel). Effective andreadilyavailable deconmethodsfor H/HD/HTinclude: non-proprietary* Once sitecontrolshave beenestablished, develop aspecificdecon/cleanup plan. Significantareasof lastingH/HD/HTcontaminationisrelatively 1)

EPA ERT Mobile Trace GasAnalyzer Atmospheric (TAGA): 5) APD-2000/(CAM)

M8 andM9papers: Cleanup levels basedonsite-specific willbedetermined factors and multi-agency agreements. An example ofa multi-agency sam verification

Initially consider atmospheric samplingto Initially consideratmospheric “delineate theplumearea,” follow by targetedsamplingandanalysistoidentify “hot spots” and The packaging regulationsestablished andshippingofsamplesaresubjecttostrict by DOT, CDC, USPS, OSHA,andIATA. Consultthe 2) Water, seawater, dilutehouseholdbleach/chlorinated water (e.g., 0.5%sodiumhypochlorite, swimming poolwater,) aregenerally Wipe samples—presence-absence approach; detectioncapability, laboratory perlaboratory whichwillvary Water samples <15L/day water value drinking and

Improved ChemicalAgentMonitor(ICAM): Presence/absence colorimetric detector strips for detectorstrips liquidH/HD/HTonsurfaces.Presence/absence colorimetric M8hasanindefiniteshelflife. 3) the purpose ofsampling(e.g., initialidentification, thepurpose extent ofcontamination,decon); require and4)specificlaboratory 4 ≥ ) Chlorinated limeisbestfor) Chlorinated highconcentration liquidinlocalized areas; efficacyontheorderofhours. 0.15mg/m -4

mg/m Caution shouldbegiventoequipmentthathasnotbeenproperly evaluated. ≥ 2.0mg/Lwithin7minutes. Canbeusedfor raw ortreatedwater withminimalinterferences. 3

(basedoncalibration withasurrogateagent). Quantifiedresultsmay beobtainedfrom other 3 732-321-6660. . 4)

M256 Kit:

1) A vehicle-mounted Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) laboratory that (MS/MS)laboratory Spectrometry A vehicle-mounted MassSpectrometry/Mass Householdbleach solution (5.0%sodiumhypochlorite); efficacyachieved between

Potential optionsfor H/HD/HTincludeuseofhotairventilation, steam,ammonia

Hand-held vapor detectiondevices thatidentifypresenceofH/HD/HTat Air sampledetectorthatidentifiespresenceofH/HD/HTatconcentrations

2) FOR LARGEAREAS: High-pHsolutionslesscorrosive thanbleach (e.g., ammonia 3) Reactive adsorbentclays isusefulfor (e.g., fullersearth) 2)

AP2C:

A hydrogen flamespectrophotometerthat 1) ≥ 0.1mg/m Natural attenuation/degradation is

1) physical stateoftheagent;

planned sample prioritization planned sampleprioritization 3 within10seconds. Final —Rev #00(2007) The following 6)

M272 3) 2)

- type - - - - Field Release Detection Personal Safety Effect Levels Health Effects Scenarios Agent Characteristics SURVEILLANCE the discoloration on the tube’s scale; analysis. printed lab agentidentification thetubes mustbesent to anappropriate forfurther for confirmatory Tubesidentify presence gas,impregnated withan indicatingagent. vapor, indicationinthepresence ofaparticular Reagent producesacolorimetric oraerosol. Grosslevels canberead directlyfrom gents) andsulfur(contained inHD, V agents). Identifiespresenceof VXatconcentrations monitorsthatcouldnotdistinguish betweenprevious agents. thenerve military ≥ limitations. ofscreeningtoolsprocuredby mostEPAa summary responseteams. Otherscreening toolsmay beusedby otheragenciesandresponderssomewithsimilar capabilitiesand Real-time field screening tools (results or not quantified): confirmatory to usefor thegeneral populationsincetheirconsumptionrate isconsiderably less. buffalo, tanktruck) have beencontaminated. Acceptable levels for 5-15L/day troopsdrinking ofacontaminatedsupplyfor 7days are4-12µg/L. This level isareasonable value Drinking Water: Soil: General Population Limit (GPL) AEGL 3: AEGL 2: AEGL 1: q for general populationone-timeexposure for emergencyscenarios VX: Acute ExposureGuidelineLevels (AEGLs) Air: (go to areinplaceatthese sites.address potentialvapor properties plumereleasesfromArmy plans These sitesprovide (SMEs)andpertinent potentiallocalsubjectmatterexperts U.S. MunitionsStockpiles: tion. Facility: Warm temperatures alsohastendegradation. environmental During orhydrolytic degradation of VX, thebreakdown productEA2192may beapotentialoral toxic concern. Water: due toliquid VX persistence(several days, weeks, orlongerespeciallyincolderenvironments andareasprotectedfromopenweathering). Droplets froma VX plumewould likely settleneartheinitialpointofrelease, posinglocalized surface hazards. Liquidcontaminatedsurfaces willlikely needdecontamination device isemployed. The low volatility of VX would limitthesize andextent ofplume dissipation(significantlylessthanwhat would be expected ofG-agents, suchasGB). Air Release: Vapor Pressure: Freezing Point: Volatility: Molecular Weight: Persistence: dose exposure to VX canbefatal, thoughimmediateadministration ofanantidote (seeFirstAid/Deconbelow) canbelifesaving. 2192 isasolidandthusnotaninhalationhazard). Signs/symptomsofexposure to VX willoccurwithinminutes orhoursdependingonthedosereceived. Even extremely low ments. conditions, Undercertain VX breakdown canresultinthepresenceofcompound EA-2192,whichisconsideredalmostasequallytoxic as VX throughingestion(EA maintain ordisperseasvapor inair(unlike agentGB). nerve Liquid VX isrelatively persistentonsurfaces andcanlastfor days toweeks ifin largeamountsorincoldenviron of toxicity asorganophatesinsecticidesbut inmuch morepotent—infact agents. isthemostpotentofnerve However, lowVX hasavery vapor pressureandisdifficultto Description: Classification: Agent Occupational: SITE SPECIFIC CONCERNS 0.03mg/m SYMPTOMS EXPOSURE FIRST AID/ AEGL Level MEDICAL ROUTES DECON OTHER ONSET SIGNS/ PPE

Industrial ExposureScenario= http://www.cma.army.mil/csepp.aspx

If releasedintowater, VX isexpected todegrade broken fromhydrolysis down by andbefurther (highpH). dissolutionandtreatmentprocesses, suchaschlorination

Due toitslow volatility, VX would bedifficult todistribute effectively throughouta building or facility fromapoint source. Possible localized areasofliquidcontamina

threshold for severe/incapacitating effects, medicalneeds: potentially irreversible effects orimpairedabilitytoescape: threshold mildeffects: Hand-Held:

10.5 mg/m 3

VX NRT QuickReference Guide: within10seconds. This device issubjecttofalse positives (e.g., perfumes, exhausts, diesel). agent,whichisanimprovement Canspecifytypeofnerve over VX is very difficulttodisperseinairduelowVX isvery volatility, however itmay bepossible todisperse VXasa heat/explosivevapor/aerosol plumeifanappropriate Odorless, oily,Odorless, yellow/amber coloredliquidwhenpure. VX was developed asawarfare agentandisalethalcholinesterase inhibitor. Ithasthesamemechanism vapor:

See: also be PPE/respiratory measurestominimize potentialexposuresalso bePPE/respiratory vapors. toassociated chlorine suit: Tychem F, BR,LV, Responder, TK, orReflector. Gloves: ButylRubber Goves, orChemicalProtective Set. M3andM4Norton, level ofprotectionthantheSCBAanditsuseisgenerally allowed onceconditions are understoodandexposures tobeatlower levels. aredetermined Outer tors whenthetypesofinhalationhazardsandtheirconcentrations areunknown orexpected tobehigh. The CBRNAPR full-face respirator provides alower Hazard evaluation respondersuseNIOSHapproved chemical,biological,radiological, andnuclear (CBRN)self-contained breathingapparatus (SCBA)respira yielding a0.5%sodiumhypochlorite solution. USE WARM SOAPY WATER INSTEADOFDILUTEBLEACH FORDECONOFBARESKIN. tion. Householdbleach is5%sodiumhypochlorite. To water) createadilutebleach bleach solution,combinewater to9parts andhouseholdbleach (add1part Effective Antidote: Post-Incident: and symptomstreataccordingly. During Incident: Baseline: depending upon thecircumstancesofsiteandincident.vary PPElevels below are general recommendationsonly. Check withtheHealthandSafety Officerregarding Personal Protective Equipment(PPE),MedicalSurveillance, andSafety Plans. Level andtypeofPPEmay Females appeartobemoresusceptible agenteffects. tonerve Smallpercentages ofgeneral populationhave genetictraits thatmay increasesusceptibility. Ingestion: Eyes: ofvapors throughskin.from absorption Skin: Inhalation: Severe: rhea, cramps, generalized weakness, twitchingoflargemuscle groups. Moderate: Mild: Symptoms aredosedependentandmay occurwithinsecondsafterexposure tovapors andwithinminutes orhoursfromexposure toliquidfrom.

IDLH=

< -38°F Although VX contaminationoflargewater sourcesisunlikely, screeninglevels ifsmaller, therearemilitary todetermine containedwater supplies(e.g., water 7 x10

267.38 g/mol

http://www2.dupont.com/Personal_Protection/en_US/assets/downloads/tychem/permguide82004.pdf.

Runny nose, reductioninpupilsize (miosis),dimnessofvision,tightness ofchest, difficultbreathing. Especially toxic fromcontactwithliquidagent; usuallymoderate tosevere localized effects (e.g., sweating) andsystemiceffects. Effects canalsoresult 3 hours-day; liquid: Eyes arethemostsensitive agentexposure: targetorgansofnerve miosis(reductioninpupilsize) willtypicallybethefirstsignof exposure.

@77°F 0.003mg/m

Chemical Warfare Agent Nerve 1) Involuntary defecation convulsions, drooling,twitching,staggering, andurination, cessationofbreathing,lossconsciousness, coma,anddeath. -4

mm Hg@77°F Annual physical functionexams and respiratory andabaselinecholinesterase activity.

APD-2000/(CAM) Increased miosis(tolevel ofpinpointingpupils),headaches, confusion,drowsiness, nasalcongestion,tightnessofchest,nauseavomiting diar Overall systemiceffects. A primary exposure route;A primary smallconcentrations inhalationofvery canproduceeffects.

U.S. munitions stockpiles of inKentucky,VX areundergoingdestruction Alabama,Indiana,andUtah. Oregon,Arkansas, State/localplansto

Monitor for signs/symptoms andtreataccordingly.

[a24-hourtimeweighted average lifetime chronicvalue] =6.0x10 Conduct medicalmonitoring; usePPEdesignatedby theHealthandSafety (H&S)plan; documentPPElevels used; for observe any signs

3 ; Atropine and(ifmoresevere) 2-PAM Chlorideinjections; atropine eye drops. STEL=

1.1-1.2mg/kg; hours-months dependingonamount,temperature, rain orotherweather conditions, andtypeofsurface. for moreinfo). 1.0x10 and (completedefinitionsare available in Key References Cited/Used*inNRT Quick Reference Guides for Chemical Warfare Agents) Improved ChemicalAgentMonitor(ICAM):

-5 Flashpoint: Conversion Factors: Boiling Point: Vapor Density: mg/m Residential ExposureScenario= exposure duration 3 ; Worker Population Limit(WPL)

318°F

568°F 9.2 (air=1)

1ppm= 11mg/m3; °C=0.56x(°F–32) Caution should be given to equipment that has not been properly evaluated. 2) u

AP2C: 10 min: 0.0072 “ 0.029 “ 0.00057 mg/m

A hydrogen flamespectrophotometerthatdetects phosphorous(containedinG, Va ≥ 0.042-0.047mg/kg.

0.03mg/m

Hand-held vapor detectiondevices thatidentify presenceof VX atconcentrations [an8-hourtime-weighted average occupationalvalue] =1.0x10 3

-7 (NRT) Quick Reference Guides(QRGs)for Chemical Warfare Agents. For References, PleaseSee: Key References Cited/Used*inNationalResponse Team anyReport releaseof WMD totheNationalResponseCenter1-800-424-8802 mg/m 0.0042 “ 0.00033 mg/m 0.015 “ 30min: 3 within10seconds. 3 .

DeconouterPPEwithadilutehouseholdbleach solu 0.00017 mg/m 0.0029 “ 0.010 “ 1 hr: 3) During decontaminationoperations thereshould During Liquid Density: Soluble: Aqueous Solubility:

Dräger Detector Tube:

organic solvents 3

0.00010 mg/m 0.0015 “ 0.0052 “ 4 hr:

1.008 g/ml@68°F

30g/L @77°F

Glass detectortubes Final —Rev #00 (2007) 3

CAS: 0.000071 mg/m 0.0010 “ 0.0038 “ 8 hr: The following is

-6 50782-69-9 mg/m 3 ; - - - - 3 - Waste Decontamination/Cleanup Laboratory Sampling for Confirmatory Results THIS SECTIONADDRESSES THE COLLECTIONOFSAMPLESFORQUANTITATIVE CONFIRMATORY LABORATORY ANALYSIS FORRISKASSESSMENTANDCLEANUP VERIFICATION Field Detection Disposal Analysis (cont’d) Support During a During WMD response;Support for accesspleasecontacttheERT 24hrnumber: 732-321-6660. Information:Laboratory (type andlocation)iscritical. ferent labs. isgenerally limitedto20-30environmental Sample thru-put samplesin a48hourperiod; therefore, avoid overwhelming laboratories: plannedsampleprioritization may notbeable (e.g., toperform analysisonallmatrices wipesandsoil). Mostlabsusetheir own datasetsfromdif specificmethods, socautionisneededwhencomparing fewThere arevery labswithintheU.S. capability thathavefor confirmatory VXbecauseaccesstoCWagentstandards calibration islimited.for laboratory Oftheselabs, many VX (side2)

Note: Note:

sified as a hazwaste, but sampling must beused to this.verify wastewater Chlorinated may need tobetreated/neutralized todisposal. prior to ensurenoresidual agentordegradation products, like EA-2192,ispresent. Itislikely thatthe solution willnotcontainresidualagent andtherefore may notneedtobeclas requirements toa designated disposalfacility hazardous waste facility suchas anRCRA-permitted (typicallyanincinerator). Wastewater solutionfromdeconwillbeanalyzed that include “head space” toshipment toensurenoleakage/off-gassing. aroundcontainersprior (offgas)monitoring Typically inaccordancewithstate waste willbetransported agencytomanage contaminated debris.National Response Plan,ESF-3designatesUSACE as theprimary USACE andDODtypically usesafety totransport procedures prior shouldbedecontaminatedandthencontainerized andlabeledinaccordancewithDOTGrossly liquid-contaminatedmaterials and EPA requirementsasahazwaste. The as hazardous, extreme cautionshouldbe given tosampleandsegregate wastes tominimize hazwaste disposalcostswhichcanfar exceed allotherresponserelatedcosts. Because VX isdifficulttodisperse, hazardous waste canbeminimized withproper segregation. Whileperception/politicsmay suggestmanagementofallresponse wastes While nota “Federally-listed” waste, VX ismoretoxic than most RCRAlistedchemicals andisa “listed” stockpiles. hazardous waste insome stateswherestoredinmilitary This exercise approachensured: sampling plan(developed during TOPOFF 2005for sulfurmustard, andmay beapplicable for thisagent) included atieredapproachinvolving multi-media samples. prioritized Verification ofDecon/Cleanup: e.g. deconmaterials *Proprietary gelsandfoams have beenundergoingtestingand arenotofficiallyendorsedthough may have specificapplication benefits. certain absorbing andneutralizing liquidagent; efficacyontheorderofhours; limeisbest 6)Chlorinated for highconcentration liquid inlocalized areas; efficacy ontheorderofhours. solutions, sodiumbicarbonatesolutions/slurries,orborate hydrate/“Borax”); efficacysimilartothatof bleach. hours withcontacttimeof15minutes; however, damaging(corrosive) very tosurfaces andshouldberinsed; steam (efficacyachieved inhour(s). FORLIQUID CONTAMINATED SURFACES: dependingonlevelhrs after2-15minute rinse ofcontamination. FORBUILDINGS/HVACS: for low level contaminationbut requirewaste-water collection/sampling/possible hazwaste disposalandmay damagesensitive items; efficacy typicallyachieved between 0.5-4 verse impacts tosensitive items. mended for vapor plumecontaminationorlow concentration VX inlargeopenoutdoorareas; efficacytypicallycanbeachieved indays withno waste generated andnoad Decon/Cleanup Methods: how tocollect/test wastefor materiels/solutions possible classificationashazwaste. nation versus vapor/aerosol depositionoflargeareas; impactstosensitive surfaces; (e.g. whethersomematerials etc)arebestremoved furniture, for carpeting, disposal,and “clear” areasthatarenotlikely tobecontaminated. For (seemethodsbelow), useofdeconconsiderthefollowing: materials areasrequiring localized liquid(surface) contami hazard withinanacceptable amountoftime(typicallywillrequirehourstodays andisapreferred optionfor largeopenareas). whensamplingcanbeconductedto Determine an areafor whetheradditional use(e.g., determine “decon” hotzone orwhethernatural entry/egress), attenuation canadequatelyreduceoreliminatethe actionsarenecessary unlikely duetohighvolatility of VX. toreducethespreadof Exceptwhereimmediatedecontaminationofliquid-contaminated hotspotsisnecessary VX ortoimmediatelyclear Decon/Cleanup Planning: Agricultural/Food: may tools(scabbling beobtainedusingappropriate for extraction ordrills) subsequentlaboratory analysis. Scabble/Cores: labs may have specificrequestsregardingtypeofwipepadsor extraction solvent touse. based effect levels toevaluate wipesampledata. Wipe samplinggenerally involves usingsyntheticgauze orcottonpadswithasolvent towipea10cmxarea. Different Wipes: depth oflessthanoneinch. Sub-surfaceunlessalargeamountofliquidwas poredonground. soilsamplesaretypicallynotnecessary . Soil: water, however, analysesshouldincludethebreakdown productEA-2192. Standard EPA semi-volatile water samplingmethodsapply. Water: solidphasesorbentmedium(e.g.,Appropriate tubes, PUFsamplers)andSUMMA canisters canbeusedfor analysis. samplecollectionandsubsequentlaboratory potentially contaminatedsurfaces/soil toassessany off-gassinghazardaswell asatbreathingzone level (e.g., 5feet) toassesspotentialpublic healthinhalationexposures. (e.g., analysissinceithashealth-based exposure off-gassing fromsoil)andisusefulinrisk limits. On-siteanddownwind samplingshouldbeconductedwithin6inchesabove concern. Airsamplingcananswer, “Has theplumepassed?Isliquiddepositionoff-gassing?” andto “prove anegative.” Airsamplingisagoodindicatorofother pathways Air: Types ofSamples: ifthey have receivingthesamplestodetermine ana Note: Note: Air results<8hourAEGL1value Soil samples

For localized “hot spot” areaswheresoildeposition may occur(i.e., aerosolorliquid droplets), surface soilsamplesshouldbetaken fromanon-vegetated area toa These are general guidelinesanddonotreplaceneedforThese aregeneral asite-specific samplingplan. Seereference list for sources ofsamplingguidance.

Final confirmatory quantifiedresultscanonlyFinal confirmatory beobtained from officially endorsed agentlaboratoriesthatuseGas Chromatography (GC)-MS. Decon products may have uniquesafety/ PPErequirements(e.g., bleach resultsinchlorine vapors). Some established effect levels (e.g., WPLs and GPLs)may bebelow theanalytical detectionlimitsofsomelaboratories.

In largevolumes ofwater,VX isexpected todissipateviabreakdown, hydrolysis, anddilution. To insmallerbodesof particularly out contaminationconcerns, rule Wipe samplesareoftendesiredtoindicateabsenceof VX onnon-poroussurfaces. isrecommendedbecausetherearecurrentlynohealth- Concurrentairmonitoring Presence/absence colorimetric detector strips for detectorstrips liquid Presence/absence colorimetric VX onsurfaces. M8hasanindefiniteshelflife. -5 mg/m

For hotspotareaswhereliquidG-agentdepositionmay occuronporoussurfaces (e.g., concrete, asphalt),actualpiecesorcoresofcontaminatedsurface

Currently, therearenovalidated methodsfor analysis ofagricultural/food products; insteadair, soil,andwater sampleresultscanbeusedasindicators. ≥

3 0.02mg/Lwithin7minutes. Canbeusedfor raw ortreatedwater withminimalinterferences. (basedoncalibration withasurrogate agent). Quantifiedresultsmay beobtained fromothertruck-mounted orfixed equipmentused byother laboratory Detection, samplingequipmentandprocedures, andanalyticaltechniqueswillbe highlysite-specificanddependon: ≥ 0.025mg/m

Chemical AgentAnalysesContract Vehicles for EPA emergencylabsupport. EPA hasIAGs (AberdeenandDugway) withArmy for AnalyticalLab

Effective andreadilyavailable deconmethodsfor non-proprietary* VX include: FORLARGEAREAS: Once sitecontrolshave beenestablished, develop aspecificdecon/cleanup plan. Significantareasoflasting VXcontaminationisrelatively

2) Cleanup levels basedonsite-specific willbedetermined factors and multi-agency agreements. An example ofa multi-agency verification

Water, seawater, dilutehouseholdbleach/chlorinated water (e.g., 0.5%sodiumhypochlorite, swimming poolwater,) aregenerally effective Initially consider atmospheric samplingto Initially consideratmospheric “delineate theplumearea,” follow by targetedsamplingandanalysistoidentify “hot spots” and The packaging regulationsestablished andshipping ofsamplesaresubjecttostrict by DOT, CDC, USPS, OSHA,andIATA. Consultthe A vehicle-mounted Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) laboratory that can reportedly detect thatcanreportedly VX vapors (MS/MS)laboratory atconcentrations as Spectrometry A vehicle-mounted MassSpectrometry/Mass 3 . 4)

M256 Kit: Water samples<15L/day water value drinking Wipe samples–presence-absence approach; detectioncapability, laboratory perlaboratory whichwillvary

Air sampledetectorthatidentifiespresenceof VXatconcentrations 3) the purpose ofsampling(e.g., initialidentification, thepurpose extent ofcontamination,decon); and

1) Householdbleach solution(5.0%sodiumhypochlorite); efficacyachieved between 0.5-4

Potential optionsfor VX includeuseofhotairventilation, steam,ammoniagasand

2) High-pHsolutionslesscorrosive thanbleach (e.g., ammonia 6)

M272 Water Test Kit: Advanced FieldMonitoring: 3) Reactive adsorbent clay isusefulfor (e.g., fullersearth) ≥ 0.02mg/m

1) Natural attenuation/degradation isrecom 3

within15minutes. Colorimetric testkitsthatcandetect Colorimetric

1) physical stateoftheagent;

EPA ERT Mobile Trace 4) Final —Rev #00 (2007)

specific laboratory specificlaboratory 5)

M8 andM9

- 2) - -

- - - Field Release Detection Personal Safety Effect Levels Health Effects Scenarios Agent Characteristics SURVEILLANCE from thediscoloration onthetube’s scale; analysis. printed lab agent identification the tubes must besenttoanappropriate for further for confirmatory Tubesidentifypresence gas,tubes impregnated withanindicatingagent. vapor, indicationinthe presenceofaparticular Reagentproducesacolorimetric oraerosol. Grosslevels can bereaddirectly agents) andsulfur (contained inHD, V agents). Identifiespresenceof G-agentsat concentrations over agents. monitorsthat couldnotdistinguishamongnerve previous military trations limitations. ofscreeningtoolsprocuredby mostEPAa summary responseteams. Otherscreening toolsmay beusedby otheragenciesandresponderssomewithsimilar capabilitiesand orquantified):Real-time fieldscreeningtools(results notconfirmatory Cautionshouldbegiven toequipmentthathasnotbeen properly evaluated. able value tousefor thegeneral populationsincetheirconsumptionrate isconsiderably less. water buffalo, tanktruck) have beencontaminated. Acceptable levels for 5-15L/day troopsdrinking ofacontaminated supplyfor 7days are4-12µg/L. This level isareason Drinking Water: General Population Limit (GPL) Occupational: AEGL 3: AEGL 2: AEGL 1: q for general populationone-timeexposure for emergencyscenarios GA: Acute ExposureGuidelineLevels (AEGLs) Air: to areinplaceatthesesites. properties plans toaddresspotentialreleasesfromArmy plans(go These sitesprovide (SMEs) andpertinent potentiallocalsubjectmatterexperts U.S. MunitionsStockpiles: cant toxic however, concerns liquidGAreactionwithhigh-pHdeconsolutionsmay producecyanide gas. Facility: tion. Environmental andhydrolytic degradation productsofGAarenotsignificant toxic concerns. Water: outdoor areas. Liquidcontaminatedsurfaces couldpersistfor hoursordays incolderenvironments/areas protectedfromopenweathering. Air Release: Vapor Pressure: Freezing point: Volatility: Molecular Weight: Persistence: antidote canbelifesaving (seeFirstAid/Deconbelow). toms ofexposure toGAwilloccurwithinminutes orhoursdependingonthedose. Even relatively low doseexposure toGAcanbefatal, thoughimmediateadministration ofan nontoxic. However, liquidagentGAreactionwithhigh-pHdeconsolutions(e.g., householdbleach) may producetoxic products(e.g., cyanide intermediate gas). Signs/symp cold oren¬closedenvironments. Breakdown/hydrolysis inwater (especiallytreated water) isexpected. Environmental degradation/breakdown productsofGAarerelatively but(sarin), itismuch morevolatile thanpersistentagents, suchas VX orHD(sulfurmustard). LiquidGAcouldbepresentfor hourstodays ifpresentinlargeamounts, orin same mechanismoftoxicity asorganophosphateinsecticidesbut ismuch morepotent. GAisconsideredtohave moderately low persistenceasitislessvolatile thanGB Description: Classification: Agent Soil: SITE-SPECIFIC CONCERNS SYMPTOMS EXPOSURE FIRST AID/ http://www.cma.army.mil/csepp.aspx AEGL Level MEDICAL ROUTES DECON ONSET OTHER SIGNS/

PPE Industrial ExposureScenario=

≥ If releasedintowater, GAwould likely degrade fromevaporation andhydrolysis, broken down by andbefurther dissolutionandtreatmentprocessessuchaschlorina

0.1mg/m

GA couldpotentiallybedispersedinabuilding orfacility. Decontaminationshould focus onareasofliquidcontamination. Breakdown productsofGAarenotsignifi

threshold for severe effects/medical needs/increasingpotentialfor lethality: potentially irreversible effects orimpairedabilitytoescape: threshold mildeffects: Hand-Held: 610 mg/m

Tabun (GA) NRT Quick Reference Guide:

Because itissomewhat volatile, GAisnotconsidereda “persistent” agent. Though lesssothanGB, for GAisaplausible agentofconcern facilities orlarge Colorless tobrown liquid;Colorless generally thoughpossibly odorless, fruity. GAwas manufactured asawarfare agentandisalethalcholinesterase inhibitor. Ithasthe vapor:

See: also be PPE/respiratory measurestominimize potentialexposuresalso bePPE/respiratory vapors. toassociated chlorine Tychem F, BR,LV, Responder, TK, orReflector. Gloves: ButylRubber Goves, orChemicalProtective Set. M3andM4Norton, of protectionthantheSCBAanditsuse isgenerally allowed onceconditionsareunderstood andexposures tobe atlower levels. aredetermined Outersuit: when thetypesofinhalationhazardsandtheirconcentrations areunknown orexpected tobehigh. The CBRNAPRfull-face respirator provides alower level Hazard evaluation respondersuseNIOSH-approved, chemical,biological,radiological, nuclear (CBRN)self-containedbreathing apparatus (SCBA)respirators agent GA. reaction withhigh-pHsolutions, suchasundilutedbleach, may producetoxic products(e.g., cyanide intermediate gas),whicharemuch lesstoxic thanliquid yielding a0.5%sodiumhypochlorite solution. USE WARM SOAPY WATER INSTEADOFDILUTEBLEACH FORDECONOFBARESKIN. Liquidagent GA tion. Householdbleach is5%sodiumhypochlorite. To water) createadilutebleach bleach solution,combinewater to9parts tohouseholdbleach (add1part Effective Antidote: Post-Incident: and symptomstreataccordingly. During Incident: Baseline: depending upon thecircumstancesofsiteandincident.vary PPElevels below are general recommendationsonly. Check withtheHealthandSafety Officerregarding Personal Protective Equipment(PPE),MedicalSurveillance, andSafety Plans. Level andtypeofPPEmay Females appeartobemoresusceptible agenteffects. tonerve Smallpercentages ofgeneral populationhave genetictraits thatmay increasesusceptibility. Ingestion: Eyes: ofvapors throughskin.from absorption Skin: Inhalation: Severe: rhea, cramps, generalized weakness, twitchingoflargemuscle groups. Moderate: Mild: Symptoms aredosedependentandmay occurwithinsecondsafterexposure tovapors andwithinminutes orhoursfromexposure toliquidfrorm.

IDLH =0.1mg/m

-58°F Although G-agentcontaminationoflargewater sourcesisunlikely, screeninglevels ifsmaller, therearemilitary todetermine containedwater supplies(e.g., 0.07 mmHg@68°F

within10seconds. This device issubjecttofalse positives (e.g., perfumes, exhausts, diesel). agent,whichisanimprovement Itcanspecify typeofnerve 162.13 g/mol

http://www2.dupont.com/Personal_Protection/en_US/assets/downloads/tychem/permguide82004.pdf. 3

Runny nose, reductioninpupilsize (miosis),dimnessofvision,tightness ofchest, difficultbreathing. @77°F minutes tohours; liquid: Especially toxic fromcontactwithliquidagent; usuallymoderate tosevere localized effects (e.g., sweating) andsystemiceffects. Effects canalsoresult

Eyes arethemostsensitive agentexposure: targetorgansofnerve miosis(reductioninpupilsize) willtypicallybethefirstsignof exposure.

Chemical Warfare Agent Nerve 1) Involuntary defecation convulsions, drooling,twitching,staggering, andurination, cessationofbreathing,lossconsciousness, coma,anddeath.

Annual physical functionexams and respiratory andabaselinecholinesterase activity.

APD-2000/(CAM) Increased miosis(tolevel ofpinpointingpupils),headaches, confusion,drowsiness, nasalcongestion,tightnessofchest,nauseavomiting diar Overall systemiceffects.

A primary exposure route;A primary smallconcentrations inhalationofvery canproduceeffects. U.S. munitions stockpiles ofG-agentsare/have inAlabama,andKentucky. Utah,Oregon,Arkansas, undergonedestruction/disposal State/local

Monitor for signs/symptoms andtreataccordingly.

[a24-hourtimeweighted average lifetime chronicvalue] =1.0x10 3 Conduct medicalmonitoring; usePPEdesignatedby theHealthandSafety (H&S)Plan; documentPPElevels used; for observe any signs ;

STEL = Atropine and(ifmoresevere) 2-PAM Chlorideinjections; atropine eye drops. for moreinfo). 68-82mg/kg; 1.0x10 and (completedefinitionsare available in Key References Cited/Used*inNRT Quick Reference Guides for Chemical Warfare Agents)

hours todays dependingonamount,temperature, rain orotherweather conditions, andtypeofsurface. Improved ChemicalAgentMonitor(ICAM): -4

Conversion Factors: Flashpoint: Boiling Point: Vapor Density: mg/m Residential ExposureScenario= exposure duration 3 ; Worker Population Limit(WPL)

172°F

446-473°F 5.63 (air=1)

1ppm =6.6mg/m 2) u

AP2C:

10 min: 0.76 “ 0.087 “ 0.0069 mg/m 2.8-3.1mg/kg. A hydrogen flamespectrophotometerthatdetects phosphorous(containedinG, V

3 Hand-held vapor detectiondevices thatidentify presenceofG-agentsatconcen ; °C=0.56×(°F–32) [an 8-hourtime-weighted average occupationalvalue] =3.0x10

≥ 0.03mg/m -6 (NRT) Quick Reference Guides(QRGs)for Chemical Warfare Agents. For References, PleaseSee: anyReport releaseof WMD totheNationalResponseCenter1-800-424-8802 3 mg/m

30min: 0.0040 mg/m 0.38 “ 0.050 “ 3 . 3 within10seconds.

DeconouterPPEwithadilutehouseholdbleach solu 3

During decontaminationoperations thereshould During 0.0028 mg/m 0.26 “ 0.035 “ 1 hr:

Key References Cited/Used*inNationalResponse Team

Specific Gravity: Soluble: Aqueous Solubility: 3)

Dräger Detector Tube: 3

organic solvents 0.0014 mg/m 0.14 “ 0.017 “ 4 hr: CAS:

1.08 g/ml@77°F 77-81-6 Final —Rev #00 (2007)

73 g/L68°F

Glass detector The following is -5 mg/m 0.0010 mg/m 0.10 “ 0.013 “ 8 hr: 3

------3 Waste Disposal Decontamination/Cleanup Laboratory Sampling for Confirmatory Results THIS SECTIONADDRESSES THE COLLECTIONOFSAMPLESFORQUANTITATIVE CONFIRMATORY LABORATORY ANALYSIS FORRISKASSESSMENTANDCLEANUP VERIFICATION Field Detection Analysis (cont’d) GA (side2) Note: Note: This exercise approachensured: sampling plan(developed during TOPOFF 2005for sulfurmustard, andmay beapplicable for thisagent) included atieredapproachinvolving multi-media samples. prioritized Verification ofDecon/Cleanup: are notofficiallyendorsedthoughmay have specificapplicationbenefits. certain lime isbestfor highconcentration liquidinlocalized areas; efficacyontheorder of hours. (e.g. deconmaterials *Proprietary gelsand foams) have beenundergoingtestingand ficacy similartothatof bleach. and shouldberinsed Household bleach solution(5.0%sodiumhypochlorite); efficacyachieved between 0.5-4hourswithcontacttimeof15minutes; however, damaging(corrosive) tosurfacesvery to days withnowaste generated andnoadverse impactstosensitive items. Natural attenuation/degradation isrecommendedfor vapor plumecontamination or low concentration G-agentinlargeopenareas; efficacytypicallycanbeachieved inhours Agricultural/Food: may tools(scabbling beobtainedusingappropriate for extraction ordrills) subsequentlaboratory analysis. Scabble/Cores: Different labsmay have specificrequestsregardingtype ofwipepadsor extraction solvent touse. health-based effect levels toevaluate wipesampledata. Wipe samplinggenerally involves usingsyntheticgauze orcottonpadswithasolvent towipea10cmxarea. Wipes: depth oflessthanoneinch. Sub-surfaceunlessalargeamountofliquidwas pouredonground. soilsamplesaretypicallynotnecessary Soil: Water: exposures. solidphasesorbentmedium(e.g., Appropriate tubes, PUFsamplers)andSUMMAcanisterscanbeusedfor analysis. samplecollectionandsubsequentlaboratory inches above potentiallycontaminatedsurfaces/soil toassessany off-gassinghazard aswell asatbreathingzone level (e.g., 5feet) toassesspotentialpublic healthinhalation er pathways (e.g.,analysissinceithashealth-based exposure off-gassingfromsoil)andisusefulinrisk limits. On-siteanddownwind samplingshouldbeconductedwithin6 concern. Airsamplingcanbeperformed toanswer, “Has theplumepassed?Isliquid depositionoff-gassing?” andto “prove anegative.” Airsamplingisagoodindicatorofoth Air: Types ofSamples: ifthey have receivingthesamplestodetermine analytical laboratory additionalpackaging orshippingrequirements. Sample packaging andshipping: RegionalEPAResponse Center(1-800-424-8802)tonotifytheappropriate Division(HSD)/FBI)investigative HomelandSecurity unittoensurechain-of-custody. requirements. Few have inalltypesofmedia. laboratories capabilitytoanalyze GA,particularly SeeLABORATORY ANAYSIS, below. For forensic sampling,asktheNational type ofsurfaces contaminated(e.g., porousvs. nonporous); prior todisposal. prior residual agents andtherefore notneed to beclassifiedas ahazardous waste but sampling must beused to verify. wastewater Chlorinated may needtobetreated/neutralized ous waste facility (typicallyanincinerator). Wastewater solutionfromdecon willbe analyzed toensurenoresidualagent is present. Itislikely thatthesolutionwillnot contain ensure noleakage/off-gassing. Typically in accordance with staterequirementstoadesignated disposalfacility, waste willbetransported hazard such asanRCRA-permitted contaminated debris. USACE thatinclude andDODtypicallyusesafety“head space” totransport toshipment proceduresprior aroundcontainersprior (offgas)monitoring solution fromdeconshouldbeanalyzed toensureno residual agentispresent. agencytomanage The NationalResponsePlan,ESF-3designatesUSACE astheprimary costs. shouldbedecontaminated,containerized andlabeledinaccordancewithDOT Grosslyliquid-contaminated materials andEPA requirementsasahazwaste. Wastewater However, extreme cautionshouldbegiven tosampleandsegregate wastes samplingtominimize hazwaste disposalcostswhichcanfar exceed allotherresponserelated Though GAissomewhat volatile andactual liquidcontaminatedwaste willlikely be limited,perception/politicsmay suggestmanagementofallresponsewastes ashazardous. While nota “Federally-listed” waste, GAismoretoxic thanmostRCRAlistedchemicals andisa “listed” stockpiles. hazardouswaste insomestateswhere storedinmilitary agents includeuseofhotairventilation (efficacyin hours)orammoniagasandsteam (efficacyachieved inlessthananhour. FORLIQUID CONTAMINATED SURFACES: items; efficacytypicallyachieved betweenrinse depending onlevel 0.5-4hrsafter2-15minute ofcontamination. FOR BUILDINGS/HVACS: swimming poolwater) aregenerally effective for low level contaminationbut requirewaste-water collection/sampling/possible hazwaste disposalandmay damagesensitive high pHsolution(e.g. bleach) canproducetoxic products(e.g, cyanide intermediate gas). Hazardcanbeminimized throughexcess useofbleach. FORLARGEAREAS: Decon/Cleanup Methods: for disposal,andhow tocollect/testwastefor materiels/solutions possible classificationashazwaste. (surface) contaminationversus vapor/aerosol depositionoflargeareas; impactstosensitive surfaces; (e.g. whethersomematerials etc)arebestremoved furniture, carpeting, be conductedto “clear” areasthatarenotlikely tobecontaminated. For (seemethodsbelow), considerthefollowing: useofdeconmaterials areasrequiring localized liquid eliminate thehazardwithinanacceptable amountoftime(typicallywillrequirehours todays andisa preferred optionfor largeopenareas). whensamplingcan Determine ately clearanareafor whetheradditional use(e.g., determine “decon” hotzone orwhethernatural entry/egress), attenuation canadequatelyreduceor actionsarenecessary unlikely duetohighvolatility ofGA. toreducethespreadofG-agentorimmedi Exceptwhereimmediatedecontaminationofliquid-contaminated hotspotsisnecessary Decon/Cleanup Planning: a During WMD response;Support for accesspleasecontacttheERT 24hrnumber: 732-321-6660. Information:Laboratory (type andlocation)iscritical. ferent labs. isgenerally limitedto20-30environmental Sample thru-put samplesin a48hourperiod; therefore, avoid overwhelming laboratories: plannedsampleprioritization may notbeable (e.g., toperform analysisonallmatrices wipesandsoil). Mostlabsusetheir own datasetsfromdif specificmethods, socautionisneededwhencomparing fewThere arevery labswithintheU.S. capability thathavefor GAbecauseaccesstoG-agentstandards calibration islimited. confirmatory for laboratory Oftheselabs, many Sampling Concerns: plan. tent, samplingto “clear areas” wherenoliquiddepositionisexpected vs. identifyingpotentialhotspotsofliquidcontaminationandshouldbeemphasized inthesampling abouttheareaimpactedoramountreleased.(e.g., statisticalapproach)may grid, iftherearelargeuncertainties beappropriate BecauseGAisgenerally notpersis and agentflow paths. the Additionalbiasedor random samplingcanbeusedtodetermine extent ofcontaminationorto efficacyofcleanup.verify Morethoroughsampling Sample LocationsandPlanning: Note: equipmentusedby othergovernmentaltory responseteams. vapors atconcentrations aslow as4.9x10 that candetectG-agentsatconcentrations M8 andM9papers: of G-agentsatconcentrations ERT Mobile Trace GasAnalyzer Atmospheric (TAGA): Soil samples

Note: For localized “hot spot” areaswheresoildeposition may occur(i.e., aerosolorliquid droplets), surface soilsamplesshouldbetaken fromanon-vegetated areatoa

Decon products may have uniquesafety/ PPErequirements(e.g., bleach resultsinchlorine vapors). Some established effect levels (e.g., WPLs and GPLs)may bebelow theanalytical detectionlimitsofsomelaboratories. Final confirmatory quantifiedresultscanonlyFinal confirmatory beobtained from officially endorsed agentlaboratoriesthatuseGas Chromatography (GC)-MS.

These are general guidelinesanddonotreplaceneedforThese aregeneral asite-specific samplingplan. Seereference list for sources ofsamplingguidance.

For hotspotareaswhereliquidG-agentdepositionmay occuronporoussurfaces (e.g., concrete, asphalt),actualpiecesorcoresofcontaminatedsurface

Presence/absence colorimetric detector strips for detectorstrips liquidG-agentonsurfaces.Presence/absence colorimetric M8hasanindefiniteshelflife. Currently, therearenovalidated methodsfor analysis ofagricultural/food products; insteadair, soil,andwater sampleresultscanbeusedasindicators. 2)

Detection, samplingequipmentandprocedures, andanalyticaltechniqueswillbe highlysite-specificanddependon: High-pHsolutionslesscorrosive thanbleach (e.g., ammoniasolutions, sodiumbicarbonateorborate solutions/slurries, hydrate/“Borax”); ef

Chemical AgentAnalysesContract Vehicles for EPA emergencylabsupport. EPA hasIAGs (AberdeenandDugway) withArmy for AnalyticalLab

Efective andreadilyavailable deconmethodsfor G-agentsinclude thefollowing non-proprietary* thoughitiscautionedthatliquidGAreactionwith Once sitecontrolshave beenestablished, develop aspecificdecon/cleanup plan. SignificantareasoflastingGAcontaminationisrelatively ≥ 3) 0.025mg/m Reactive adsorbent clay isusefulfor (e.g., absorbingandneutralizing fullersearth) liquidagent; efficacyontheorderofhours;

Cleanup levels basedonsite-specific willbedetermined factors and multi-agency agreements. An example ofa multi-agency verification

Initially consider atmospheric samplingto Initiallyconsideratmospheric “delineate theplumearea,” followed by targetedsamplingandanalysistoidentify “hot spots” The packaging regulationsestablished andshipping ofsamplesaresubjecttostrict by DOT, CDC, USPS, OSHA,andIATA. Consultthe ≥ -6 3 mg/m 0.02mg/Lwithin7minutes. Canbeusedfor raw ortreatedwater withminimalinterferences. . Wipe samples—presence-absence approach; detectioncapability, laboratory perlaboratory whichwillvary Water samples<15L/day water value drinking 4)

M256 Kit: 3 (basedoncalibration withasurrogate agent). Quantifiedresultsmay beobtained fromothertruck-mounted orfixed labora

A vehicle-mounted Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) laboratory that can reportedly detectG-agent thatcanreportedly (MS/MS)laboratory Spectrometry A vehicle-mounted Mass Spectrometry/Mass

Air sampledetectorthatidentifiespresenceofG-agentsatconcentrations 3) the purpose ofsampling(e.g., initialidentification, thepurpose extent ofcontamination,decon); and 2) Water, seawater, dilutehouseholdbleach/chlorinated water (e.g., 0.5%sodiumhypochlorite,

M272 Water Test Kit: ≥ 5.0x10 Advanced FieldMonitoring:

Recommended optionsfor G- 1) physical stateoftheagent; -3 mg/m 4) Final —Rev #00 (2007)

3 specific laboratory specificlaboratory within15minutes. Colorimetric testkits Colorimetric 4) Chlorinated Chlorinated -

- EPA

1) - 2) 1) 5) -

- Field Release Detection Personal Safety Effect Levels Health Effects Scenarios Agent Characteristics SURVEILLANCE Tube: (contained inG, V agents)andsulfur(contained inHD, V agents). Identifies presence ofG-agentsatconcentrations improvement over agents. monitorsthatcould notdistinguishamongthe previous nerve military concentrations and limitations. ofscreeningtoolsprocuredby mostEPAis asummary responseteams. Otherscreeningtoolsmay beusedby other agenciesandresponders, somewithsimilarcapabilities orquantified): Real-time fieldscreeningtools(results notconfirmatory able value tousefor thegeneral populationsincetheirconsumptionrate isconsiderably less. water buffalo, tanktruck) have beencontaminated. Acceptable levels for 5-15L/day troopsdrinking ofacontaminated supplyfor 7days are4-12µg/L. This level isareason Drinking Water: Soil: General Population Limit (GPL) Occupational: IDLH= AEGL 3: AEGL 2: AEGL 1: q for general populationone-timeexposure for emergencyscenarios GB: Acute ExposureGuidelineLevels (AEGLs) Air: http://www.cma.army.mil/csepp.aspx areinplaceatthesesites. properties to addresspotentialreleasesfromArmy plans(goto These sitesprovide (SMEs)andpertinent potentiallocalsubjectmatterexperts U.S. MunitionsStockpiles: GB arenotsignificanttoxic concerns Facility: Environmental andhydrolytic degradation productsofGBarenotsignificanttoxic concerns. Water: could persistfor hoursordays incolderenvironments.. forGB isaplausible agentofconcern facilities orlargeoutdoorareas. Sincerelatively non-persistent,GBwilldegrade inenvironment fairly rapidly; however liquidonsurfaces droplets oraerosolsevaporate aboutasquickly asrain), itisnotconsidereda “persistent” agent. Itsvolatility makes iteasiertodisperseasavapor thanotheragents, thus Air Release: Vapor Pressure: Freezing Point: Volatility: Molecular Weight: Persistence: below). depending ondosereceived. Even relatively low doseexposure toGBcanbefatal, thoughimmediateadministration ofanantidotecanbelifesaving (seeFirstAid/Decon expected tobefairly rapid. Environmental degradation/breakdown productsofGB arerelatively nontoxic. Signs/symptomsofGBexposure willoccurwithinminutes orhours liquid GBcouldbepresentfor hourstoaday ormoreifinlargeamountscold orenclosedenvironments. Breakdown/hydrolysis inwater (especiallytreatedwater) is water. While easiertodisperseinairitislesslikely topersistintheenvironment thanpersistentagentssuchas VX orHD(sulfurmustard). While considerednon-persistent, It hasthesamemechanismoftoxicity asorganophosphateinsecticidesonlyitis much morepotent. GBisthemostvolatile agents, ofallnerve withvolatility similartothatof Description: Classification: Agent SITE SPECIFIC CONCERNS SYMPTOMS EXPOSURE FIRST AID/ MEDICAL AEGL Level ROUTES DECON OTHER ONSET SIGNS/ PPE

Industrial ExposureScenario= Glass detector tubes impregnated with an indicating agent. Reagent produces a colorimetric indication in the presence of a particular gas,Glass detector tubesimpregnated withanindicating agent. vapor, indicationinthe presenceofaparticular Reagentproduces a colorimetric oraerosol. Gross

If released into water, GBwilllikely degrade from evaporation and hydrolysis, broken down by andbefurther dissolutionandtreatmentprocesses, suchaschlorination.

Due toitsvolatility, GBcouldpotentiallybedispersedinabuilding orfacility. Decontaminationshouldfocus onareasofliquidcontamination. Breakdown productsof

threshold for severe effects/medical needs/increasingpotentialfor lethality: potentially irreversible effects orimpairedabilitytoescape: threshold mildeffects:

22,000 mg/m

Sarin (GB) NRT Quick Reference Guide: GB isoneofthemoreeasilygenerated agents(animpureversion nerve ofGBwas theagentusedin1995 Tokyo subway event). Becauseitisvolatile (liquid Colorless tobrown liquid;Colorless generally but odorless, may have odorifimpure. fruity GBwas manufactured asawarfare agentandisalethalcholinesterase inhibitor. vapor: See: also be PPE/respiratory measurestominimize potentialexposuresalso bePPE/respiratory vapors. toassociated chlorine suit: Tychem F, BR,LV, Responder, TK, orReflector. Gloves: Butyl Rubber Goves, orChemicalProtective Set. M3andM4Norton, level ofprotectionthantheSCBAanditsuseisgenerally allowed onceconditions are understoodandexposures tobeatlower levels. aredetermined Outer tors whenthetypesofinhalationhazardsandtheirconcentrations areunknown orexpected tobehigh. The CBRNAPR full-face respirator provides alower Hazard evaluation respondersuseNIOSH-approved chemical,biological,radiological, andnuclear (CBRN)self-contained breathingapparatus (SCBA)respira yielding a0.5%sodiumhypochlorite solution. USE WARM SOAPY WATER INSTEADOFDILUTEBLEACH FORDECONOFBARESKIN. tion. Householdbleach is5%sodiumhypochlorite. To water) createadilutebleach bleach solution,combinewater to9parts tohouseholdbleach (add1part Effective Antidote: Post-Incident: and symptomstreataccordingly. During Incident: Baseline: depending upon thecircumstancesofsiteandincident.vary PPElevels below are general recommendationsonly. Check withtheHealthandSafety Officerregarding Personal Protective Equipment(PPE),MedicalSurveillance, andSafety Plans. Level andtypeofPPEmay Females appeartobemoresusceptible agenteffects. tonerve Smallpercentages ofgeneral populationhave genetictraits thatmay increasesusceptibility. Ingestion: Eyes: ofvapors throughskin.from absorption Skin: Inhalation: Severe: rhea, cramps, generalized weakness, twitchingoflargemuscle groups. Moderate: Mild: Symptoms aredosedependentandmay occurwithinsecondsafterexposure tovapors andwithinminutes orhoursfromexposure toliquidfrom. ≥ Hand-Held:

0.1mg/m

-69°F Although G-agentcontaminationoflargewater sourcesisunlikely, screeninglevels ifsmaller, therearemilitary todetermine containedwater supplies(e.g., 2.94 mmHg@77°F

140.10 g/mol

http://www2.dupont.com/Personal_Protection/en_US/assets/downloads/tychem/permguide82004.pdf.

0.1mg/m

Chemical Warfare Agent Nerve 3 Involuntary defecation convulsions, drooling,twitching,staggering, andurination, cessationofbreathing,lossconsciousness, coma,anddeath.

@77°F

Annual physical functionexams and respiratory andabaselinecholinesterase activity.

3 Increased miosis(tolevel ofpinpointingpupils),headaches, confusion,drowsiness, nasalcongestion,tightnessofchest,nauseavomiting diar Overall systemiceffects.

within10seconds. This device issubjecttofalse positives (e.g., perfumes, exhausts, anddiesel). agent,whichisan Itcan specifytypeofnerve A primary exposure route;A primary smallconcentrations inhalationofvery canproduceeffects.

1) U.S. munitions stockpiles ofGBare/have inUtah,Alabama,andKentucky. Oregon,Arkansas, undergonedestruction/disposal State/localplans

Monitor for signs/symptoms andtreataccordingly. APD-2000/(CAM)

3 [a24-hourtimeweighted average lifetime chronicvalue] =1.0x10 ; Conduct medicalmonitoring; usePPEdesignatedby theHealthandSafety (H&S)Plan; documentPPElevels used; for observe any signs STEL =

for moreinfo). Atropine and(ifmoresevere) 2-PAM Chlorideinjections; atropine eye drops. 32-41mg/kg. 1.0x10

2-24 hoursdependingonamount,temperature, rain orotherweather conditions, andtypeofsurface. (complete definitionsare available in Key References Cited/Used*inNRT Quick Reference Guides for Chemical Warfare Agents) and -4

mg/m Improved ChemicalAgentMonitor(ICAM): Conversion Factors: Flashpoint: Boiling Point: Vapor Density: Residential ExposureScenario= 3 exposure duration ; Worker Population Limit(WPL)

> 280°F

316°F 4.86 (air=1)

Caution shouldbegiventoequipment thathasnotbeenproperly evaluated. 1ppm =5.7mg/m u

10 min: 0.38 “ 0.087 “ 0.0069 mg/m 1.3-1.6mg/kg. [an8-hourtime-weighted average occupationalvalue] =3.0x10 3 ; °C=0.56x(°F–32)

Hand-held vapor detectiondevices thatidentify presenceofG-agentsat

AP2C: -6 (NRT) Quick Reference Guides(QRGs)for Chemical Warfare Agents. For References, PleaseSee: anyReport releaseof WMD totheNationalResponseCenter1-800-424-8802 3 mg/m

Ahydrogen flamespectrophotometerthat detects phosphorous 30min: 0.0040 mg/m 0.19 “ 0.050 “ 3 .

≥ 0.03mg/m Decon outerPPEwithadilutehouseholdbleach solu 3

During decontaminationoperations thereshould During 0.0028 mg/m 0.13 “ 0.035 “ 1 hr:

Key References Cited/Used*inNationalResponse Team

3 within10seconds. Specific Gravity: Soluble: Aqueous Solubility: 3

organic solvents 0.0014 mg/m 0.070 “ 0.017 “ 4 hr:

1.09 g/ml@68°F 3)

Dräger Detector CAS: miscible withH 3 Final — Rev #00(2007)

-5 The following 107-44-8 mg/m 0.0010 mg/m 0.051 “ 0.013 “ 8 hr: 3

2 O - - - - 3 Waste Disposal Decontamination/Cleanup Laboratory Sampling for Confirmatory Results THIS SECTIONADDRESSES THE COLLECTIONOFSAMPLESFORQUANTITATIVE CONFIRMATORY LABORATORY ANALYSIS FORRISKASSESSMENTANDCLEANUP VERIFICATION Field Detection Analysis (cont’d) Sarin (GB)(side2) Note: Air results<8hourAEGL1value Soil samples

-3

3) As previously indicated,G-agentsareunlikely topersistinwater. Ifanalysisisperformed, standardEPA volatile water samplingmethodsshouldbeused. Wipe samplesareoftendesiredtoindicateabsenceofG-agentsonnon-porous surfaces. isrecommendedbecausetherearecurrentlyno Concurrentairmonitoring Reactive adsorbent clay isusefulfor (e.g., absorbingandneutralizing fullersearth) liquidagent; efficacyontheorderofhours; 3 within15minutes. Colorimetric testkitsthatcandetectG-agentsatconcentrations Colorimetric

For hotspotareaswhereliquidG-agentdepositionmay occuronporoussurfaces (e.g., concrete, asphalt),actualpiecesorcoresofcontaminatedsurface

Currently, therearenovalidated methodsfor analysis ofagricultural/food products; insteadair, soil,andwater sampleresultscanbeusedasindicators.

Detection, samplingequipmentandprocedures, andanalyticaltechniqueswillbe highlysite-specificanddependon:

Chemical AgentAnalysesContract Vehicles for EPA emergencylabsupport. EPA hasIAGs (AberdeenandDugway) withArmy for AnalyticalLab

Effective andreadilyavailable deconmethodsfor G-agentsinclude: non-proprietary* Once sitecontrolshave beenestablished, develop aspecificdecon/cleanup plan. SignificantareasoflastingGBcontaminationisrelatively

EPA ERT Mobile Trace GasAnalyzer Atmospheric (TAGA): 5)

Cleanup levels basedonsite-specific willbedetermined factors and multi-agency agreements. An example ofa multi-agency verification M8 andM9papers:

Initially consider atmospheric samplingto Initially consideratmospheric “delineate theplumearea,” followed by targetedsamplingandanalysistoidentify “hot spots” The packaging regulationsestablished andshipping ofsamplesaresubjecttostrict by DOT, CDC, USPS, OSHA,andIATA. Consultthe 2) Water, seawater, anddilutehouseholdbleach/chlorinated water (e.g., 0.5%sodium hypochlorite, swimming poolwater)

Presence/absence colorimetric detector strips for detectorstrips liquidG-agentonsurfaces.Presence/absence colorimetric M8hasanindefiniteshelflife. Water samples<15L/day water value drinking Wipe samples—presence-absence approach; detectioncapability, laboratory perlaboratory whichwillvary 3) the purpose ofsampling(e.g., initialidentification, thepurpose extent ofcontamination,decon); and

≥ 0.025mg/m -6 mg/m 3 . ≥ 4) 0.02mg/Lwithin7minutes. Canbeusedfor raw ortreatedwater withminimalinterferences. 3

(basedoncalibration withasurrogate agent). Quantifiedresultsmay beobtained fromother M256 Kit:

732-321-6660.

A vehicle-mounted Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) laboratory that (MS/MS)laboratory Spectrometry A vehicle-mounted MassSpectrometry/Mass

Air sampledetectorthatidentifiespresenceofG-agentsatconcentrations

FOR LARGEAREAS:

Recommended optionsfor G-agentsincludeuseofhot

4) 1) Chlorinated limeisbest for Chlorinated high Natural attenuation/degradation 1) physical stateoftheagent;

1) Householdbleach solu 4) specific laboratory specificlaboratory

Final — Rev #00(2007) localized liquid 6)

M272 ≥ - 5.0 2) - -

- - Key References Cited/Used* in National Response Team (NRT) Quick Reference Guides (QRGs) for Chemical Warfare Agents GB (Sarin), GA (Tabun), GD (Soman), GF (Cyclosarin), Agent VX, and H/HD/HT (Sulfur Mustard) 2007 * Several sources were used in developing the QRGs. Because most references are considered “secondary” sources, comparisons among multiple sources helped to verify information. When conflicting information was found between listed references, a determination was made as to what was more correct and up-to-date, based on publication date and level of peer-review.

QRG Subject Key Reference Used/Cited Agent Characteristics NRC-COT, 2003. National Research Council (NRC) Volume 3, Acute Exposure Guidelines for Selected Airborne Chemicals, National Academy Press, DC. 2003, www.nap.edu. DA/DoD, 2005. Field Manual (FM) 3-11.9, Potential Military Chemical/ Biological Compounds, Multiservice Tactics Techniques and Procedures, January 2005. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. DA (ECBC), December 2004. US Army Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for GB, HD, and VX — December 2004; Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, APG, MD. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. CDC Emergency Preparedness and Response website and associated agent fact sheets for sulfur mustard and nerve agents: http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/. - CDC Agent Fact Sheet - NIOSH Emergency Response Fact Sheet - ATSDR Toxicology FAQs - ATSDR Toxicological Profile (sulfur mustard, 2003) - Medical Management Guidelines (MMGs) - Case Definition and Toxic Syndrome Description USACHPPM, August 2000. USACHPPM CHPPM Technical Guide 244: The Medical NBC Battlebook, August 2000. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/. DA, 2001. USAMRICD’S Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook; Fourth Edition; February 2001; U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Chemical Defense; APG, Maryland. Munro NB et al., 1999. “The Sources, Fate, and Toxicity of Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation Products”, Environmental Health Perspectives, Volume 107, Number 12, December 1999. 933-974. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. DA, 1997. U.S. Army Textbook of Military Medicine (TMM): Part 1: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. Kingery AF and HE Allen. 1995. The environmental fate of organophosphate nerve agents: A review. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry. 47: 155-184. Williams JM, B. Rowland, MT Jeffery, et al. 2005. Degradation kinetics of VX on concrete by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Langmuir 21: 2386-2390. Talmage SS et al., “The Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents in the Environment.” In: R. Maynard et al. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment (in press) 2006; John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

Release Scenarios Watson AP et al, 2005. Chapter 5: Cholinesterase Inhibitors as Chemical Warfare Agents: Community Planning Guidelines, pages [Book] Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds, ED. R. Gupta; Elsevier/Academic Press; December 2005. Chemical Stockpile Emergency Planning and Preparedness Program website: http://www.cma.army.mil/csepp.aspx http://www.cma.army.mil/csdp.aspx. US Army, 1998. CSEPP Reentry & Restoration Guidance & IPT Monitoring Plan. Talmage SS et al., “The Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents in the Environment.” In: R. Maynard et al. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment (in press).

Health Effects CDC website: http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/ (Signs and Symptoms) - CDC Agent Fact Sheet & Personnel Safety - NIOSH Emergency Response Fact Sheet - ATSDR Toxicology FAQs - ATSDR Toxicological Profile (sulfur mustard, 2003) - Medical Management Guidelines (MMGs) - Case Definition and Toxic Syndrome Description HQDA, 2004. Headquarters, Department of the Army, Memorandum Subject: Implementation Guidance Policy for New Airborne Exposure Limits for GB, GA, GD, GF, VX, H, HD, and HT; signed by Mr. R. J. Fatz, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army, (Environment, Safety and Occupational Health); OASA (I&E), June 2004. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. Department of the Army Office of the Surgeon General Memorandum, Subject: Nerve Agent Percutaneous Exposure Criteria and Airborne Exposure Levels (AELs) for GD. GF in Use of Interim DA Guidance on Implementation of the New AELs, 29 June 2004 http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. AR 385-61: The Army Chemical Agent Safety Program; Safety; 28 February 1997. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. OSHA Guidance: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/emergencypreparedness/guides/blister.html. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/emergencypreparedness/guides/nerve.html. Final — Rev #00 (2007) QRG Subject Key Reference Used/Cited

Interagency Mass Personnel Decontamination Guidance: TSWG 2004; “Best Practices and Guidelines for CBR Mass Personnel Decontamination.” Contact: [email protected] DA (ECBC), Dec 2004. US Army Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for GB, HD, and VX – December 2004; Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, APG, MD. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. DuPont. Permeation Guide forDuPont™ Tychem® protective fabrics; June 2004. 1-800-931-3456. http://www2.dupont.com/Personal_Protection/en_US/assets/downloads/tychem/permguide82004.pdf.

(Civilian) Effect Levels: Air NRC-COT, 2003. National Research Council (NRC) Volume 3, Acute Exposure Guidelines for Selected Airborne Chemicals, National Academy Press, National Academy Press, DC 2003, www.nap.edu. http://www.epa.gov/oppt/aegl/pubs/tsd45.pdf. CDC, 2003. Federal Register, Volume 68, No. 196, October 9, 2003, Notice; Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); Final Recommendations for Protecting Human Health from Potential Adverse Effects of Exposure to Agents GA (Tabun), GB (Sarin), and VX, pp 58348-58351. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. CDC, 2004. Federal Register, Volume 69, No. 85, May 3, 2004. DHHS CDC Interim Recommendations for Airborne Exposure Limits for Chemical Warfare Agents H and HD (Sulfur Mustard); pp 24164-24168. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. HQDA, 2004. Headquarters, Department of the Army, Memorandum Subject: Implementation Guidance Policy for New Airborne Exposure Limits for GB. GA, GD, GF, VX, H, HD, and HT; signed by Mr. Raymond J. Fatz, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army, (Environment, Safety and Occupational Health); OASA (I&E), June 18, 2004. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. Department of the Army Office of the Surgeon General Memorandum, Subject: Nerve Agent Percutaneous Exposure Criteria and Airborne Exposure Levels (AELs) for GD.GF in Use of Interim DA Guidance on Implementation of the New AELs, June 2004. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. CSEPP, 2003. Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program, US Army and US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Policy Paper #20 (Revised), Subject: Adoption of Acute Exposure Guidelines Levels (AEGLs); February, 2003. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. Watson AP et al, 2006. Chapter 5: Cholinesterase Inhibitors as Chemical Warfare Agents: Community Planning Guidelines, pages [Text Book] Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds, ED. Gupta; Elsevier/Academic Press; 2006, pp 47-68. Watson AP et al, 2006. Development and Application of Acute Exposure Guidelines Levels for Chemical Warfare Nerve and Sulfur Mustard Agents, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health; Part B Vol 9; 173-263, 2006. Talmage SS et al (2006 in press). Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation and Decontamination, in press, Current Organic Chemistry; 2006. EPA, 2005. (TOPOFF 3) Email (sent April 26, 2006, Mark Mjoness, EPA) and associated attachments and follow on teleconference: SUB- JECT Inter-Agency Technical Expert Panel — EOC Event Room 1 — Additional Meeting Documents (establishes the clearance levels used for HD event — concurrence by EPA, OSHA, and CDC/HHS).

Effect Levels: SOIL: Media Other than Air USACHPPM/ORNL, 1999. USACHPPM Technical Report: Health-Based Environmental Screening Levels for Chemical Warfare Agents, March 1999. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/ NOTE: values selected were those based on EPA Region IX PRGs and EPA Region III RBCs. HQDA, 1999. Memorandum, Headquarters Department of the Army, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Installations, Logistics, and Environment, SUBJ: Derivation of Health-Based Environmental Screening Levels (HBESLs) for Chemical Warfare Agents, May 28, 1999. EPA, 2005. (TOPOFF 3) Email (sent April 26, 2006, Mark Mjoness, EPA) and associated attachments and follow on teleconference: SUBJECT Inter-Agency Technical Expert Panel — EOC Event Room 1— Additional Meeting Documents (establishes the clearance levels used for HD event — concurrence by EPA, OSHA, and CDC/HHS). WATER: HQDA, 2005. TB Med 577; Field Sanitation, Control and Surveillance of Field Water Supplies, http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. HQDA, 1999. Memorandum, Headquarters Department of the Army, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Installations, Logistics, and Environment, SUBJ: Derivation of Health-Based Environmental Screening Levels (HBESLs) for Chemical Warfare Agents, May 28, 1999. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. EPA, 2005. (TOPOFF 3) Email (sent April 26, 2006, Mark Mjoness, EPA) and associated attachments and follow on teleconference: SUBJECT Inter-Agency Technical Expert Panel — EOC Event Room 1 — Additional Meeting Documents (establishes the clearance levels used for HD event — concurrence by EPA, OSHA, and CDC/HHS). HAZARDOUS WASTE CRITERIA: USACHPPM Information Paper “Management Criteria for Chemical Warfare Agent (CWA)-Contaminated Waste and Media” October 10, 2000 as well as USACHPPM Technical Paper: “Chemical Warfare Agent Health-Based Waste Control Limits”, dated September 2000. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. U.S. Army — Proposed Utah Chemical Agent Rule (UCAR), May 1999 (Volume 1, Section XI). “Development of Health-Based Waste Management Concentration Levels.” TOXICITY VALUES ( e.g., Reference Doses): NRC-COT, 1999. Review of the U.S. Army’s Health Risk Assessments for Oral Exposure to Six Chemical-Warfare Agents, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Wash DC, 1999; www.nap.edu. Opresko, D.M, et al, 1998. Chemical Warfare Agents: Estimating Oral Reference Doses, Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Vol 156, pp 1-183. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. Watson AP and NB Munro. 1990. Reentry Planning: The Technical Basis for Offsite Recovery Following Warfare Agent Contamination. ORNL-6628. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.

Final — Rev #00 (2007) QRG Subject Key Reference Used/Cited

Opresko, D.M, et al, 2001. Chemical Warfare Agents: Current Status of Oral Reference Doses, Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Vol 172, pp 65-85. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. Watson, A, D. Opresko, and V Hauschild. 2003. Evaluation of chemical warfare agent percutaneous vapor toxicity: Derivation of toxicity guidelines for assessing chemical protective ensembles. ORNL/TM-2003/180. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. http://www.osti.gov/bridge; http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. BREAKDOWN PRODUCT TOXICITY: Bausum HT (1998) Toxicological and related data for VX, suggested breakdown products and additives; suggested RfD and RfC values. Prepared by the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD for the Newport (IN) Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. (in HBESL document (above), Appendix F). Bausum HT, Reddy G, Leach GJ (1999) Suggested interim estimates of the reference dose (RfD) and reference concentration (RfC) for certain key breakdown products of chemical agents. Report to the USACHPPM Chemical Standards Working Group, December 10, 1998. U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. (in HBESL document (above), Appendix F).

Field Detection NRC-IOM, 1999. Chemical and Biological Terrorism: Research and Development to Improve Civilian Medical Response; National Research Council/Institute of Medicine’s (NRC-IOM), 1999. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Field Detection Tool Manufacturers Draeger tubes: Draeger Safety, Inc., 101 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15275-1057; www.draeger.com; (ph) 412-787-8383; (fax) 412-787-2207. APD2000: Smiths Detection — Danbury, 21 Commerce Drive, Danbury, CT 06810; www.sensir.com; (ph) 203-207-9700, Toll Free: 888- 473-6747; (fax) 203-207-9780; [email protected]; For technical problems or questions during normal business hours email [email protected]. AP2Ce: Proengin Inc., 405 N E. 8th street, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33304; www.proengin.com; (ph) 954-760-9990; (fax) 954-760-9955; [email protected]. M256 and M272 kits: (manufacturer) Truetech Inc., Riverhead, NY 11901, 631-727-8600. (vendor) Safeware Inc, 1-800-359-4617, www.safewareinc.com. M8 and M9 papers: (manufacturer) Truetech Inc., Riverhead, NY 11901, 631-727-8600. (vendor) Safeware Inc, 1-800-359-4617, www.safewareinc.com. Trace Atmospheric Gas Analyzer (TAGA) — EPA Environmental Response Team: 732-321-6660.

Sampling for Confirmatory US Army, 1998. CSEPP Reentry and Restoration Guidance and IPT Monitoring Plan. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. Results LLNL, 2001. T.M. Carlsen et al.; Sampling Requirements for Chemical and Biological Agent Decontamination Efficacy Verification; UCRL- AR-143245; US Department of Energy – Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, March 29, 2001. USACHPPM, 1999. Health-Based Environmental Screening Levels for Chemical Warfare Agents, Technical Report prepared by US Army Center for Health Promotion and Oak Ridge National Laboratories, March 1999. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. Black RM, Clarke RJ, Cooper DB et al. (1993) Application of headspace analysis, solvent extraction, thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to the analysis of chemical warfare samples containing sulfur mustard and related compounds. J Chromatog 637, 71-80.

Decontamination/Cleanup: CSEPP Planning Guidance, App. M “Planning Guidelines for Recovery Phase Activities for the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Planning and Methods Preparedness Program,” May 1997. Vogt, B.M. and J. H. Sorensen. 2002. How clean is safe? Improving the effectiveness of decontamination of structures and people following chemical and biological incidents. ORNL/TM-2002/178. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. http://www.osti.gov/bridge. USACHPPM, Aug 2000. USACHPPM CHPPM Technical Guide 244: The Medical NBC Battlebook, August 2000. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/. Watson AP and NB Munro. 1990. Reentry Planning: The Technical Basis for Offsite Recovery Following Warfare Agent Contamination. ORNL-6628. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TM. Talmage SS et al (2006 in press). Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation and Decontamination, in press, Current Organic Chemistry; 2006. DECON — Re: agent degradation by control of pH, temp, photolysis Kingery AF and HE Allen. 1995. The environmental fate of organophosphate nerve agents: A review. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry. 47: 155-184. Williams JM, B. Rowland, MT Jeffery, et al. 2005. Degradation kinetics of VX on concrete by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Langmuir 21: 2386-2390. Animal/Livestock Decon and Treatment Osweiler GD et al. 1985. Clinical and Diagnostic Veterinary Toxicology, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, IA. Dorman, DC. 1989. Poisoned Animal Management, Part I. NAPINet Report 2: 3. 1989. Mershon MM and AV Tennyson. 1987. Chemical hazards and chemical warfare. JAVMA 190, 734-745. American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). 1995. AVMA Emergency Preparedness and Response Guide. American Veterinary Medical Association, 1931 N. Meacham Rd. Suite 100, Schumberg, IL. 46204-2760.

Final — Rev #00 (2007) QRG Subject Key Reference Used/Cited

Heath, SE. 1995. The development of the veterinary service and animal care annex to the Indiana State Emergency Operations plan. Proceedings of the Indiana Veterinary Medical Association Disaster Preparedness Committee (1993-1995). State Emergency Management Agency, Indiana Government Center South, Indianapolis, IN.

HQDA, 2004. Guidelines for “Decontamination and disposal of tools, supplies, equipment, and facilities” in the June 2004 Headquarters, Decontamination/Cleanup: Department of the Army, Memorandum Subject: Implementation Guidance Policy for New Airborne Exposure Limits for GB, GA, GD, GF, Verification of Decon/ VX, H, HD, and HT; signed by Mr. Raymond J. Fatz, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army, (Environment, Safety and Occupational Cleanup Health); OASA (I&E), June 18 2004. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. Watson AP et al, 2006. Development and Application of Acute Exposure Guidelines Levels for Chemical Warfare Nerve and Sulfur Mustard Agents, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health; Part B Vol 9; 173-263, 2006. USACHPPM, 1999. Health-Based Environmental Screening Levels for Chemical Warfare Agents, Technical Report prepared by US Army Center for Health Promotion and Oak Ridge National Laboratories, March 1999. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. EPA, 2005. (TOPOFF 3) Email (sent April 26, 2006, Mark Mjoness, EPA) and associated attachments and follow on teleconference: SUBJECT Inter-Agency Technical Expert Panel — EOC Event Room 1— Additional Meeting Documents (establishes the clearance levels used for HD event — concurrence by EPA, OSHA, and CDC/HHS). CSEPP, 2003. Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program, US Army and US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Policy Paper #20 (Rev), Subject: Adoption of Acute Exposure Guidelines Levels (AEGLs); February 2003. Watson AP et al, 2005. Chapter 5: Cholinesterase Inhibitors as Chemical Warfare Agents: Community Planning Guidelines, pages [Book] Toxicology of Organophosphate at Carbamate Compounds, ED. R. Gupta; Elsevier/Academic Press; December 2005. Talmage SS et al (2006 in press). Chemical Warfare Agent Degradation and Decontamination, in press, Current Organic Chemistry; 2006. DA, 1997. USS .S. Army Textbook of Military Medicine (TMM): Part 1: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. Use of “M9 tape” and “M256A1 ticket” for use in certifying decon. NATO, 2000. NATO Handbook for sampling and identification of biological and chemical agents. Vol 1, Procedures and techniques. AEP- 10, Vol 1 (Edition 5). NATO/PFP Unclassified. Talmage SS et al., “The Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents in the Environment.” In: R. Maynard et al. Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment (in press).

Waste Disposal HQDA, 2004. Headquarters, Department of the Army, Memorandum Subject: Implementation Guidance Policy for New Airborne Exposure Limits for GB, GA, GD, GF, VX, H, HD, and HT; signed by Mr. Raymond J. Fatz, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army, (Environment, Safety and Occupational Health); OASA (I&E), June 18, 2004. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. AR 385-61: The Army Chemical Agent Safety Program; Safety; 28 February 1997. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. U.S. Army — Proposed Utah Chemical Agent Rule (UCAR), May 1999 (Volume 1, Section XI.) “Development of Health-Based Waste Management Concentration Levels.” USACHPPM Information Paper “Management Criteria for Chemical Warfare Agent (CWA)-Contaminated Waste and Media” 10 October 2000 as well as USACHPPM Technical Paper: “Chemical Warfare Agent Health-Based Waste Control Limits”, dated September 2000. http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/chemicalagent/. DHHS/CDC. 2005. Review of the U.S. Army Proposal for Off-site treatment and disposal of caustic VX hydrolysate from the Newport Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (April 2005).

Final — Rev #00 (2007)