------'------_._------_.
u.s. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics
.: .;~','-.,'.,?," ,t';•... ,. '. , ~"",
' •. 1.. ',."' " .. ,..... ',",. .' . . 00", ' '.'.'.;' .. "'> " ~, ~ ... ~. '-'.,'C);. ~ Bureau of Justice Statistics reports National Prisoner Statistics Expend!~'Jre and employment (revised March 1983) BJS bulletins; Justice expenditure and employment In the Single copies are available free from the National Prisoners at midyear 1982, NCJ-84875. 11/82 U.S., 1979: Preliminary report. NCJ-73288, 1/81 Criminal JusHce Reference Service, Box 6000, Prisoners In 1981, NCJ-82262, 5/82 Expenditure and employment data for the Rockville, Md. 20850 (use NCJ number to order). Prisoners 1925-81, NCJ-85861. 12/82 criminal justice system, 1978, NCJ-68482 , 7/81 Postage and handling is charged for multiple Death-row prisoners 1981, NCJ-83191, 8/82 Trends In expenditure and employment data for the criminal justice systl'lm, 1971-77, copies (301/251-5595). Prisoners in State and Federal institutions on NCJ-57463, 1/80 Public-use tapes of 8JS data sets and other December 31,1980 (final report), NCJ-80520. criminal justice data are available from the Criminal 7/82 Justice Archive and Information Network, P.O. Capital punishment 1981 (final report), Privacy and security Box 1240, Ann Arbor, Mich.4B106, (313/764-5199). NCJ-88484. 4/83 Computer crime: 1979 survey ofinmates ofState correctional facilities Computer security techniques, National Crime Survey and 1979 census of State correctional facilities NCJ-84049, 9/82 Criminal victimization In the U.S.: (BJS bulletins); Electronic funds transfer systems and crime, 1900-81 changes based on new estimates Prisoners and drugs, NCJ-87575. 3/83 NCJ-83736. 9/82 (8JS technical report), NCJ-87577.3/83 Prisoners and alcohol, NCJ-S6223, 1/83 Legislative resource manual, NCJ-78890, 9/81 1980 (final report), NCJ-84015. 4/83 Prisons and prisoners, NCJ-80697.2/82 Expert witness manual, NCJ-77927, 9/81 1979 (final report), NCJ-76710. 12/81 Veterans in wison, NCJ-79632. 11/81 Criminal justice, NCJ-61550. 12n9 1973-79 trends, NCJ-77639, 4/82 Privacy and security of criminal history Census of jails and survey of jail inmates: Information: BJS bulletins: Jail inmates 1982 (BJS bulletin), NCJ-87161 ,2/83 A guide to research and statistical use, Households touched by crime 1981 , Census of jails, 1978: Dala for individual jails. NCJ-69790, 5/81 NCJ-84406, 9/82 vols. HV, Northeast, North Central. South. West; A guide to dissemination, NCJ-40000, 1/79 Violent crime by strangers, NCJ-80829, 4/82 NCJ-72279-72282. 12/81 Compendium of State legislation: Crime and the elderly, NCJ-79614, 1/82 Profile of jail inmates, 1978, NCJ-65412, 2/81 NCJ-48981, 7/78 Victims of crime, NCJ-79615, 11/81 Census of jails and survey of jail inmates, 1978, 1981 supplement, NCJ-79652, 3/82 Measuring crime, NCJ-75710, 2/81 preliminary report. NCJ-55172. 5n9 Criminal justice information policy: The National Crime Survey: Working papers, Research access to criminal justice data, vol. Current and historical perspectives. I: Parole and probation NCJ-84154. 2/83 NCJ-75374, 8/82 Characteristics of persons entering parole Privacy and juvenile justice records, Crime against the elderly in 26 cities, during 1978 and 1979, NCJ-87243, 4/83 NCJ-84152,1/83 NCJ-76706,1/82 Probation and parole, 1981 (BJS bulletin). Survey of State laws (BJS bulletin), The Hispanic victim, NCJ-69261. 11/81 NCJ-83647,8/82 NCJ-80836, 6/82 Issues in the measurement of crime, Characteristics of the parole population, 1978, Privacy and the private employer, NCJ-74682, 10/81 NCJ-66479 4/81 NCJ-79651, 11/81 Criminal victimization of Califomia reSidents, Parole in th6 U.S., 1979, NCJ-69562. 3/81 1974-77, NCJ-70944,6/81 Restitution to victims of personal and household General crimes, NCJ-72770, 5/81 Courts BJS five-year program plan, FY 1982-86, 7/82 Criminal victimization of New York State State court caseload statistIcs: Violent crime in the U.S. (White House briefing residents, 1974-77, NCJ-70944. 9/80 1977 and 1981 (8JS special report), book), NCJ-79741. 6/82 The cost of negligence; Losses from preventable NCJ-87587,2/83 Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics, 1981 , household burglaries, NCJ-53527. 12n9 State court organization 1980, NCJ-76711. 7/82 NCJ-78672,6/82 Rape victimization in 26 American cities, State court model statistieal dictionary, Federal justice statistics (8JS bulletin). NCJ-55878,8n9 NCJ-62320, 9/80 NCJ-80814,3/82 Criminal victimization in urban schools, A cross-city comparison of felony case Dictionary of criminal justice data terminology: NCJ-56396. en9 processing, NCJ-55171, 7/79 Terms and definitions proposed for interstate Crime against persons in urban, suburban, and Federal criminal sen~encing: Perspectives of and national data collection and eXchange, 2nd rural areas, NCJ-53551. 7n9 analysis and a design for research, NCJ-33683, ed .• NCJ-76939, 2/82 An introduction to the National Crime Survey, 1On8 Correctional data analysis systems, NCJ-43732, 4/78 Variations in Federal criminal sentences, NCJ-76940.8/81 Local victim surveys: A review of the issues. NCJ-33684, 10n8 Technical standards for machine-readable data NCJ-39973, 8n7 Federal sentencing patterns: A study of supplied to BJS, NCJ-75318. 6/81 geographical variations, NCJ-33685, 10/78 Justice agencies in the U,S., 1980, NCJ-65560, Predicting sentences in Federal courts: The 1/81 feasibility of a national sentencing policy. Indicators of crime and criminal justice: NCJ-33686, 1On8 Quantitative stUdies, NCJ-62349, 1/81 State and !ocal prosecution and civil attorney A style manual for machine-readable data, systems, NCJ-41334, 7 n8 NCJ-62766, 9/80 Mylhs and realities about crime, NCJ-46249, 10n8
.. U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics
National Prisoner Statistics December 1982 NCJ-86484
~. i u.s. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics
Steven R. Schlesinger Acting Director
Benjamin H. Renshaw III Deputy Director
Acknowledgments. This report was written by Susan Schechter-Ryan, under the supervision of 10hn F. Wallerstedt, Chief of the Correctional! Detention Studies Branch, Center for Demographic Studies, Bureau of the Census. Millie Baldea was principally responsible for production support. Col!ection and processing of data were conducted in the Bureau of the Census under the general supervision of Evan H. Davey, Demographic Surveys Division; Chester E. Bowie, Chief of the Special Surveys Branch, directed those activities, assisted by Arlene 1. Rasmussen and Anita M. Lavalle. Carol B. Kalish, Chief of Policy Analysis of the Bureau of Justice Statistics, provided overall program direction. The report was made possible only by the generous and unstinting assistance of State correctional officials and each State's Office of the Attorney General. Their patience and cooperation in providing the data contained herein are gratefully acknowledged.
Librar), of COlIgrc~; C(l!a/ogtllll' ill [ublicat;oll Data United States. Bureau of Ju",( : "u!istics Capital punishmefi~. 198: (National prisoner statisticG bulletin; no. SD-NPS-CP-IO) Chiefly tables. Supt. of Docs. no.:1 1.4213:SD-NPS-CP-1O I. Capital punishment-United States-Statistics I. Title. ". Series. HV 8699.U5U53 1980 364.6'6'0973 75·619081
Por sale h~' the SIlI)erlnt~ndent of r JCllments U.S. Government Printing OJllce Wnshln~ton. D.C. 20402
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ii CapitaL Punishment 1981 Preface Contents gms $*£. :;g; Ii q II ~ e t i
The 1981 edition of Capital Punishment Introduction, 1 features data bearing on the continuing Legal status of the death penalty, 2 growth rates in the Nation's dec;lth-row Setting new standards: Decisions population. One in a series published under in the 1970's, 2 the National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) pro Current developments, 3 gram, the report also gives special attention to changes in status of death penalty laws Persons sentenced to death during 1981,4 that might affect this growth. Increase in proportion of blacks, 4 Marked rise in prior felon~. 4 As in past editions, it examines basic so ciodemographic characteristics-sex, race, Persons leaving death row during 1981,5 region, ethnic origin. age, marital status at Most sentences reduced to life. 5 time of imprisonment, and level of educa Dispositions granted in more States. 5 tion. Emphasis is placed on changes in the Average stay slowly increase~. 5 proportions of blacks and whites among in coming, outgoing, and yearend popula Persons under sentence at yearend 1981, 6 Stay averages 2 years, 6 tions. Criminal justice matters treated include legal status at the time of arrest, Numerous prior offenders, 7 prior felony convictions, offense, time Level of education rises, 7 spent on death row, and, for prisoners re Two of every five inmates were black. 7' moved from death row, both the method of Executions-1930 to 1981, 8 removal and status at yearend. For the first Electrocution predominates, 8 time, respondents were asked whether State Most executions occurred in South, 9 laws provided for an automatic appeal for Post-1976 group all whites, 9 persons receiving the death penalty. Appendixes: Appendix I summarizes the current status I. Status of death penalty statutes. of capital punishment and the history of by jurisdiction: December 31. 1981. 10 death penalty laws in each jurisdiction. The II. Data tables, 13 data tables on which the report is based are III. Questionnaire, 91 in Appendix II. Facsimiles of the question IV. Methodology, 99 naires used to obtain data from correctional and judicial authorities are in Appendix III. Figures: Appendix IV, Methodology, discusses data I. Persons under sentence of '.leath, by year, 1953-81,1 collection procedures and r,hanges made in 2. Blacks as a percentage of all persons sentenced to death. the questionnaires during the past several 1968- 81, 4 years. 3. Death-row admissions Vii. removals. 1976-81. 5 4. Causes of removal from death row. 1981, 5 Based on voluntary reporting, the NPS 5. Persons under sentence of death. by jurisdiction, yearend program collects and interprets data on 1981,6 State and Federal prisoners. Begun by the 6. Blacks as a percentage of all death-row inmates, 1968- Bureau of the Census in 1926, the program 81. 7 was transferred to the Bureau of Prisons in 7. Proportions of blacks on death row at yearend and in 1950, the Law Enforcement Assistance the general popUlation, by regi{m. 7 Administration (LEAA) in 1971, and the 8. Number of persons executed. by year. 1930-81.8 Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) late in 9. Method of execution, by State. 1981. 8 1979. Since 1972, the Bureau of the Cen 10. Number of persons executed. by jurisdiction. 1930-81. 9 sus, as the collecting agent for LEAA and II. Executions, by offense: percent distribution. by race. BJS, has had responsibility for compiling 1930-81,9 the relevant data.
Capital Punishment iii ~~~- ---~------
Introduction
tM :. .., i #& tl e :t a'
Persons under sentence of death, by year, 1953 - 81 Number
- 000
In 1972, the Supreme Court issued a ruling that invalidated death penalty I"", 10 'h' St"" 1
600
'. 400
v 200
--~19~5~5------1~9~60~------~1~96~5~------~1~97~C~------1~9~7~5----~~1~900~ 0
Note: This graph shows the general trend in the between years is precluded by several important number of persons under sentence of death procedural changes, See Appendix IV for a since the series began, but strict comparability full explanation. Figure 1
A record high of 838 persons were on unofficial lO-year moratorium ended in death row at yearend 1981, the largest 1977. It is likely that the death-row group awaiting execution since a national population will continue to climb, with the count began in 1953 (figure I).' Reflecting possibility of more executions, unless court a net increase of 150 from yearend 1980, decisions with wide-ranging applications 228 persons received death sentences remove the sentences of large numbers of during 1981 and 78 were removed from capital offenders or establish stricter death row. Among the latter was the one criteria for the imposition of the death person executed during the year, an penalty. Indiana prisoner whose death in March I, lie 1981 figure excludes four inmates held under brought to 3,863 the total number of Armed Forces jurisdiction in accordance with capital persons executed under civil authority in provision. of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. the United States since 1930. The Three of these inmates were sen-!cnced to death during execution marked the fourth time that the 1981. death penalty had been carried out since an
Capital Punishment 1981 legal status of the death penalty
i! if '"1
During 1981. as in the preceding 4 years, Setting new standards: ~ew major court decisions on capital pun Decisions in the 1970's Ishment were handed down. further evi Around the beginning of the 1970's, all but dence that existing laws were withstanding 10 States had statutes authorizing the death constitutional challenge as the number of penalty, invoking it on a nationwide aver persons under sentence of death mounted. age of 130 times a year. In that period, Two States-Oregon and Washington however, no death sentences were carried had their capital punishment laws over out, a reflection of an unofficial morato turned, while Ohio replaced its statute rium on executiolls stemming from strong struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in pressures mounted by forces opposing cap the Lockett case (1978). In five States ital punishment. Then. in the 1972 land Alabama, Connecticut, Oklahoma, Texas mark case of Furman V.I'. Georgia, the and Virginia-death penalty laws were re~ U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the death vised during the year, without, however, penalty as applied in the various States of any major change in their basic structure. ten had been used in an arbitrary and ca At yearend, 37 jurisdictions (36 States and pricious manner, thereby violating Eighth the Federal system) authorized the death Amendment guarantees against cruel and penalty for specified crimes. relying for the unusual punishment. All of the more than m~st ~art on laws developed in response to 600 persons then living on death row even gUldelmes set down in major judicial deci tually had their capital sentences removed. sions of the 1970's.2 However, the numbers began to build up 2Details 011 tile status of death penalty statutes at again as many States moved quickly to re yea~end 1981. including the offenses for which capital vise their capital punishment statutes to pumsh~ent was authorized in each jurisdiction. can be meet the objections raised by the Court in found In Appendix I. the Furman case. New laws that emerged from State legisla tu:es. were of two types. The first sought to elmunate any chance of discriminatory treatment by making the death penalty mandatory for specified crimes. contingent so!ely on a finding of guilt. A second type allowed the judge or jury to go beyond the issue of guilt and consider both aggravating and mitigating circumstances when passing sentence. Two U.S. Supreme Court decisions in 1976-Woodsoll V.I'. North Carolina and Roberts vs. Louisiana-struck down man datory death penalty statutes. In three other cases-Gregg V.I'. Georgia. Proffitt V.I'. Florida, and Jurek V.I'. Texas-the Court upheld laws that incorporated the use of guided discretion, providing States with the basic guidelines for framing constitutional death penalty laws. The U.S. Supreme Court continued to monitor the imposition of capital punish ment in the late 1970's. In Coker vs. Georgia (1977), the Court found that rape of adult women was not grave enough to warrant a death sentence, triggering the re moval of 20 persons who were awaiting execution for that crime in various States. In Lockett vs. Ohio (1978), the U.S. Su-
2 Capital Punishment 1981 --_._------
r: ·t" t 4! , ." S Ai
preme Court ruled that the sentencing au In another State legislative action during thority must consider every possible 1981, Ohio passed a new capital punish mitigating factor to the crime and may not ment law to replace one ruled unconstitu be limited, as had been stipulated in the tional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1978 Ohio law, to a specific list of factors. (Lockett vs. Ohio). Oklahoma, which al ready provided the death penalty for mur der, passed a law making rape of a minor Current developments or mentally incompetent person a capital In May 1981, the High Court in the case offense. Alabama, in response to the 1980 of Estelle vs. Smith nullified the death sen decision rendered by its supreme court in tence of a Texas defendant on the grounds Beck vs. Alabm.1a, also revised its death that testimony obtained during a pretrial penalty law. The new law allows the jury competency hearing was wrongly used in to convict a defendant of lesser crimes the sentencing phase, because the defend rather than, as provided by the original ant had not been warned prior to that law, only the capital offense. It also estab hearing of his right to remain silent and to lishes a dual trial procedure, one for deter retain counsel. The State had attempted to mining guilt and one for sentencing, as use information from the hearing as evi well as a mandatory appellate review. dence of the defendant's future dangerous Connecticut, Texas, and Virginia made mi ness and, hence, of the appropriateness of nor changes in their death penalty laws be a death sentence. Touching on a judicial fore the end of the year. practice common in Texas, this decision could eventually affect as many as half of In 1981 for the first time, States were that State's death-row prisoners. asked to report whether their death penalty Important rulings also were handed down laws provided for automatic appeal from by State supreme courts in Oregon and death sentences. With the exception of Ar Washington during 1981; these rulings re kansas, New York, and the Federal sys tem, the statutes of all jurisdictions call for sulted in the remo~/al of all prisoners from death row in the two States. an automatic appeal, even if the defendant wants to waive the right. Some State laws Oregon's supreme court, in Oregon vs. provide for review of the sentence only; Quinn, ruled that its capital punishment others require a review of both conviction statute was unconstitutional because it and sentence. placed the responsibility for determining a defendant's state of mind at the time of the crime upon the judge rather than the jury, in effect depriving the accused of the right to a jury trial. The ruling struck down the State's death penalty law, and the three Oregon inmates awaiting execution had their sentences vacated. In State vs. Frampton, WaShington also had its capital punishment law struck down. The State supreme court found that a defendant who pleaded not guilty could ,< be sentenced to death, whereas defendants who pleaded gUilty could not because the law did not provide for a sentencing jury in such cases. As a result of this ruling, the death sentences of Frampton and Washing ton's four remaining death-row inmates were vacated. A month later, the legisla ture replaced the unconstitutional law with one designed to overcome the defect.
Capital Punishment 1981 3 Persons sentenced to death during 1981
~ I
t ;;; V' ! gmes::
Death sentences were meted out to 228 persons in the United States during 1981, Blacks as a percentage of all persons sentenced to death, 1968 - 81 amounting to a 16% increase over the number recorded in 1980. It was only the Percent third time since 1968 that as many as 225 persons or more were sentenced to death in 100------,------any one year, the others being 1975 and 1976.3 All of the new sentences were im posed by the States, whereas the Federal 75------·------system, for the eighth year in a row, im posed no capital sentellces. 50~"---' Of the 36 States with death penalty statutes ...... ---~--....---- in force, 25 imposed at least one capital sentence during the year, and 15 of these handed down more than in the year before. 25 Five States-Alabama, Arkansas, Califor ~ nia, Maryland, and Mississippi--sentenced O------~------~------at least five more people to death in 1981 ~------1-9--iO------~1-9-75------1980 than in the previous year; the greatest dif Figure 2 ference was in Califomia where the num ber of persons sentenced to death rose frorr Increase in proportion of blacks der, both in Florida and both for sexual 24 in 1980 to 40 in 1981. battery. 7 Blacks comprised 44% of those sentenced Of the 25 States sentencing inmates to to death during 198 i -6 percentage points death, California (40), Texas (26), and higher than in 1980 (figure 2). Reflecting a Marked rise in prior felons Florida (24) accounted for two·,fifths of the 33% increase in the number of blacks COII One or more prior felonies marked thl! rec national total. 4 These three also led in the demned to death, it was the first time since ords of 70% of the incoming death-row in number of sentences handed down in each 1977 that their proportion was greater than mates compared to only 55% for 1980. year since 1978. Two States-Colorado the preceding year. Numerical increases This increase was based on data represent and Idaho-invoked the death penalty in were largest in California and Alabama. ing about four-fifths of all persons newly 1981 but not in 1980; the reverse was true each of which sentenced eight more blacks sentenced to death, generally the same of Louisiana, Oregon, and Utah. Alllhe to death in 1981 than they did the year be coverage as that for the past 4 years. H As rest of the 25 passed sentenCf:S in both fore. Among all prisoners sentenced to in previous years, blacks were more likely years. death in 1981, three were American Indi than whites to have been convicted of a ans and one was Asian. Regionaily, the South accounted for 62% prior felony. Regionally, the highest pro of the Nation's death sentences in 1981, a The number of Hispanics receiving death portion of prior felons-about three proportion similar to those of the previous sentences was also higher than in past fOUlths-were admitted in North Central 2 years but considerably lower than that of years and was dOllbie that for 1978.6 Of States. Among the States with 10 or more earlier years.s Overall, 141 capital sen the 14 members of this ethnic group sen new death-row commitments, Illinois and tences were imposed in the South, com tenced to die during 1981, 6 were in Cali Texas commit(ed only persons with prior fel pared to 57 in the West, 25 in the North fornia, 3 in Texas, and I each in Arizona, ony convictions. Central region, and 5 in the Northeast (all Florida, Nevada, New Mexico, and Vir A third of the inmates receiving the death in Pennsylvania). All but the North Central ginia. penalty in 1981 were under sentence for at region showed an increase over the past least one other crime at the time they were year in the number of persons sentenced to Three women received the death penalty arrested, a somewhat larger proportion than death. during 1981, one each in Alabama, Geor gia, and Maryland. This increased the in 1980. Of the 1981 group, 35 were on JChanges in the method of defining death·row number of States with women on death parole, 7 on probation, 6 in prison, 5 on inmates since 1968 preclude strict comparability with row from six to seven. escape, and I on work release. The pro data prior 10 Ihal year. See Appendix IV for portion of blacks under sentence at the explanation. Among those received from court, one per time they were arrested for a capital of 1, 4Because Geurgia and Texas generally hold persons son in Florida was sentenced to death for fenl.e was higher than that for whites- under capital sentence in local facilities for longer sexual battery; all others had been con periods than other States. a number of inmates in these 37% versus 29%. While the proportion of two States are customarily reported late to the NPS victed of capital murder. Over the past 5 blacks in 1981 was higher than in 1980, program; consequently. the number of persons years, only two other persons received the that for whites stayed about the same. receiving death sentences in these two States. as well death penalty for a crime other than mur- as in others. may be revised in future reports, 7This oflense IS defineCl under Florida law as !h: sSee table:! for States included in each region. 6Data on Hispanic origin are collected separately ~exual battery of a female child age II or under by a from d3ta on race and may be subject to error. See male age 18 or older. Appendix IV for explanation. HSee Appendix IV for i.lfonnation on the extent of coverage for legal status and prior felony cOflvictil'flS.
4 Capital Punishment 1981 Persons leaving death row during 1981
til e p;;i § ? J
ment and 2 to sentences of more than 20 Death-row admissions Causes of removals years. Florida recorded the second highest vs. removals, 1976 - 81 from death row, 1981 number of dispositions (17). No other State Number Of the 78 inmates removed from death relieved more than five death-row inmates. row- Blacks accounted for slightly less than a 86 had their sentences lifted but third of all dispositions, a proportion simi convictions up,eld lar to that in previous years. Six Hispanics 15 had their death sentences were relieved of their death sentences, five commuted in Texas and one in California. During 15 had their death sentences 1981, one woman, a white inmate in Flor and convictions vacated ida, had her death sentence revoked. 8 were removed because thE: laws under which they were convicted were declared unconstitutional Average stay slowly increases 2 dIed of natural causes Persons removed from death row in 1981 1 died hy suicide had already spent an average of almost 3 1 was executed years in prison for their capital offense, a few months longer than in 1980 and nearly FigUre 4 a year longer than 1979. Blacks relieved during 1981 had served less time than Washington and three in Oregon were re whites, a median of 30 and 33 months re Removals per 10 a:Jmlsslons lieved of death sentences after the death spectively. Two inmates, I in Arkansas 12~'\ penalty laws of those States were over and I in Texas, served more than 6 years , '. turned by their supreme courts (figure 4). on death row; another 12 had been death 10 ~ __ ~ ____~!!.'~<~0!2.S. ______The remaining 66 were removed by having row prisoners for at least 4 years. The me their convictions overturned (15), by hav dian age of persons leaving death row was '~'?. ing their sentence vacated (36), or by hav 29 years, although one person in Texas and 8 \'t. one in Louisiana were 55 or more years of '5~'~\ ing their sentence commuted to life ~ age when relieved of their death sentences. i \. imprisonment (15). All persons removed had been convicted of murder. 64·~~ \\ / ..... \ ,/ , ...... Most sentences reduced to life \/ , By yearend, 50 of the 74 persons relieved of the death penalty had been resentenced to prison for life and 4 to terms of 20 years or more. Another nine were awaiting resen _.L_._.... I~_~ :LL76 77 78L 78 80 81 tencing and six a new trial, both groups still subject to the possibility of a new Figure 3 death sentence. Three persons had been cleared of the charges on which their death For every three persons received on death penalty was based, two in Nevada whose row during 1981, one was removed-the capital charges were dropped and one in lowest ratio since criteria for constitutional South Carolina who was found not guilty. death penalty laws were laid down by the The yearend status of two prisoners re U.S. Supreme Court in 1976 (figure 3). moved from death row was not reported. Four persons died during the year-two by natural causes in Texas, one by suicide in Florida, and one by execution in Indiana. Dispositions granted in more States The execution was the fourth carried out in The number of States reporting removals the United States since an unofficial 10- from death row during the year was 21 , year moratorium on the death penalty more than in 1979 and 1980. Five States ended in 1977. Of the three other execu with ont: or more removals did not commit tions, one occurred in 1977 (Utah) and two any capital offenders during 1981. On the in 1979 (Florida and Nevada). other hand, nine States meting out the Among the 74 persons receiving disposi death penalty did not have any removals. tions, only a few had been convicted under Texas recorded the highest number of per defective statutes. :n all. five persons in sons relieved of the death penalty-20; 18 of these were resentenced to life imprison-
Capital Punishment }981 5 Persons under serntence at yearend 1981
r; WE:4 J
Persons under sentence of death, by jurisdiction, yearend 1981 (total 838)
None
Federal system Alaska Connecticut Hawaii Iowa Kansas Maine Massachusetts Michigan 10-24 Minnesota New Hampshire New Jersey Indiana 10 New York Louisiana 10 Federal 1-9 system North Dakota Pennsylvania 11 Ohio Nebraska 12 25-99 Oregon Colorado Nevada 12 Rhode Island Idaho 2 MlssoL'ri 14 South Dakota Montana 3 Alabama 16 Mississippi 27 Vermont New Mexico 3 North Carolina 17 Oklahoma 36 100 or more Washington Utah 3 Virginia 17 Arizona 38 West Virginia Delaware 4 South Carolina 21 illinois 41 Wisconsin Maryland 8 Tennessee 21 California 83 Texas 144 Wyoming Kentucky 9 Arkansas 23 Georgia 91 Florida 161 Figure 5
The record 838 inmates held under sen Georgia, and Texas-accounted for almost Stay averages 2 years tence of death at yearend 1981 were con half of the total. Of the 28 States with cap Prisoners on death row on December 31 , centrated by both region and State. As in ital prisoners, all but Louisiana and Utah 1981, had spent an average of about 2 the past years, the South held the bulk of either increased death-row populations or years there. One in every 10 had been all capital prisoners (72%), followed by the held the same number as on December 31 , there 6 years or more. The longest period West (17%), the North Central region 1980. Three States-Wyoming, Washing for any individual was the eight and one (9%), and the Northeast (l %). Of the 36 ton, and Oregon-had held at least one in half years spent by a Georgia prisoner. States with capital punishment statutes in mate on death row at yearend 1980, but Whites and blacks had put in approxi force, 28 were holding at least one death none in 1981. In the latter two, death pen mately the same amount of time. row inmate. Eight States-Arizona. Cali alty statutes were struck by their State su fornia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Missis preme courts. Colorado was the only sippi, Oklahoma, and Texas-held close to jurisdiction with an inmate under sentence 75% of the Nation's death-row population in 1981 but not in 1980. (figure 5). In fact, three of these--Florida,
6 Capital Punishment 1981 F.d ±j - ! Me*, au
Numerous prior offenders B!acks as a percentage of all death-row inmates, 1968 - 81 Data on legal status at arrest, as well as on prior felony history, were available for roughly four-fifths of those under sentence Percent of death. Almost a third of these were al 1oo------ready under sentence for at least one other offense when arrested on suspicion of a capital crime. Of this group, 116 were on 75------__ _ parole, 31 were on probation, 26 were im prisoned, 20 were on escape, 7 were on mandatory conditional release, and 2 were 50------~~~==------on work release. Blacks were somewhat more likely than whites to have been under .~-- such a sentence--34% vs. 30%. 25 Nearly two-thirds of all persons on death row at yearend had been convicted of a prior felony at least once during their life 0------~19~7~0~----~------~--~1~97~5~------~100~0---- time. Close to 70% of all blacks had such . Figure 6 a criminal background, compared to 62% of the whites. The number of Hispanics under sentence of Proportions of blacks on death row death continued to climb in 1981, reaching at yearend 1981 and in the general LfNel of education rises population, by region a record 47 by the end of the year. Sixteen of these were held in Texas, 12 in Califor Data on level of educational attainment, Death:.r:ow inmates Percent nia, 5 each in Florida and Arizona, 4 in Il available for nearly 80% of the death-row Black blacks in linois, and I each in Arkansas, Nevada, Region Total No. % region population, indicated that close to 40% had New Mexico, Utah, and Virginia. at least a high school diploma. This pro Uliited States 838 342 41 12 portion was the highest ever reported at Northeast 11 4 36 10 Among all death-row prisoners, five were that level, and indicated the steady rise in North Central 77 43 56 9 American Indians and three were Asians. South 605 258 43 19 the education of persons entering death West 145 37 26 5 Eleven women were under sentence of row. Figure 7 death by yearend 198 I. This figure- The median age of prisoners under sen higher than in any year over the past dec tence of death as of December 31. 1981, ade--sustained the small but continued Two of every five inmates were growth of women on death row. Of those was 30, a year higher than that for 1980. black Whites were slightly older than blacks, females awaiting execution, all were in with median ages of 31 and 29, respec Between 1968 and 1975, blacks had con seven Southern States--four in Georgia, tively. The youngest person under sentence sistently accounted for at least half of all two in Texas, and one each in Alabama, of death at yearend was an 18-year-old persons under sentence of death, but in no Kentucky, Maryland. North Carolina, and white man in Kentucky. Fourteen other year since 1975. when blacks comprised Oklahoma. Eight were white; three were prisoners were under age 20, five in Texas, 54% of all death-row inmates, has their black. It was the first time, at least in the two in Mississippi, and one each in Ala proportion reached 50% (figure 6). The past decade, that Maryland had a woman bama, Georgia, Indiana, Maryland, Mis relatively large number of blacks admitted on death row. souri, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. The during 1981, however, increased their oldest person on death row was a white share from 39% to 41%. Among all blacks man in Texas, age 80. on death row at the end of 1981, three fourths were held in Southern States, 13% More than two of every five persons under in the North Central region, II % in the sentence of death were never married. a West, and I % in the Northeast. proportion similar to that in past years; the figure for blacks was considerably higher The percentage of blacks on death row was than that for whites, 57% vs. 33%. A third 31/z times greater than the percentage of of the death-rov. population were married. blacks in the general populatign (figure 7). 20% were divorced or separated. and 2% This disproportionality was present in ev were widowed. ery region, with the greatest disparity in the North Central region where they were six times their share of the general popula tion. Moreover, this was the only region in which blacks outnumbered whites on death row.
Capital Punishment 1981 7 Executooll1s-1930 to 1981
., MIA:, " ffi #e;-A11 5M: B
Number of persons executed, by year, 1930 - 81
NUmber (Iolal 3.863) 200
After 1967, a 10-year moratorium on executions ensued due to numerous 100 legal challenges of death penalty laws.
o------______~~ ______t _e~~ 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 Figure 8
In March 1981, an Indi':l1a prisoner was put to death by electrocution, the fourth Method of execuiicn, by State, 1981 person to be executed in the United States in the past 14 years and the first in Indiana Electrocution since 1961. For a decade following 1967, (18 States) there were no executions in the United Alabama States. This moratorium ended with the ex Arkansas ecution of a Utah prisoner in January 1977, followed by two in 1979, one each in Flor Connecticut ida and Nevada and, then, the 1981 execu Florida tion in Indiana. These four brought the Georgia number of executions carried out under Illinois civil authority in the U.S. to 3,863 since Indiana reporting first began in 1930 (figure 8).9 Kentucky Lethal gas Of this total, 3,830 were carried out by 42 Louisiana (9 States) States and the District of Columbia; the re Nebraska Arizona maining 33 took place under Federal juris New York California diction. to Ohio Colorado Lethal 9During this period. the U.S. Army (including the Pennsylvania Maryland Hanging injection Air Force) carried out 160 executions-148 from 1942 South Carolina Mississippi (4 States) (4 States) to 1950.3 each in 1954. 1955. and 1'157. and I each in 1958. 1959, and 1961. Of the total. 106 were for South Dakota Missouri Delaware Idaho murder (including 21 involving rape). 53 were for rape. Tennessee Nevada Montana New Mexico Firing squad and I was for desertion. The U.S. Navy has executed Vermont North Carolina New Hampshire Oklahoma (1 State) no one since 1849. IONo executions have taken place in Maine. Virginia Wyoming Washington Texas I Utah 1 Michigan. Minnesota. North Dakota. Rhode Island. and Figure 9 Wisconsin since capil~1 punishment data collection began in 1930. Alaska and Hawaii have had no executions since attaining statehood. Electrocution predominates mates sentenced to death under Federal law, the method of execution is governed Five different methods of execution were by the law of the State in which the pun prescribed by the 36 States that had death ishment is carried out. II penalty statutes in force at yearend 1981. Half of the States used electrocution and II Jurisdictions that have capital punishment laws are the rest either gas, hanging, lethal injec identilied in the appendix immediately following this tion, or firing squad (figure 9). For in- section.
8 Capital Punishment 1981 hf P #\ f ! W H . 141 Hf A8@?B t± leld t"?i'Sin
Number of persons executed, by jurisdiction, 1930 - 81 (total 3,863)
.0 c.~ D
1-24
New Hampshire South Dakota Idaho 3 25-49 100-199 Nebraska 4 None Vermont 4 50-99 Montana 6 Massachusetts 27 Kentucky 103 Alaska Wyoming 7 Nevada 30 Arkansas 118 200 or more Hawaii New Mexico 8 Federal system 33 Oklahoma 60 Louisiana 133 Maine Delaware 12 Arizona 38 Missouri 62 Alabama 135 Michigan Utah 14 D.C, 40 Maryland 68 Pennsylvania 152 North Carolina 263 Minne!lota Kansas 15 West Virginia 40 New Jersey 74 Mississippi 154 California 292 North Dakota Iowa 18 Indiana 42 Illinois 90 South Carolina 162 Texas 297 Rhode Island Oregon 19 Colorado 47 Virginia 92 Florida 171 New York 329 Wisconsin Connecticut 21 Washington 47 Tennessee Ohio 172 Georgia 366
Most executions occurred in South Executions, by offense: Post-1976 group all whites Roughly 3 of every 5 executions over the percent distribution, Since 1930, 53% of the prisoners executed 1930-81 period took place in the South. by race, 1930 - 81 were blacks, 45% were whites, and 1% Five States executed more than 200 prison were members of other minority races. t
Capital Punishment 1981 9 Appendix I D Federal Government a Delaware Aircraft piracy resultillg ill dellth I st degree murder Status of death penalty Some pre-Furmllll statutes declared Death penalty abolished 1958 and unconstitutional. Statute relating to restored 196 J. Statutes amended by State statutes, by jurisdiction, aircraft piracy revised 1974. supreme court November I. 1972. revised by State legislatLire March 29. December 31, 1981 I! Alabama* 1974. but declared unconstitutional by State supreme court October 22. 1976. Murder Statutes revised again May 4. 1977. and Oeath penalty authorized prior to August 15. 1978. Furman decision. Statutes revised 1975. Some statutory provisions declared o District of Columbia r j; unconstitutional by U.S. Supreme Court Death penalty authorized prior to June 20. 1980. Statutes revised again Furmall decision. Statutes declared July I. Inl. General note unconstitutional by circuit court of (he Most death penalty laws in force prior to o Alaska District of Columbia November 16. the FUiman vs. Georgia decision of June 1973. Death penalty abolished 1957. 29, 1972, provided for the imposition of D Florida the death penalty for murder, and, in some tI:J Arizona Murder States, one or more additional crimes. In 1st degree murder Sexual bal/ery,J the Furman decision, the U.S. Supreme Death penalty abolished in part 1916 1 Death penalty authorized prior to Court found that the death penalty, as then and restored 1918. Statutes revised May Furman decision. Statutes revised being administered, was "cruel and unu 14. 1973. and July 20. 1978. December 8. 1972. sual punishment" in violation of the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. D Arkansas III Geor!:1la Many States revised their laws to conform Aggravilled murder Murder Treason to standards set by the Furman decision Death penalty authorized prior to Aircraft hijacking Furmall decision. Statutes revised July and, subsequently, by other decisions that Kidnaping with bodily injury' 24. 1973. and January I. 1976. determined the validity of revised statutes. Rape when victim dies Armed robbery when victim dies At yearend 1981, the critique of individual D California States' statutes was continuing as appeals Murder 1st Death penalty authorized prior to Furman decision. Statutes revised March of capital sentences reached State courts or Treason the U.S. Supreme Court. Assuult by life prisoner resultillg 28. 1973. Some statutory provisions ill death declared unconstitutional by Stllte supreme court April 1976; other Under State laws revised since the Furman Hindering preparing for war causing provisions declared unconstitutional by death decision, the different types of capital mur U.S. Supreme Court June 29. 1977. der must be specificalJy defined. Although Omil/ing 10 note defects in articles of war resulting in death o Hawaii varying somewhat from one jurisdiction to Perjur), reSUlting in the death another, the kinds of homicide most com penall)' Death penalty abolished 1957. monly specified in these laws are murder Train wrecking resulting in death 1:1 Idaho perpetrated during the commission of an Death penalty declared unconstitutional other felony; murder of a peace officer, by State supreme court 1972 but restored I st degree murder corrections employee, or fireman engaged by referendum November 1972. Statutes 1st degree kidllllping. ulliess \'ictim revised January I. 1974. Some statutory released unharmed in the performance of official duties; mur provisions declared unconstitutional by der by an inmate serving a nfe sentence; Death penalty authorized prior to State supreme court December 7. 1976. Furman decision. Statutes revised March Statutes revised August II. 1977. and and murder for hire. Different statutory ter 17. 1973. March 28. 1~77. and April I. November 8, 1978. minology may be used by different States 1980. to designate substantively identical crimes; D Colorado in some States but not necessarily alJ, such &:I Illinois 1st degree murder Murder terms as "murder," "1st degree murder," 1st degree kidnapillg "murder Class A felony," etc., may de Certain drllg offenses2 Death penalty authorized prior to Furman decision. Statutes revised note the same offense. While there are Death penalty abolished 1897 but November 8. 1973. declared other offenses which carry the death pen restored 190 J. Statutes revised January unconstitutional by State supr~me court alty, most have not yet had their constitu 1. 1975. but declared unconstitutional by September 29. 1975. and revised June State supreme court October 23. 1978. tionality tested. 21. 1977. and January 8. 1979. Statutes revised again July 13. 1979. 1:1 Indiana 111 Connecticut* Murder Class A felony Murder Key Death penalty authorized prior to Death penalty authorized prior to As of December 31, 1981. Furman decision. Statutes revised Aprii death penalty: Furman decision. Statutes revised 24. 1973. declared unconstitutional by October 1973, October 1980. and July I. D Was authorized State supreme court May 1977. and o Was not authorized 1981. revised again October I. 1977, and December 10. 1979. Offenses for which death penalty was au 1Death penalty retained for treason. thorized are listed in italics under the 21nducing a person age 25 or under to o Iowa heading for each jurisdiction. use or administer narcotic drugs unlawfully; unlawfully administering or Death penalty abolished 1872. restored *(After name of jurisdiction) is a signal dispensing a narcotic drug to a person 1878. and abolished again 1965. that changes in statutes occurred during age 25 or under; using a person age 25 JThe sexual battery of a female child 1981. The eight jurisdictions in which or under in the unlawful transportation or such changes occurred were: age II or under by a male age 18 or production of narcotic drugs. Alabama Oregon older. Connecticut Texas Ohio Virginia Oklahoma Washington
10 Capital Punishment 1981 o Kansas t:I Missouri II North Carolina II South Dakota Death penalty abolished 1907 and Murder I SI degree murder Murder restored 1935. Statutes declared Kidllaping wlrell gross pumallelll Death penalty abolished 1917. restored Death penalty authorized prior to unconstitutional by State supreme court physical illjury is illflicled 011 victim. 1919. and declared unconstitutional by Furmall decision. Some statutory January 1973. State supreme court September II. 1972. provisions declared unconstitutional by Death penalty abolished 1915, restored Statutes revised September 28. 1975. and State supreme court January 18, 1973. 1939, abolished again October I, 1977, II Kentucky May 26. 1977. Statutes revised April 8, 1974, but and restored July I. 1979. I SI degree murder declared unconstitutional by U.S. Kidnaping when viclim is killed t:I Montana Supreme Court July 6, 1976. Statutes t:I Tennessee revised again June I. 1977. Death penalty authorized prior to Deliberale homicide lsI degree murder Furman decision. but statutes declared Aggral'aled kidllapit'g6 o North Dakota Death penalty abolished in part 1915 12 unconstitutional by State court of appeals Death penalty authorized prior to and restored 1919. Statutes revised May February 16. 1973. Statutes revised Death penalty abolished in part 1915.9 Furman decision. Statutes revised 8, 1973, but declared unconstitutional by January 1. 1975. and December 26. Statutes expired July I, 1975. and were January I. 1974, and April 8. 1977. State supreme court. Stututes revised 1976. not renewed or revised. Some statutory provisions declared February 1974. declared unconstitutional unconstitutional April 26, 1978. by State supreme court January 24, III Louisiana II Ohio* 1977, and revised again April II. 1977. lSI degree murder III Nebraska Murder II Texas* Death penalty authorized prior to lSI degree murder Death penalty authorized prior to Fllrman decision. Statutes revised July 2 Furman decision. Statutes revised Murder Death penalty authorized prior to 1973; som~ provisions declared December 22, 1972, and January I, Furman decision. Statutes revised April Death penalty authorized prior to unconstitutional by U.S. Supreme COllrt 1974, but declared unconstitutional by 21. 1973. Furmall decision. Statutes revised June July 2. 1976; statutes revised October U.S. Supreme Court July 3, 1978. 14, 1973, June 12, 1981, and August 1976. Statutes revised July 19, 1981. iii Nevada 31, i981. o Maine lSI degree murder II Oklahoma* II Utah Death penalty abolished 1876. restored Death penalty authorized prior to Murder Murder 1883. and abolished again 1887. Furmall decision. Statutes revised July I, Rape/(} 1973, and July I. 1977. Death penalty authorized prior to Death penalty authorized prior to 1:1 Maryland Furman decision. Statutes revised July I, Furmall decision. Stat~tes revised May II New Hampshire 1973. lSI degree murder 2, 1973, but declared unconstitutional by Murder U.S. Supreme Court July 6. 1976. Death penalty authorized prior to EI Vermont Statutes revised July 24. 1976. and again Furman decision. but statutes declared Deatn penalty authorized prior to October 19. 1981. Murder unconstitutional by State court of appeals Furmall decision. but statutes declared unconstitutional by State supreme court Death penalty abolished in part 1965. 1) 1972. Statutes revised July I. 1975. but o Oregon* declared unconstitutional by State 1972. Statutes revised April 15, 1974, supreme court November 9. 1976. and July 1977. Death penalty abolished 1914. restored III Vlrglnia* Statutes revised July I. 1978. and July 1920, abolished again 1964. Statutes Aggravaled murder 1. 1979. o New Jersey restored December 7. 1978, but declared unconstitutional by State supreme court Death penalty authorized prior to Death penalty statutes declared o Massachusetts January 20, 198 I. Furman decision. Statutes revised 1975. unconstitutional by State supreme court July I, 1977, July 1.1979,andJuly I, Death penalty authorized prior to January 1972. III Pennsylvania 1981. Furman decision. but statutes declared t::I New Mexico unconstitutional by State supreme court I SI degree murder t:I Washington* December 22. 1975. Statutes revised I SI degree murder Death penalty authorized prior to August 14. 1979. but declared Aggrm·ate(! JSI degree murder Furman decision. Statutes revised March unconstitutional by State supreme court Death penalty abolished in part 1969.7 26. 1974, and Nuvember I, 1976, but Death penalty abolished 1913, restored October 28. 1980. Statutes revised March 20, 1973, but declared unconstitutional by State 1919. bljt declared unconstitutional by declared unconstitutional by State supreme court November 30, 1977. State supreme court March 22. 1973. o Michigan supreme court September 1976. Statutes Statutes revised September 13, 1978. Statutes revised July I, 1976, and June revised again July I, 1979. Death penalty abolished in part 18474 10, 1977. Death penalty statutes declared and fully abolished 1963. Dealn penalty o Rhode Island unconstitutional by State supreme court t:I New York prohibited by State constitution. April 16. 1981 and reinstated May 14. Murder by life prisoller Death penalty abolished in part 1852." 1981. Statutes revised June 20, 1973, but o Minnesota Death penalty abolished in pan 1969. H declared unconstitutional by State o West Virginia Death penalty abolished 1911. Statutes revised September I. 1974. supreme court February 19, 1979. Some statutory provisions declared Death penalty abolished 1965. III Mississippi unconstitutional by State court of appeals II South Carolina November 15. 1977. o Wisconsin Murder Murder Trea;~oll Death penalty abolished 1853. 6Kidnaping which results in the death Aircrafl pirac:\' Death penalty authorized prior to of the victim. Capilal rapeS Furman decision. Statutes revised July 2, 1:1 Wyoming 7Death penalty retarned for a person 1974, but declared unconstitutional by Death penalty authorized prior to killing a police officer or prison or jail State supreme court July 21. 1976. lSI degree murder Furmall decision. Statutes revised April guard engaged in performance of duty, Statutes revised June 8, 1977. and June Kidllaping unless viclim released 23. 1974. amended by State supreme and in cases where the jury recommends 30, 1978. ullharmed court October 5. 1976. and revised by the death penalty and the defendant Death penalty authorized prior to 9Death penalty retained for treason and State legislature April 13. 1977. commits a second capital felony after Furman decision. Statutes revised for first-degree murder committed by a time for due deliberation following February 24, 1973. Some statutory 4Death penalty retained for treason. prisoner serving a life sentence for first commission of first capital feiony. provisions declared unconstitutional by Partial abolition voted in 1846 but not degree murder. HDeath penalty retained for a person State supreme court January 27. 1977. put into effect until 1847. killing a police officer engaged in 'D-fhe rape of a female under 14 years Statutes revised February 28, 1977. 5The rape of a female child under the perfonllance of duty or for murder of a of age by a male age 18 or older; the age of 12 by a person age 18 or older. guard by a person serving a life sentence rape of a person mentally incompetent. 12Death penalty retained for rape. or escaping from custody. II Death penalty retained for murder by 13Death penalty retained for first prisoner serving a life sentence. degree murder by persons who commit a second "unrelated" murder and for the first-degree murder of any law enforcement officer or prison employee in performance of duty.
Capital Punishment 1981 II Appendix II Data tables
It, en-*" bStA • " Ii f#
For each data table, the list that follows Prisoners with death sentence gives the table title, table number, and removed, 1981 (regions and page on which it appears: States)- 17. By race and method 0/ removal. 40 18. By race and current status, 44 Historical data, 1930-81 19. By race and number a/months/rom sentencing 10 disposition, 48 Prisoners executed under civil authority in 20. By rac'e and offense, 52 the United States- ~I. By race and age at disposition. 54 t. By raC'e and ofj'ense. /4 22, By race and highest grade of 2. By year-regions and States. /5 schooling completed. 56 3. By race and offense-regions lind States. 16 23. By race and marital stalllS at time c~f' impri.\'Ollm('nl. 58 Women executed under civil authority in 24. By race and legal status at time of the United S!ates- capital ojj'ense. 60 4. By year, oj/ense. race. and State. 17 25. By race and prior felony history. 64
Federal executions in the United States- 5. By year. ojj'ense. race. and State. 17 Prisoners under sentence of death, December 31,1981 (regions and States)- Summary delta, 1968-81 26. By race and year receil'ed. 69 27. By race and months elapsed since Movement of prisoners under sentence of death- sentencing. 70 6. By year and race. 18 28. By race and offense. 74 29. By race and age. 76 7. By offense and race. /9 30. By race and highest grade of 8. By race-regions and States. 20 schooling completed. 78 Movement of women prisoners under 31. By race and marital status at time qf sentence of death- imprisonment. 80 9. By race-regions and States. 22 32. By race and legal status at time of capital offense, 82 Movement of prisoners of Hispanic origin 33. By race and prior history. 86 under sentence of death- 10. By regions and States, 23
Prisoners received from court under sentence of death, 1981 (regions and States)- II. By race and ojj'ense. 24 12. By race and age, 26 13. By race and highest grade of schooling completed. 28 14. By race and marital status at time of imprisonment. 30 IS. By race and legal status at time of capital offense. 32 16. By race and prior felony history. 36
Capital Punishment /98/ I3 Table 1 (1930-81 J Prisoners executed under civil authority in the United States, by race and offense
All :rAces White black All other races Year All Other All Other All Other All Othf.'r offensGs Murder Rnpc ortens'ds 1 offensos Murdor Rape of,tenses I offenses MU1'der napo offenses 1 or.ranscs Murder Rape offensDs!
All years .... 3,863 3,338 455 70 1,755 1,668 48 39 2,066 1,630 405 311 42 40
1981 ...... 1980 ••••••••••••••• 1979 ••••••••••••••• 2 1978 ••••••••••••••• 1971 ••••••••••••••• 1976 ••••••••••••.•• 1975 ...... 1974 ...... 1973 ••••••••••••••• 1972 ...... 1,71...... 1970 ••••.••••••••••
1%9 ••••••••••••••• 1.968 ...... 1967 ...... 2 2 1 1 1966 ...... 1 1 1 1 1965 ...... 7 7 6 6 1 1 1964 ...... 15 9 6 8 5 7 4 3 1963 ...... 21 18 2 1 13 12 8 6 2 1962 ••••••••••••••• 47 41 4 2 28 25 19 15 2 1961...... 42 33 S 1 20 18 22 15 7 1960 ...... 56 44 8 4 21 18 35 26 8
1959 ...... 41 8 16 15 33 26 7 1958 ...... 49 41 7 1 20 20 28 20 7 1'57 ...... 65 5'. 10 1 34 32 31 22 8 1956 ...... 65 52 12 1 21 20 43 31 1955 ...... "I76 65 7 4 44 41 1 J2 24 1~ I 2 1954 ...... 71 9 1 38 37 1 42 33 8 1 1953 ...... 8162 I 51 7 4 30 25 1 4 31 25 6 1952 ...... 83 71 12 36 35 1 47 36 11 195.1 ....•••....•... 105 87 17 57 55 2 47 31 15 1950 ...... 82 68 13 40 36 4 42 J2
1949 ...... 119 107 1~ 2 50 49 67 56 10 2 1948 ...... 119 95 22 2 35 J2 1 82 61 21 2 1947 ...... 153 129 23 1 42 40 2 111 89 21 1946 .... ··'.... • .... 131 107 22 2 46 45 84 61 22 1 1 1945 ...... 1 117 90 26 1 41 37 75 52 22 1 1 1944 ...... 120 96 24 47 45 70 48 22 3 3 1943 ...... 131 118 13 54 ~4 74 63 11 3 1 1942 ...... / 147 115 25 67 57 4 80 58 21 1941...... 123 102 20 59 55 4 63 46 16 1940 ...... 124 105 15 49 44 2 75 61 13
1939 ...... 160 145 12 3 80 79 77 63 12 2 3 3 1938 ...... 190 154 25 11 96 89 92 63 24 5 2 2 1937 ...... 147 133 13 1 69 67 74 62 11 1 4 4 1936 ...... 195 181 10 4 92 80 101 ~3 8 2 2 1935 ...... 199 164 13 2 119 115 77 66 11 3 3 1934 ...... 168 154 14 65 64 102 89 13 1 1 1933 ...... 160 151 7 2 77 75 81 74 6 1 2 2 1932 ...... 140 128 10 2 62 62 75 &3 10 2 3 3 1931 ...... 153 137 15 1 77 76 72 57 14 1 4 4 1930 ...... 155 147 I & 2 90 90 65 57 6 2 - Represents z.ero.
J Includes 25 executed fOl' nl'mod robbery, 20 for kidnapping, 11 for burglary. 6 [or sabotage, 6 .for aggravated assault. and 2 for espionage.
14 Capital Punishment 1981 Table 2 (193G-81) Prisoners executed under civil authority in the United States, by year- regions and States
1970- 1965- 1960- 1955- 1945- Region and State Total 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1950- 1940- 1935- 1930- 197/, 1969 1964 1959 1954 1949 1944 1939 1934
United States ..... 3,863 10 181 304 413 639 645 891 776
Federal ...... 33 1 3 6 6 7 9 1 state ...... _ ...... 3.&30 10 180 301 407 633 638 882 775
Northeast ...... 608 17 51 56 74 110 145 155 Maine ••••••••••••••.• New Hampshire ...... 1 Vermont ...... 4 Massachusetts •••••••• 27 11 Rhode Island ...... Connecticut ..•.•••••. 21 1 5 5 5 3 2 New york ...... 329 10 25 27 36 78 73 80 New Jersey ••••••• 0.0. 74 3 9 8 8 6 16 24 Pennsyl vania ...... 152 3 12 19 21 15 41 41
North Centl'ol ...... 404 16 16 42 64 42 113 105 Ohio ...... 172 7 12 20 36 15 39 43 Indiann. t ...... 42 1 2 5 2 20 11 1111nois ...... 90 -I 2 8 5 13 27 34 Michigan ...... Wisconsin ...... Minnesota ...... Iowa ••••••••.•••••••• 18 4 1 Missouri .••. ~ ...... 62 9 20 16 North Dakota ...... South Dakota ...... 1 NebraSka ...... 4 Kansas ...... 15
South ...... 0 ••• 2.307 102 183 244 419 413 524 419 Delawnre ...... 12 6 2 Maryland ...... 68 4 2 19 26 10 6 Dis trict or Columbia. 40 1 3 13 3 5 15 Virginia ...... 92 8 15 22 13 20 8 West Virginia ...... 40 4 5 9 2 10 10 North Carolina ...... 263 1 5 14 62 50 80 51 South Carolina ...... 162 8 10 16 29 32 30 37 Georgia ...... 366 14 34 51 72 58 73 64 Florida ...... 171 12 27 22 27 38 29 15 Kentucky ...... 103 1 8 8 15 19 34 18 Tennessee ...... 93 1 7 1 18 19 31 16 Alabama .... o ...... 135 4 6 14 21 29 41 19 Mississippi •••••••••• 154 10 21 15 26 34 22 26 Arkansns ...... 118 9 7 11 18 20 33 20 Louisiana ...... 133 1 13 14 23 24 19 39 Oklahoma ...... 60 5 3 4 7 6 9 25 Texas ...... 297 29 25 49 36 38 72 48
West ••••••••••••••••••• 511 45 51 65 76 73 100 96 Montana ...... 6 1 4 1 Idaho ...... 3 Wyoming ...... 7 3 Colorado ...... 47 5 2 1 7 16 New Mexico ...... 8 1 1 2 2 2 Arizona ...... 38 4 6 2 3 6 10 7 Utah ...... 14 1 4 2 1 3 2 Nevada ..•.•..•••••.•• 30 9 5 5 3 5 Washington ...... 47 2 4 7 9 13 10 Oregon •••.•••..•.•.•. 19 1 4 6 6 1 1 California ..... o ...... o 292 29 35 39 45 35 57 51 Alnska 1 ...... lIawai11 ..•.•.•..•.••• =1 Note: For the status of death penalty statutes in each jurisdiction, seo appendix table.
- Represents zero.
lAs States. Alaska and Hawaii are included in the series beginning Jnnuary 1 t 1960.
Capital Punishment 1981 15 Table 3 (1930-81) Prisoners executed under civil authority in the United States, by race and offense-regions and States
All racOs Whit. nlo.ck All other racos
~ i:' i:' ~ i:' ~ i:' ~ ~ .Q ~ ~ W Q Q Region nnd State ,c ~ ,c ,c M ,c •c c "'c ,c c ~ "g C Q "g C Q 0 .. Q "g C ... ~ " ... ~ ..." ... ~ 'M ~ .!'l'" ... ~ 'S...... ~ .. ... ~ 0 ;.. 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ • Q w •c •" .'"c ~ • Q Q .'"C • 11 .'"c .... ~ '" • .... ~ • '". .... '" .c• ... ~ • ,c• ... ~ ~ :;: :5 ... ~ .. :5 ~ e ... '" '" 0 :;1 '" .. ;a '" i;l ,. .'" 0 ,. • :2 0:. '" . '" .. '" .. '" .. " '" .. '" '" '" I> '" " '" ~ 0 United States .•••.•.. 3,863 3,338 455 25 20 25 1,755 1,668 48 20 lJ 2,066 1,630 {,OS 19 12 42 40
Fedoral •• o ••••••••••••••••• 33 15 2 2 6 8 28 10 2 2 6 J 3 2 2 State •...... •••••.. .- 3,8~O 3,323 453 23 14 17 1,727 1,658 46 4 14 2,063 1,627 405 19 12 40 38 2
Northeast ...... 608 606 424 422 177 177 Maine ...... e ... eo ...... New Hampshire ...... 1 1 1 1 Vc:rntont ...... 4 4 4 4 Mns98chusetts ...... 27 27 25 25 Rhode Island ...... Connecticut ...... 21 21 18 18 3 3 New Yary...... 329 327 234 232 90 90 New Jersey ...... 74 74 47 47 25 25 Pennsyl vania ...... - 152 152 95 95 57 57
North Central .••••••••••••• 404 394 10 258 255 144 137 Ohio ...... 172 172 104 104 67 67 Indiana .•.••••• ~ ..•.•.••• 42 42 32 32 10 10
Illinois. 0 ••••••••• 0 ..... 0 90 90 59 59 31 31
Michigan ••.• 0 0 •••••••••••
Wisconsin~ ••••• 0.0 ••• 0 ••• Minnesota .••••.•..•.•.•••
Iowa .. 00 ••••• o ...... 18 18 18 18 Missouri •••.•••••.••••••. 62 52 10 29 26 33 26 North Dakota ••••••• _ •••••
South Dakota •••.• 0 ••••••• 1 1 1 1
Nebraska .••..••••• 0 •••••• 4 4 3 3
Kansas ...... 0 •••••••• 15 15 12 12 3
South ..••.•...•.•••..••• 0 •• 2,307 1,825 443 23 11 638 586 43 4 - 1,659 1,231 398 19 11 10 Delaware ••• , •.•...•••.•.• 12 8 4 5 4 1 7 4 3 Maryland ••.•..••....•.••. 68 44 24 13 7 6 55 37 18 District ')1 Columbin •.••• 40 37 3 3 3 37 34 3
Virginin ••••.•...• ,o •••••• 92 71 21 17 17 75 54 21
West Virginia. ~ .•• 0 •••••• 40 36 1 31 28 9 8 1
North ("arolinn ••••• 0 ••••• 263 207 47 59 55 4 199 149 41
South Carolina 0 ••••• 0 •••• 162 120 42 35 30 5 127 90 37 GeorJ;ia ...... 366 299 61 68 65 J 298 234 58
Florida .... o. 0 ...... 171 134 ~6 58 56 1 113 78 35 Kentucky ... ~"'.''' .. ''''.'''''''' 103 88 10 51 47 1 52 41 9
Tennessee ... 0 ...... 0 93 66 27 27 22 5 66 44 22 Alabama ••• : ...... 135 106 22 28 26 2 107 80 20 MisSissippi ...... 154 130 21 30 30 124 100 21
Arkansas ...... 0 ...... 118 99 19 27 25 90 73 17
Louisiana ...... 0 ...... 133 116 17 30 30 103 86 17 Oklahoma ...... ~"" ••• 60 54 4 42 40 15 11 4 3,
Texns ...... 0 •• 297 210 84 114 101 13 182 108 71 I
West. 00 .... 0 •• 00 •••••••••••• 511 498 407 395 83 82 21 21
Mentan ...... 0 ...... 0 ...... 6 6 4 4 2 2
Idaho ...... 0.0 ..... 00. 3 3 3 3
Wyoming ...... 0 7 6 6 1 1
Colorado .... 0 ...... 0 ...... 47 47 41 41 5 ~ New Mexico ...... 8 8 6 6 2 2
Arizona ...... o ...... 38 38 28 28 10 10 Utah ...... 14 14 14 14
Nevada ...... o ...... 30 30 28 28 2 2 Washington ...... 4~ 46 40 39 5 5 Oregon ...... 19 19 16 16 3 ) California ...... 292 280 221 210 53 52 18 18
Alaska! ...... 0 ......
Hawaii 2 ...... 0 ......
Note: For the status of death penalty statutes in each jUrisdiction, s.a uppendix table ..
- Represents zero. lIn this catogory, the eight Federal executions were for sabotage (6) and espionage (2'. The nine executions in North Carolina and the two in Alnbnmn woro for burglary. In California, tho six executions wore ;for aggravated assault committed by prisoners under life sentence. 2As States, Alaska and Hawaii are includcd 1n the series beginning January 1, 1960.
16 Capital Punishment 1981 Table 4 (1930-81) Women executed under civil authority in the United States, by year, offense, race, and State
Offenso Rnce Yoar Stnto in which executed Total Murder Other' White nlnck
All yenrs ••••••••••••••••••• 32 30 20 12
1962 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• - Cnlif()rnill 1957 ...... ,\inbtlmtt 1955 ...... - Cnlifornin 1954 ...... Ohio 1953 ...... Alabama, "'cd oral o.Ussouri and New York)
1951...... 1 1 - New York 1947 ...... 2 2 California, South Carolina 1946 ...... 1 1 Pennsylvania 1945 ...... 1 1 1 Georgia 1944 ...... 3 3 3 MisSiSSippi, New York, North Carolina
1943 ...... South Carolina, MisSiSSiPpi, North Cot'oUna 1942 ...... - LOUisiana 1941...... - California 1938 ...... IllinOiS, Ohio 1937 ...... Mississippi
1936 ...... Ne ..... York 1935 ...... Delaware 1934 ...... - New York 1931 ...... - Pennsyl vania 1930 ...... ArizonB, Alabama
Note: There have been no executions of women since 1962.
- Represents zero~ lIncludes one kidnaping Bnd ono espionage case (both Fcderul).
Table 5 (1930-81) Federal executions in the United States, by year, offense, race, and State
OffenSe Race Yonr State in which executed American Total Murder Kidnapingl Otherl Wht to Black Indian
All years ••••••••• j...... 33 15 12 28
1963 ...... 1 - Iowa 1957 ...... 2 - Goorgia 1956 ...... 1 - Missouri 1954 ...... 1 - NeW York 1953 ...... 4 - Missouri (2) J New York (2) 1950 ...... Alaska
1948 ...... - CaUfornin (J), Alnska (1), Florida (1) 1945 ...... Wyoming 1943 ...... - Tenr.essee 1942 ...... - District or Columbia
1939 ...... 1 Ala.ska 1936 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 - Kansas (2), Illinois (1), Indiana (1), Mlchig{ll\ (1) 1934 ...... Indinna (1), Arizona (1). Oklahoma (1) 1930 ...... - K:lOsns
Note: There have been no Federal executions since 1963.
- Representa zero. lUnder the Federal kidnaping statute prior to 1968, the death penalty could be imposed if the victim wns not released unharmed. In all or the caSes in this table but the one in 1936, the victim was killed by the kidnaper. 1lncludcs two cases at rape on a Federal reservation (1957), two caSas at e-spionage (1953), six cases of sabotage (1942), nnd two cases of bank robbery with homicide (1938),
Capital Pllllishment 1981 17 Table 6 (1930-81) Movement of prisoners under sentence of death, by year and race
All races Whit!'
[)isposi tions Dispos! tiona Yetl)" Received Under sentence nccelv~d UndC'r sentencL' death Other thnn of rJea th d(>nth Other than of death sentence execution Exceu tions on Dcccmbe r 31 sentence ('xccutton Ex(!('utions on Dec-ember 31
1981 ...... 228 77 838 124 53 488 1980 ••••••••••••••••••••• 197 97 b88 la 'j) 418 1979 ...... 171 59 2 588 103 29 350 1978 ...... 207 150 478 122 71 218 1977 ...... 158 155 421 81 77 221 1976 ...... 249 317 419 144 137 224 1975 ...... 322 78 487 145 37 217
1974 ...... Ibb 57 243 77 32 109 1973 ...... 42 242 134 15 118 b4 'I 1972 ...... 83 391 334 32 111 167 1971 ...... 113 102 642 54 41 306 1970 ...... 133 77 631 66 293 1969 ...... 143 85 575 6b 203 1968 ...... 138 78 517 69 jil 243 Black All other rIlC(\S
Dlsposi tions Dispositions Received 1------...------1 Under s(>n tc>ncc Received ltnd('r sentcnt:(' death Other than ot death death Other than uf denth sentence execution Executions on Oecemb('r 31 !;t'nt('nc(.' ("x('cU tinn t:Xl'CU t l()n~; on December 31
1981 ...... 100 24 3~2 4 8 1980 ... '" ...... 75 44 200 1 4 1979 ...... 06 27 235 2 3 1978 ...... 83 I~ 196 2 t, 1977 ...... 75 78 192 2 1976 ...... 105 172 195 8 1975 ...... 174 40 202 1
1974 ...... 84 24 128 o 1973 ...... 20 124 68 2 1972 ...... 51 217 166 1 1971 ...... 57 60 332 4 1970 ...... 6b 4l 335 3 1909 ...... 77 33 310 2 1968 ...... 68 43 271 3
Note: Figures for 1977, 1978, 1979 and 1980 have been revised from those reported in Capital Punishment, 1980, :"iPS Bulletin SfJ-NPS-('p-9, Dl'ct"mbcr 1981, In addition, as B result ot n major procedural change regarding dispositions; the number of r;lispositions otht'r than cxecutioh B\ld lhe number oC persons under sentence of death in 1976 and subsequent years are not strictly comparable to corrcspondi~jg datu for ettrHer years. Sec Methodology for explanation. - Represents zero.
18 Capital Punishmeflt 1981 Table 7 (1930-81) Movement of prisonel"s under sentence of death, by offense and race
All races White
Dispositions Disposi tion! Under Unclel:" Under Under Offense sentence other sentence sentence Other sentence of death on Received thtln oC death on of death on Received than of death on December 31, from execU- Execu- December 31, December 31, lr?m execu- F;xecu- December 31. 1980' court tion Honp 1981 1980' court tion tions 1981
Total ••••• I ...... 688 228 77 838 418 124 53 488
Murder •••••••••••••••••••••••• 687 227 77 836 417 124 53 487 Rape' ...... o ...... 1 1 2 1 1 Kidn.ping ••••••••••••••••••••• Other •••••••••••••••••••••••••
Dlack All other races:
DispOSitions Oisposi tiona Under Lnder Under Under sente~ce ather sentence sentence Other sentence or death on Received than of death on of death on Recei ved thnn of death on December 31; frQlll execu Exccu- December 31, December 31. from oxccu- Exec:u- December 31, 1980' court. tion tiona 1981 1980 court tioD tiona 1981
Total ••• 00 •• 0 ••••••••••• 266 100 24 342 4
Murc!er •••••••••••• II •••••••••• 266 99 24 341 4 Rape3-, •• II •••••••••••••••••••• 1 1 Kidnaping •••••••••••••••••• ~ •• Other ••.••••• _ ••••••••••••••••
- Represents zero. lT~tal for December 31, 1980, was revlaed from that reported 1n Capital Punishment. 1980, NPS Dullettn SD-NPS-CP-9, December 1981, to include 20 inmat~s (8 1n Georgia, 2 in Flat-ida, 1 in Texas, 2 in Mississi.ppi; 6 In Louisian!l, and 1 in Virginia), althouF;h sentenced to death prior to 1981, were either reported late to the NPS pror;rnm or not admitted to the custody of the relevant correctional authorities by Oecem~er 31, 1980, !lnd to exclude 46 inmates (42 in Alabama, Bnd 1 each In Arizona, Georgia, Illinois and Louisiana), who were relieved of the death sentence prior to 198!. 2Persons enumerated under "All Other- Raeeel! were American Indian and Asian .. lThe persons cntlmerated under the catef;ory "na.pe" were under sentence ot death lor sexual battery.
Capital Punishment 1981 19 Table 8 (1981) Movement of prisoners under sentence of death, by race-regions and States
ALL RAC~S WHITE
DISPOSITIONS DISPOSITIONS REGION AND STATE UNDER OTHER UNDER UNDER OTHER UNDER SENTENCE RECEIVED THAN SENTENCE SENTENCE RECEI ~ED THAN SENTENCE OF DEATH ON FROM EXECU- EXECU- OF DEATH ON OF DEATH ON FROM EXECU- EXECU- O~ DEATH ON ~[(. '!, 1 OA~I COURT TION TlONS DEC. 31, 1981 O(C. 31, 1980' COURT TlON TlONS DEC. 31, 1981
UNITED STATES 688 228 77 838 124 53 FEDERAL STATE 688 228 77 838 124 53 488
NORTH~AST • 7 5 11 J 7 MAINE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUS~ TTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT NEW YORK. • NEW JERSEY. PENNSYLVANIA. 5 11 3 7 NOR TH CENTRAL 25 77 7 3J OHIO. • INDIANA • 5 10 J 2 q ILLINOIS. 11 ql 14 2 15 MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA ••• MISSOURI. • 7 6 NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. 10 2 12 8 I(ANSAS.
SUUTH ••• 522 lql 58 605 304 7'1 36 345 DELAWARE. 3 1 q 2 1 3 MARYLAND ••••••• 2 7 8 1 3 4 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA ••• 13 5 17 3 7 WEST VIRGINIA. -, NORTH CAROLINA. 15 5 3 17 8 3 1 10 SOUTH CARULINA. 14 8 1 21 6 7 1 12 GEORGIA 87 5 1 91 39 2 1 40 ;:LORIDA • 155 2q 18 161 96 12 12 96 KENTUCKy. q 9 5 q 9 TENNESSEE • 1; I 8 21 9 6 2 13 ALABAMA •• 2 lq 16 3 3 MISSISSIPPI 14 13 27 q q 8 ARKANSAS. 15 12 q 23 ij 8 15 LOUISIANA 12 2 10 7 7 OKLAHOMA. )0 9 3 36 25 :;1 2 30 TEXAS 140 26 22 144 90 lq 16 8ij
WI;ST. 105 57 17 145 82 J7 16 103 MONTANA 3 J 2 2 IDAHO 1 2 2 1 2 WYOMING. 1 1 COLORADO. 1 1 1 NEW MEXICO. 1 '- 3 1 3 ARIZONA • 33 8 3 38 29 2 3J UTAH. • q 1 3 2 1 1 NEVADA •• , • 10 2 1~ 9 3 2 10 WASHINGTON. 5 5 5 5 OREGON ••• 3 3 3 3 CALIFORNIA. qq qO 1 83 29 23 1 5 ALASKA. HAWAII.
Sec footnotes at ~nd of tnblr:.
20 Capital PUllishmelit 198/ BLACK ALL OTHER HACES'
DI spas I TI ONS DISPOSITIONS
R~GION AND STA'fE UNDER OTHER UNDER UNDER OTHER UNOER S~NTENCE RECEIVED THAN SENTENCE SENTENCE RECE IVED THAN SENTENCE OF DEATH ON FROM EXECU- EXECU- OF DEATH ON OF DEATH ON FROM EXECU- EXECU- O~ DEATH ON IJLC.)I, 1980' COURT TION TlONS DEC, 31, 1981 DEC, 31, 1980 COUKT TION nONS DEC. 31, 1981
UN !TEll STATES ~'b6 100 3q2 FEDERAL , STATE • 266 100 NORTHEAST J 2 MAINE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE :1 VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE I SLANU. CONNECTICUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY. PENNSYLVANIA, "
NORTH CENTRAL 26 17 OHIO ••• INDIANA. 3 3 ILLINOIS. il 9 17 MICHluAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA ••• MISSOURI ••• NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA, NEBRASKA. 2 3 KANSAS.
SOUTH. 217 22 258 2 DELAWAtlE. 1 1 1 ij ~m~~~~' OF COLUMBiA: VIRGINIA •••• 2 1 10 WEST VIRGINIA. ~ I NORTH CAROLINA. 7 1 6 SOUTH CAROLINA. 8 1 9 GEORGIA, q8 J ~I 51 FLORIDA •• 59 12 6' 65 KENTUCKy •• TENNESSEE •• 5 2 7 ALABAMA •• 2 11 13 MISSISSIPPI 10 9 19 ARKANSAS. 7 q 3 8 LOUISIANA 5 2 3 OKLAHOMA. 5 2 1 6 TEXAS • 50 12 6 56
WEST. •• 20 18 J7 5 MONTANA 1 1 IDAHO. WYOMING • COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA • , q UTAH. 2 NEVADA, •• 2 WASHINGTON. OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA. 12 16 28 3 ALASKA. HAWAII. , - Reprcs('nts ze>ro. 'Seo Footnot(l 1, Tabll' 7. ~The persons t'oUt:1cl'oled und(>l' "All Otht'r nnccs" include 5 Amcrlcnn Ind1l1nfl .and .3 Atll::m:i.
Capital Punishment 1981 21 Table 9 (1981) Movement of women prisoners under sentence of death, by race-regions and States
,.11 rnces White
Dlsposi tions Disposi tions Under Under Under Under Region and State sentence Other sentenco sentence Other sentence oC death on Received than at denth on of death on Recet ved than of death on DccC!Dbcr 31, from exceu- E!xecU- December 31, December 31, from execu- Execu- December 31, 1980' court tion tiona 1981 1980 court tion tiona 1981
United Statcs.~ •••••• ~ ...... 3 11 2
Federal ...... State ...... 11
Northeast ......
North Central ...... _
South ...... " ••• 3 11 2 ,- Jlaryland ...... 1 1 1 Xorth Carolina ...... 0-"" ...... 1 1 Georgia ...... 3 4 nor-ida ...... 1 Kentucky ...... 1 1 IUab::ua.a ...... 1
Oklahoaa ...... w ...... 1 1 1 TcTas ...... 2 2 2
Wcst ......
Olack All other l"nces
DispOSitIons Disposi tions Under Under Under Under sentence Other sentence sentence Other sentence of death ("n Received than of death on of dea.th on Recei ved than of de nth on December 31, from cxecu- Execu- December 31, December 31, from exccu- Exccu- December 31, 1980' court tion tions 1981 1980 court tion tions 1981
l'nitcd States ......
Federa1 ...... State ...... 2
Northeast ......
!forth CCntra1...... ~ ......
South ...... 2 Jlnr,.lnnd ...... Korth Carol Inn ...... Gcorgla ...... 2 2 Florida ...... Kentucky ...... A1abaaa ...... Oklnhoan ...... Teu.s ......
..t!st ......
Hote: A11 .feuale& were under sentence of death for lDuroet' ..
- Represents zero.
ITotnl. .for Deca;ber 31. 1980, was revised .from that reported in Capital Punishment, 1980, NPS Bu.~ l~t1n SD-NPS-CP-9, December 1981, to include one inmate 1n Georgia wbo, a1though scntenced to d2ath prior to 1980, was either reported late in the NPS program or not admitted to the custody of the relevant correctionnl authorities by Decaber 31. 1980..
I jl
22 Capital PUllishmel1t 1981 ---~~I I \ I I Table 10 (1981) Movement of prisoners of Hispanic origin under sentence of death -regions and States
DtsposUlons Under sen tence Rccelv~d Under sen tence itcglon nnd Stnt~ 1------,------\ of denth on from Other thnn of deD th on December Jl, 1980 court execUtion Executions December 31, 1981
Cni ted Stu t('l'> ...... 39 14 47
F('dernl ...... Stnte ••••••• , .•••••••••••••••••••••.••• 39 14 47
NOlothcno;t ••• _., ......
North Cclllrnl •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 4 I111nols ...... , ...... 4 4
South •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• o ••••• 23 23 Virginia •• , •••••••••• , ••• , •.••••••••• 1 florida •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 5 i\rknns"as ...... 1 1
TI'X:.l/i •••• o 00'" 0 0 0 •••••••••••••• to •••• 18 16
West •••••••••••••••• o ••••••••••• " •••••• 12 20 N(.'w Mexico ••••••••••••••••••••••• , ••• 1 Aril.onn ...... 4 5
Utah •••• o • 00 ••••• 0 ••••• 0" of •••••••• O 1 1
N(lvnda 0 ••••••••••• 0 ••••••••••••••••• j 1
Cal1rorn~n •••••••••••••• 0 •••••••••••• 12
- UeprcosentB .zcr().
Capital Punishment 1981 23 Table 11 (1981) Prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race and offense-regions and States
ALL RACES ltHlTE REGION AND STATE ALL KIDNAP ALL KIDNAP- OFFENSES MURDER RAPE' ING OTHER OFFENSES MURDER RAPE ING OTHER
UNITED STATES 228 227 FEDERAL • STATE •• 228 227 NORTHEAST 5 5 MAINE •••• NEil HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS • RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY •• PENNSyLVANIA. 5 5 3 3 NORTH CENTRAL 25 25 7 7 OHIO ••• INDIANA •• 5 5 2 2 ILLINOIS •• 11 11 2 2 MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA ••• MISSOURI ••• 7 7 NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA •• 2 2 KANSAS ••
SOUTH ••• Iql IqO 77 77 DELAWARE. I 1 1 1 MARyLAND •• 7 7 J J DISTRICT OF COLUMBiA: VIRGINIA ••• 5 5 J 3 WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 5 5 J J SOUTH CAROLI NA. 8 8 7 7 GEORGIA • 5 5 2 2 FLORIDA • • 2q 2J 12 12 KENTWKy ••• q 4 q 4 TENNESSEE • 8 8 6 6 ALABAMA •• 14 Iq :I 3 MISSISSIPPI • 'IJ IJ 4 ARKANSAS. 12 12 8 8 LOUISIANA • " OKLAHoMA. • 9 9 7 7 TEXAS • 26 26 14 14 WEST ••• 57 57 n 37 MONTANA IDAHO •• 2 2 2 2 WYOMING • COLORADO. • • 1 1 1 1 NEW MEXICO. 2 2 2 2 ARIZONA •• 8 8 6 6 UTAH •••• NEVADA ••• 4 3 II(ASHINGTON. OREGON. • • " CALIFORNIA. qO 23 ALASKA ••• HAWAII •••
See footnotes at end of table.
24 Capital Punishment 1981 ------~~---~~
BLACK ALL OTHER RACES'
R~GION AND STATE ALL KIDNAP ALL KIDNAP- OFFENSES MURDER RAPE' ING OTHER OFFENSES MURDER RAPE ING OTHER
UN !TED ST ATES 100 99 FEDERAL • STATE. • 100 99
NORTH'::AST • 2 2 MAINE • • • • NEW HAMPSHIRE • VERMONT • • • • MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT • NEW YORK ••• , NEW JERSEY. PENNSYLVANIA. 2 2 NORTH CENTRAL • 17 17 OHIO •••• INDIANA • • 3 3 ILLINOIS •• 9 9 MICHIGAN. , • WISCONSIN • MINNESOTA • IOWA •••• MISSOURI ••• NORTH DAKOTA •• SOUTH DAKOTA •• NEBRASKA. KANSAS •• SOUTH • • • 63 62 DELAWARE •• MARyLAND. • • • • • • 4 4 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA. • • • 2 2 WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 1 1 SOUTH CAROLINA. 1 1 GEORGIA •• 3 3 FLORIDA • • 12 11 KENTUCKY ••• TENNESSEE • 2 2 ALABAMA •• 11 11 MISSISSIPPI • • 9 9 ARKANSAS. 4 4 LOUISIANA • OKLAHOMA. 2 2 TEXAS •• 12 12
WEST. 18 18 2 2 MONTANA IDAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO •• IlEW MEXICO ••• ARIZONA •• UTAH. • •• NEVADA •••• WASHINGTON. OREGON •••• CALIFORNIA •• 16 16 ALASKA •••• HAWAII ••• - Represents zero. IThe person enumerated under the category "Rape" was under sentence of death tor sexual batter:l. 2Thc persons enumerated under HAll Other Races'l werti 3 American Indians and 1 Asian,
Capital Punishment 1981 25 Table 12 (1981) Prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race and age-regions and States
ALL RACES WHITE REGION AND STATE 55 55 UNDER 20 TO 25 TO 30 TO 35 TO QO TO YEARS UNDER 20 TO 25 TO 30 TO 35 TO qO TO YEARS ALL 20 2q 29 3q 39 5Q AND MEDIAN ALL 20 2q 29 3q 39 5q AND MEDIAN AGES yEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS yEARS yEARS OVER AGE 'AGES yEARS YEARS YEARS Y~ARS YEARS yEAKS OVEK AbE
UNITED STATES, 228 59 70 q2 25 17 26,6 31 30 27 15 12 27.6 FEDERAL, • STATE, , • 228 13 59 70 q2 25 17 2 26.6 31 30 27 15 12 21.6 NORTHEAST, 5 2 29.8 3 (a) MAINE, •• , , NEW HAMPSHIRE, VERMONT •• , , MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT. NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY • PENNSVLVANI4 5 2 29.8 3 (n) NORTH CENTRAL. 25 2 6 6 3 26.8 7 2 3 OHIO. , • INDIANA, , 5 2 2 23.5 2 ILLItlOIS. " ' 11 2 2 J }3. } 2 MICHIGAN , WISCONSIN. HINNESOTA, IOWA, MISSOURI , 7 25.~ J {u) NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA (a) KANSAS.
SOUTH, , 11 37 qq 21 16 10 26.? "17 ?1 19 9 7 DELAWARE 1 (a) 1 1 2 2 19.8 3 2 ~~~+~~~~ OF'COLUMBIA VIRGINIA , , , 2 J (II : WEST VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA J 22.8 3 2 (a) q SOUTH CAROLINA 2 23.0 7 3 2 :?3 .~ GEORGIA. 1 1 1 1 25.5 2 1 (a) FLORIDA, 7 ij q 1 26.3 12 J 2 n.o KENTUCKY. 2 2 (a) q 2 2 (n) TENNESSEE. , 1 ~ 2 28.0 6 5 28.0 ALABAMA. 3 J 7 29.0 3 (a) MISSISSIPPI. 3 5 1 2~.5 q 1 ( B) ARKANSAS • q 1 3 )0.0 B 2 '0.0 LOUISIANA, OKLAHOMA 2 J 27.8 7 2 1 2 TEXAS, , 5 11 25.3 lq 2 5 q
WEST ••• 16 19 13 27.3 J7 10 11, 29.2 MONTANA. IDAHO, (a) 2 (a) WYOMING, COLORADO , ( a) 1 ( a) NEW MEXICO 1 1 (a) 2 ( 0) ARIZONA. , 3 2 2 27.0 6 2 29.0 UTAH, , • NEVADA , (a) 3 ( al WASHINGTON OREGON. , CALIFORNIA 9 9 5 27.5 23 3 7 7 2 30.3 ALASKA, HA~AII ,
See footnotes at end of tabla.
'j I
26 Capital Punishment 1981 BLACK ALL OTHER RACES 1 REGION AND STATE 55 55 UNDER 20 TO 25 TO JO TO J5 TO qO TO yEARS UNDER 20 TO 2~ TO 30 TO 35 TO 40 TO YEARS ALL 20 ,4 29 Jq J9 5q AND MEDIAN ALL 20 24 29 3q 39 '4 AND HEDIAN AGES YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS OVER AGE AGES yEARS YEARS YEARS n:ARS Y~ARS YEARS OVER AbE
UNITED STATES. 100 5 27 39 15 5 26.0 2 (e ~ FEDERAL. STATE. 100 5 27 39 15 8 5 26.0 2 (a)
NORTHEAST. 2 (a) MAINE ••••• NEW HAMPSHIRE. VERMONT •••• MASSACHUSETTS. RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT. NEW YORK. NEW JERSEy. PENNSyLVANIA 2 (a) NORTH CENTRAL. 17 5 20.8 OHIO •• INDIANA. 3 I 2 ( 0) ILLINOIS. 9 2 2 2 }J .", MICHIGAN • WISCONSIN. MINNESOTA. IOWA. MISSOURI ( e) NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA (0) KANSAS.
SOUTH. 6J 16 25 DELAWARE ~~m~~~ OF' CilLiJMBIA 2 (a) VIRGINIA ••• 2 (a) WEST VIRGINIA. NORTH CAROLINA 1 I ( a) SOUTH CAROLINA I I (a) GEORGI~. J I I (a) FLORIDA •• 12 3 5 2 26.~ KENTUCKY. TENNESSEE. 2 1 1 (a) ALABAMA. 11 2 J 5 28.~ MISSISSIPPI. 9 J 4 2~.~ ARKANSAS • q I 1 (a) LOUISIANA. OKLAHOHA 2 2 (8) TEXAS. 12 2 J 6 2q .5
WEST. 18 7 9 2 25.0 2 (B) MONTANA. IDAHO. WYOMING. COLORADO • NEW MEXICO ARIZONA. (a) (a) UTAH. NEVADA •• (a) WASHINGTON OREGON. CALIFORNIA 16 6 8 25.0 (el ALASKA • HAWAII
- Represents ~erO. (8) Does not meet pUblication standards because medians nre not computed for states having 4 Dr fewer persons received undur sentence of death, lThe persons enumerated under "Alt Other Races" were 3 American Indions ond 1 Asion.
Capital Punishmellt 1981 27 Table 13 (1981) Prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race and highest grade of schooling completed -regions and States
ALL RACES WHITE
REGION AND STATE 7TH 7TH GRADE 9TH TO GRADE 9TH TO OR 8TH 11TH 12Tn ANY NOT RE- OR 8TH 11 TH 12TH ANY NOT RE- TOTAL LESS GRADE GRADE GRADE COLLEGE PORTED TOTAL LESS GRADE GRADE GRADE COL~Eu~ PORTED
UN ITED STATES 228 14 13 66 59 19 57 7 30 36 FEDERAL • STATE •• 228 14 13 66 59 19 57 7 30 J6 29
NORTHEAST 5 2 2 MAINE •••• NEW HAMPSH I RE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY •• PENNsyLVANIA. 5 2 2 NORTH CENTRAL 25 2 11 OHIO ••• INDIANA • 5 2 2 1 ILLINOIS. 11 4 2 2 MICHIGAN. :\ WISCONSIN HINNESOTA IOWA. • • MISSOURI ••• 7 NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. KANSAS ••
SOUTH ••• 141 10 49 42 77 7 24 25 Il 5 DELAWARE. 1 1 1 1 MARYLAND ••••• 7 2 2 3 1 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA •••• 5 WEST VIRGINIA. :1 NORTH CAROLINA. 5 ! 2 3 2 SOUTH CAROLINA. 8 2 1 2 7 2 2 GEORGIA • 5 1 2 2 2 1 FLORIDA •• 24 1 3 11 6 12 6 3 KENTUCKY •• 4 1 2 1 4 2 \ TENNESSEE • 8 1 3 6 2 J ALABAMA •• H q 2 3 1 MISSISSIPPI 13 1 6 2 4 2 ARKANSAS. 12 2 2 8 4 LOUISIANA OKUHOMA. 9 2 5 7 1 TEXAS • 26 10 12 H 5
W~ST ••• 57 2 J7 3 7 MONTANA IDAHO. 2 WYOMING • COLORADO •• 1 1 1 1 NEW MEXICO. 2 1 2 1 ARIZONA •• 8 3 3 6 2 2 UTAH •••• NEVADA ••• 4 WASHINGTON. OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA. 40 40 ALASKA ••• HAWAII ••• Sec footnotes at end ot t(1bLe.
"
28 Capital Punislzmellt 1981 -----~------
BLACK ALL OTHER KACES'
REGION AND STATE 7TH 7TH GRADE 9TH TO GRAD~ 9TH TO OR 8TH 11TH 12TH ANY NOT RE- OR 8TH 11TH 12TH ANY NOT HE- TOTAL LESS GRAUE GRADE GRADE COLLEGE PORTED TOTAL I LESS GRADE GRADE GRAUE COLLEli~ PORTEU
UNITED STATES 100 6 6 36 21 27 2 FEDERAL • STATE • 100 36 21 27 2
NORTHEAST 2 MAINE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETT S RHODE ISLAND. CONNECT! CUT • NEW YORK. • NEW JERSEY. PENNSYLVANIA.
NORTH CENTRAL 17 10 OHIO. INDIANA • 3 ILLINOIS •• 9 6 MICHIC,AN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA. • MISSOURI. NORTH OAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. KANSAS.
SOUTH •••• 63 6 6 16 DELAWARE. MARYLAND. • •••• DISTR leT OF COLUMB IA. VIRGINIA •••• 2 WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 1 SOUTH CAROLINA. 1 GEORGIA • 3 2 1 FLORIDA ••• 12 2 5 KENTUCKY •• TENNESSEE • 2 1 ALABAMA •• 11 ij 6 MISSISSIPPI 9 5 3 ARKANSAS. ij 1 LOUISIANA OKLAHOMA. 2 TEXAS • 12 WEST, •• 18 16 MONTANA. IOAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA • • UTAH. •• NE'/ADA ••• WASHINGTON •• OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA. 16 16 ALA,SKA. HAWAII •••• - RepTcscnts zero. IThe persons enumernted under "All Other Races" we1'0 J American Indinns nnd 1 Asian.
Capital Punishment 1981 29 Table 14 (1981) Prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race and marital status at time of imprisonment -regions and States
ALL RACES WHITE
REGION AND STATE DIVORCED DIVORCED OR NEVER NOT RE- OR NEV!:.K NOT RE- TOTAl. MARRIED SEPARATED WIDOWED IIARR I ED PORTED TOTAL MARRIED SEPARATED WIDOW~D MARRIEU PORTED
UN ITEO STATES 228 66 53 89 17 38 35 10 FEDERAL. STATE •• 228 66 53 89 17 38 35 10 NORTHEAST 5 MAINE ..... NEw HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECT! CUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY •• PENNSyLVANIA. 5
NORTh CENTRAL 25 5 6 '7 ) OHIO ••• INDIANA • 5 2 2 ILLINOIS. 11 2 2 MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA ••• MISSOURI •• , 7 2 2 NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. 2 2 KANSAS ••
SOUTH ••• lql 5q 13 77 25 20 2~ 6 DELAWARE. 1 1 1 1 7 q 3 1 ~~mm' OF CO~UHBiA: VIRGINIA •••• 5 2 3 WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROL INA. 5 2 3 3 1 2 SOUni CAROLINA. 8 2 6 7 2 !> GEORGIA • 5 1 1 2 2 1 FLORIDA •• 2q 8 6 10 12 2 6 KENTUCKy ••• q 2 1 1 q 1 1 TENNESSEE. 8 Q 2 2 6 2 1 ALABAMA •• H 1 1 5 7 3 J MISSISSIPPI 13 3 6 q q 2 1 ARKANSAS. 12 5 5 2 8 5 3 LOUISIANA OKLAHOMA. 9 3 2 J 7 2 1 TEXAS. 26 11 7 8 lQ q 6 WEST ••• 57 19 lq 20 37 lJ 11 MONTANA IDAHO. 2 WYOMING • COLORADO •• 1 1 1 NEW MEXICO. 2 1 2 ARIZONA •• 8 2 3 6 3 2 UTAH •••• NEVADA ••• q 3 3 WASHINGTON. OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA •• QO 8 15 2 23 9 5 2 ALASKA ••• HAllAH ••• See footnotes a t end of table.
30 Capital Punishment 1981 BLACK A~L OTHER RACES I
REGION AND STATE DIVORCED DIVORCED OR NEVER NOT RE- OR NEV~K NOT KE- TOTA~ MARRIED SEPARATED WIDOWED MARRIED PORTED TOTA~ MARRIED SEPARATED WIDOWED MARRI~U PORTEU
UNITED STATES 100 28 17 7 FEDERAL • STATE •• 100 28 17 7 NORTHEAST 2 MAINE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECT! CUT • NEW YORK •• NEW JERSEY. PENNSY~VANIA. 2
NORTH CENTRAL 17 5 2 10 OHIO ••• INDIANA • 3 ILI..INOIS. 9 MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN • MINNESOTA IOWA ••• MISSOURI ••• 2 2 NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA •• KANSAS.
SOUTH ••• 63 16 11 29 7 DELAWARE. ~~mm'OF COL.UMBiA: VIRGINIA •••• 2 WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 1 1 SOUTH CAROLINA. 1 1 GEORGIA • J 2 FLORIDA •• 12 q KENTUCKY ••• TENNESSEE • 2 1 ALABAMA ••• 11 5 q MISSISSIPPI 9 5 3 ARKANSAS. q 2 LOUISIANA OKLAHOMA. 2 1 TEXAS • 12 7
WEST •••• 18 J 9 MONTANA IDAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA • UTAH •• NEVADA ••• WASHINGTON •• OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA. 16 5 8 ALASKA •• f • HAWAII ••••
- Represents zero. IThe persons enumerated under "AU Other flnces" were 3 American IndianIJ and 1 Asian.
Capital Punishment 1981 31 Table 15 (1981) Prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race and legal status at time of capital offense -regions and States
Al.l. RACES
NOT UNDER SENTENCE UNDER SENTENCE REGION AND STATE ESCAPED NO CHARGES CHARGES ON ON FROM NOT TOTAl. PENDING PENDING PROBATION PAROLE PRISON IMPRISONED OTHER' REPORTED
UNITED STATES • 228 95 7 J5 5 6 65 FEDERAL • . STATE •••••• . . 228 95 7 J5 5 6 65 NORTHEAST • • • 5 1 1 2 MAINE • • • •• •• NEW HAMPSHIRE • VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS • RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTI CUT • NEW YORK •••• NEW JERSEy. PENNSyLVANIA •• 5 1 1 1 2 NORTH CENTRAL • • 25 19 J J OHIO. •• t INDIANA •••• 5 5 ILLINOIS ••• 11 6 2 :5 MICHIGAN ••• WISCONSIN • • • MINNESOTA ••• IOWA. • •• • MISSOURI •••• .. 7 7 NORTH DAKOTA. . . SOUTH DAKOTA •• . . NEBRASKA •• 2 KANSAS ••••
SOUTH • • • • • I'll 6'1 9 5 5 2:5 DELAWARE. • • • • • 1 1 MARYLAND, • • • • • •• • 7 J DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.. • VIRGINIA. • • • 5 2 WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROL! NA. 5 J 2 SOUTH CAROL INA. 8 2 1 1 J GEORGIA ••• 5 2 2 1 FLOklDA ••• 2'1 16 7 KENTUCKY. •• 'I :3 TENNESSEE •• 8 7 1 ALABAMA •••• 1'1 6 2 :3 MISSISSIPPI •• • 1:5 1J ARKANSAS. • • 12 7 LOUISIANA • • OKLAHOMA ••• 9 2 2 1 TEXAS , •••• 26 8 18 WEST. • • •• • 57 11 '10 MONTANA •••• IDAHO ••• 2 2 WYOMING '" COLORAOO.. • 1 NEW MEXICO. 2 1 ARIZONA • • • • • 8 'I J UTAH. •• •••• NEVADA •••• WASHINGTON •• OREGON. • • • CALIFORNIA ••• '10 ALASKA ••••• HAWAII. •••
Sec footnotes a t end of table.
32 Capital Punishment 1981 WHITE
NOT UNDER S~NTENCE UNDER SENTENCE REGION AND STATE ESCAPED NO CMARGES CHARGES ON ON FROM NOT TOTAL PENDING PENDING PROBATION PAROLE PRISON IMPRISONED OTHER' REPORTED
UNIT"-: STATES 56 17 39 FEDERAL •••• · . STATE •••• · . . 12~ 56 II 3 17 39 NORTHEAST .,. 3 1 1 1 HAINE ••••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT •••• MASSACHUSETTS • RHODE ISLA:JD •• CONNECTICUT NEW YORK.. • NEW JERSEY •• ..· PENNSYLVANIA •• · 3 1 NORTH CENTRAL • • 7 7 OHIO. • • • INDIANA • • • 2 2 ILLINOIS. • • 2 2 M!CHIGAN ••• WISCONSIN • MINNESOTA • IOWA. •• • MISSOURI. • • • 3 NORTH DAKOTA. • SOUTH DAKOTA.. •• • NEBRASKA. • • • ••• KANSAS. .,. •••
SOUTH • • • • • 77 38 2 2 16 16 DELAWARE •••• 1 1 MARyLAND •• 3 1 DISTRICT OF COLUMBiA: VIRGINIA. • • 2 WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROL! NA. 3 3 SOUTH CAROLINA. 7 2 3 GEORGIA • • • • 2 2 FLORIDA • • • • 12 9 2 KENTUCKy. • •• • It 3 TENNESSEE ••• 6 6 ALABAMA ••• 3 1 MISSISSIPPI • • It II ARKANSAS ••• 8 5 LOUISIANA •• · . OKLAHOMA. • · . 2 2 1 TEXAS. • • · . 11 WEST •••••• 10 23 MONTANA ••• · . . IDAHO. ., 2 2 WYOMING • • , • · COLORADO ••• · ... . 1 NEW MEXICO. 2 1 ARIZONA • 6 II UTAH. • ••• . NEVADA ••••• · . WASHINGTON ••• OREGON. • • • CALIFORNIA ••• · .. 23 2:3 ALASKA. • · . . . HAWAII ••••• · . See footnotes at end of table.
Capital PUllishment 1981 33 TIJble 1S (1981) continued Pll'isoners received from court under sentence of death, b}' race and legal status at time of capital offense -regions and States
BLACK
HOT UNOER SENTENCE UNDER SENTENCE RE6IIlN AND STATE ESCAPED NO CHARGES CHARGES ON ON FROM NOT TOTAL PENDING PENDING PROBATION PAROLE PRISON IMPRISONED OTHER REPURTED
UNITEO STATES 100 JB 9 :3 18 5 2 25 FEDERAL • • STATE •• 100 38 9 :3 1B 5 2 25
NORTHEAST • 2 2 MAINE • • • • NEil HAMPsHlRE • • VERHONT • • • • MASSACHUSETTS aHODE IsLAII:D. • CONNECTICUT • NEil YORK. • • NEil JERSEY •• PENNSYLVANIA. 2 2 NORTH CENTRAL • • • 17 11 3 :3 OHIO. • • · .... INDIANA • • 3 3 ILLINOIS. • 9 II 2 J MICHIIiAN. IIISCONSIN MINNESOTA • · .... IOIrA_ • • • · .... MISSOURI ••• II II NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. KANSAS. •
SOUTH ••• 6J 26 6 2 15 5 2 7 DELAIIARE. · .... MARYLAND. • ...... II 2 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. • • VIR6INIA. • • • • 2 IIEsT VIR6INIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 1 SOUTH CAROLINA. 1 6EOR6IA • 3 2 1 FLORIDA •• 12 7 5 KENt'UCKy. · ...... TENNESSEE • 2 1 ALABAMA • • • • 11 5 :3 MISSISSIPPI • 9 9 ARKANSAS. 2 LOUISIANA OkLAHOMA ••••• 2" 2 TEXAS • ...... 12 5 7 IIEsT ••• IB 1 16 MONTANA • ...... IDAHO • IIYOHIN6 • ...... COLORADO. • • NEil IlEXICO. • • ...... ARIZONA • • • ...... UTAH. • • • .. NEVADA. • • 1 VASHINGTON. • • • OREGON. .. • CALIFOilNIA. 16 16 ALASKA ••••• HAIIAII •••
See .footDotes at. cad of table. A~~ OTHER RACES'
NOT UNDER SENTENCE UNllER SENTENCE REGION AND STATE ESCAPED NO CHARGES CHARGES ON ON FROM NOT TOTAL PENDING PENDING PROBATION PARO~E PRISON IHPRISONED OTHER REPORTED
UNITED STATES
FEDERA~ • STATE •• NORTHEAsT MAINE • • • • ... NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS • RHODE I S~AND • • CONNECTICUT • • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY •• PENNSyLVANIA. • NORTH CENTRAL • OHIO. • , • INDIANA •• I~~INOIS •••••• MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN • MINNESOTA • IOWA ••• MISSOURI. , • NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA •• 1 KANSAS •• SOUTH • • • • DELAWARE. MARYLAND •• DISTRICT OF COLUMBiA: • VIRGINIA. • • • WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. SOUTH CAROLINA. GEORGIA • • • FLORIDA • KENTUCKy •• TENNESSEE •• ALABAMA •• MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS •• LOUISIANA • OK~AHOMA •• TEXAS. WEST ••• 2 MONTANA IDAHO • WYOMING • • COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA •• UTAH ••• , NEVADA •••• WASHINGTON. OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA •• I A~ASKA. • • • ~ HAWAII. • • • : l - Repres(?nts zero. 'The person cQumerated under the category "Under Sentencc-ooOthcrtt wns On work release in Ar1zona.. 2The persons enumerllted under "All Other Races" \Vere 3 Americnn Indians nnd 1 Asian.
Capital Punishment 1981 35 Table 16 (1981) Prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race and prior felony history-regions and States
ALL RACES
REGION AND STATE PRIOK FELONY CONVICTIONS NO PRIOR CKIHINAL NOT FELONY NOT TOTAL TOTAL HDHICIDE OTHER REPORTED CONY I CTl ONS REPORTED -,------·------4------4------_+------4------~------_+------~~------UMITED STATES 228 18 92 23 58 37 FEDERAL • STATE 228 lJ) 18 92 23 58 37
NORTHEAST ,. 5 2 2 3 MAINE • • f' • • NEW HAMPSHIRE • VERMONT • • • • MASSACHUSETTS • RHODE ISLAND. • CONNECT! CUT • • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY ••••• PENNSYLVANIA. • 5 2 2 3
NORTH CENTRAL • • 25 ~6 1 13 2 5 OHIO ••••• INDIANA • • • • 5 2 2 1 2 ILLINoIS. • • • 11 9 6 2 2 MICHIGAN. •• WISCONSIN •• MINNESOTA • • • IOWA. • •• • MISSOURI •••• 7 'I 'I 3 NORTH DAKOTA •• SOUTH DAKOTA. • NEBRASKA •••• 2 1 KANSAS. • • • •
SOUTH • • • • • 91 1'1 60 17 34 16 DELAWARE •••• 1 MARYLAND •• 'I 3 1 2 DISTRICT OF cOLUMBIA: VIRGINIA ••• 5 2 1 WES"r VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 5 II 'I 1 SOUTH CAROLI NA. 8 8 7 1 GEORGIA • • • 5 'I 'I 1 FLORIDA •••• 2'1 1'1 2 12 10 " KENTUCKY •• 'I 'I 1 3 TENNESSEE • . . 8 8 1 6 1 ALABAMA •••• . . 1'1 10 3 6 1 3 MISSISSIPPI • . lJ 1 1 12 ARKANSAS •••• , 12 10 3 7 2 LOUISIANA • • • OKLAHOMA •• 9 7 2 5 2 TEXAS. • •• 26 1'1 1'1 12
WEST. •• • 57 2'1 1 19 16 17 MONTANA •• •• IDAHO. ••• 2 1 " 1 WYOMING • COLORADO •• 1 1 1 NEW MEXICO ••• 2 1 1 1 ARIZONA •• 8 5 'I 3 UTAH. •• • NEVADA •••• 'I 2 2 2 WASHINGTON. • , • OREGON •• , •• CALIFORNIA, •• '10 1'1 1 10 9 17 ALASKA. ••• • . HAWAII ••••• . . See .footnotes at end of table.
36 Capital PlIllishmellf 1981 !lfiITE
REGION AND STATE PRIOR FELONY CONVICTIONS NO PRIOR CKIHINAL NOT FELONY NOT TOTAL TOTAL HOMICIDE OTHER REPORTED CONVICTIONS REPORTED
UNITED STATES 12.11 68 8 49 11 33 23 FEDERAL • STATE • 12.11 66 8 119 11 33 23
NORTHEAST ••• 3 1 1 2. MAINE. , •• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT • • NEW YORK •• NEW JERSEY •• PENNSyLVANIA •• 3 1 2. NORTH CENTRAL • 7 3 2. 3 1 OHIO. .., , INDIANA • • • 2 1 ILLINOIS •••• 2. 1 1 MICHIGAN. • • • WISCONSIN •• MINNESOTA ••• IOWA. •• • MISSOURI ••• 2 NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA, •• KANSAS. • ••
SOUTH • •• • 77 119 6 311 9 18 10 DELAWARE ••• 1 1 MARYLAND •• J 2 1 DISTRICT OF COLUMBiA: VIRGINIA •••• 1 1 1 WEST VIRGINIA NORTH CAROLINA. 3 2 2 1 SOUTH CAROLINA. 7 7 6 GEORGIA ••• 2. 1 1 1 FLORIDA • • • 12. 6 1 5 6 KENTUCKY •• II II 1 3 TENNESSEE 6 6 5 ALABAMA •• 3 1 1 1 1 MISSISSIPPI II ARKANSAS ••• 8 6 5 2 LOUISIANA •• " OKLAHOMA. •• 7 6 2 ! TEXAS •• • 111 7 7 7
WEST •••' 37 15 13 1 10 12 MONTANA IDAHO ., ... 2 1 WYOMING COLORADO. 1 1 1 NEW MEXICO ••• 2 1 1 1 ARIZONA ••• 6 3 3 3 UTAH.. ••• NEVADA ••••• 3 1 2. WASHINGTON •• OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA ••• 23 8 6 1 12 ALASKA •• . . HAWAII. • . See footnotes Ilt end of table.
Capilli! PlIllishll/l!llt 198/ 37 Table 16 (1981) continued Prisoners received from court under sen.ence of death, by race and prior felony history-regions and States
BLACt(
REGION AND STATE PRIO~ FELONY CONVICTIONS NO PRIOR CKIHINAL NOT FEI.ONY NOT TOTAL TOTAL HOHICIDE OTHER REPORTED CONVICTIONS REPORTED
UNITED STATES 100 62 10 11 FEDERAL • • STATE •• 100 62 10 11 NORTHEAST • • • • • • • 2 1 MAINE • • • • • • • • • • NEW HAMPSHIRE • • • • VERMONT • • • • • • • • • • MASSACHUSETTS • • • • • • • RHODE ISLAND •••• , •• CONNECTICUT • • • • • • • NER YORK. • • • • ., •• NEW JERSEY. • ••••• PENNSyLVANIA. • • 2 1
NORTH CENTR~L • • • • • • 17 13 1l OHIO. • •••••••• INDIANA ••••• 3 1 1 2 ILLINOIS. • • • • • • • • • 9 8 6 1 MICHIGAN. • • • • • • • • • HISCONSIN • • • • • • MINNESOTA • • • • • • • • • IOWA. • • • • • • • • • • • MISSOURI ••••••••• 3 J NORTH DAKOTA. • • • • • SOUTH DAKOTA. • • • • • • • NEBRASKA. • • • • • • • 1 KANSAS. • • • • • • • • • • SOUTH • • • • • • • • • • • • 63 8 25 8 16 6 DELAWARE. • • • • • • • • • HARYLAND. •••••••• 2 2 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. • • • VIRGINIA. • • • • • • • • • 2 2 WEST VIRGINIA •••••• NORTH CAROLINA. • • • • • 1 1 1 SOUTH CAROLINA. • • • • • 1 1 1 GEORGIA. • • • •• • 3 3 J FLORIDA ••••••••• 12 8 7 KENTUCKY •••••••••• TENNESSEE • • • • • • • • • 2 2 1 1 ALABAMA • • • • • • • • • 11 9 J 5 2 MISSISSIPPI • • • • • • • 9 1 1 8 ARKANSAS. • • • • • • • • • lj lj 2 2 LOUISIANA • • • • • • • • • OKLAHOMA. • • • • • • • • • 2 1 TEXAS • • • • • • • • • • • 12 7 7 5 wEST. • ••••••••• 18 7 5 2 6 5 MONTANA • • • • • • • • • • IDAHO •••••••••• WYOMING ••••••••• COLORADO. ••••••• NEw MEXICO. • • • • • • • • ARIZONA • • • • • • • • • • 1 UTAH. • • • • • • • • • • • NEVADA. • • • • • • • • • • 8ASHINGTON ••••••••• OREGON. • • • • • • • • • • CALIFORNIA. • • • • • • • • 16 5 6 5 ALASKA ••••••••••• HAWAII •••••••••••
See: lootnotes at. end of table ..
38 Capital Punishment 1981 ALL OTHER RACES'
REGION AND STATE PRIOK FELONY CONVICTIONS NO PRIOR CRIMINAL NOT FELONY NOT TOTAL TOTAL HOMICIDE OTHER REPORTED CONVICTIONS REPORTED
UNITED STATES q 3 2 FEDERAL • STATE • • • q 3 2 NORTHEAST .,. MAINE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS • RHODE ISLAND. CONNECT! CUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY ••• PENNSyLVANIA. • NORTH CENTRAL • OHIO ••• INDIANA • ILLINOIS. MICHIGAN •• WISCONSIN • MINNESOTA IOWA. • • MISSOURI ••• NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA •• NEBRASKA. • KANSAS ••
SOUTH , , • 1 DELAWARE. MARYLAND. • • • , , , DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, VIRGINIA, ••• WEST VIRGINIA , NORTH CAROLINA. SOUTH CAROLINA. GEORGIA • , FLORIDA , , KENTUCKy, ••• TENNESSEE • • • ALABAMA •••• MISSISSIPPI • ARKANSAS •• LOUISIANA • OKLAHOMA •• TEXAS •
WEST •••• 2 2 MONTANA • IDAHO •• WYOMING • COLORADO. • NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA • • UTAH ••••• NEVADA. • •• WASHINGTON •• OREGON •••• CALIFORNIA. ALASKA •••• HAWAII •••• - Represents zero. IThe persons enumerated under ItAll Other Knces" were 3 American Indians and 1 ASian.
Capital Punishment 1981 39 Tables 17 (1981) Prisoners with death sentence removed, bi' race and method of removal -regions and States
ALL RACES
CAPITAL CAPITAL REGION AND STATE SENTENCING SENTENCE SENTENCE PROVISION OF DEATH VACATED AND CON STATE STATUTE OTHER THAN ICONVICTION VICTION TOTAL STRUCK DOWN' EXECUTION EXECUTION' COMIlUTATION' AFFIRMED)' VACATED' OTHER
UNITED STATES 78 8 3 15 36 15 FEDERAL • . . STATE •• . 78 6 J 15 36 15 NORTHEAST •••• 1 1 MAINE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE • VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS • RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT • • NEW YORK. • • • NEW JERSEY ••• PENNsyLVANIA •• 1 NORTH CENTRAL • 2 OHIO.. •• INDIANA • • • • ILLINOIS ••• MICHIGAN •• WISCONSIN MINNESOTA • IOWA •••••• MISSOURI ••• NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. KANSAS. •
SOUTH • • • • • • 58 3 15 25 15 DELAWARE. • • • • MARYLAND. ••••• 1 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA. • • 1 WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 3 2 SOUTH C("ROLINA. 1 1 GEORGIA ••• 1 1 FLORIDA • • • 18 13 3 KENTUCKY ••• TENNESSEE ••• 2 2 ALABAMA • • • • MISSISSIPPI •• ARKANSAS. • 'I 'I LOUISIANA • • 2 2 OKLAHoMA, • • 3 1 2 TEXAS ••• 22 2 1'1 6
WEST. • •• ~ 17 8 9 MONTANA •••• . IDAHO • • • • .. 1 WYOMING 1 COLORADO. • NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA • • • • 3 3 UTAH. •• • 1 1 NEVADA •••• 2 2 WASHINGTON •• 5 5 OREGON. • • • 3 J CALIFORNIA, • ALASKA... •• HAWAII.. • ••• See tootnotea at end of table.
40 Capital PUllishmellf 1981 WHITE
CAPITAL CAPITAL REGION ANO STATE SENTENCING SENTENCE SENTENCE PROVISION OF DEATH VACATED AND CON_ STATE STATUTI: OTHER THAN (CONVICTION VICTION TOTAL STRUCK DO~N' EXECUTION EXECUTION' COMMUTATION' AFFIRMED)' vACATED' OTHER
UN IlED STATES • 8 3 10 22 10 FEDERAL • STATf, •• 5'1 8 10 22 10 NORTHEAST HAINE • • • • NEil HAMPSHIRE VERHONT • • • HASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT • NEil YORK. • • NEil JERSEY. PENNSYLVANIA.
NORTH CENTRAL • 2 OHIO ••• INDIANA • ILLINOIS. MICHIGAN. IIISCONSIN HINNESOTA IOIIA ••• HISSOURI •••• NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. KANSAS. •
SOUTH ••• 36 3 10 13 10 DELAI!ARE. HARYLAND. • • • • • • DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA •• ~EST VIRGINIA • • NORTH CAROLINA. 1 SOUTH CAROLI NA. 1 GEORGIA. •• 1 1 FLORIDA •••• 12 7 3 KENTUCKY. TE"NESSEE • 2 2 ALABAHA > • IUSSISSIPPI ARKANSAS. LOUISIANA OKLAHOMA. 2 1 TEXAS • 16 2 9 5
IIEST ••• 16 8 8 MONTANA IDIIHO • 1 lI'lOMING • 1 COLORAOO. NEI! MEXICO. ARIZONA • 2 2 UTAH. • • • 1 1 NEVADA. • • 2 2 IIASHINGTON. • 5 5 OREGON •••• 3 J CALIFORNIA. • 1 ALASKA. • • • HAl1AII ••• See .footnotes at end ot table ..
Capi({// PlIlli.l'hm£'1II 1981 41 Table 17 (1981) continued Prisoners with death sentence removed, by race and method of removal -regions and States
BLACK
CAPITAL CAPITAL REGION AND STATE SENTENCING SENTENCE SENTENCE PROVISION OF DEATH VACATED AND CON_ STATE STATUTI:. OTHER THAN (CONVICTION VICTION TOTAL STRUCK DO"N EXECUTION EXECUTION COMMUTATION' AFFIRMED)' VACATED' OTHER
UNITED STATES. 5 5 FEDERAL • • STATE ••• 2'1 5 14 5 NORTHEAST • "AINE •••• NEil HAMPSHIRE \fERMONT • • • IIASSACHUSETTS • RHODE ISLAND. • CONNECTICUT • NEil YORK. • • • NEil JERSEY. , PENNSYLVANIA, NORTH CENTRAL • • OHI04- •• INDIANA • ILLINOIS, "ICHI6AN, IIISCONSIN • • MINNESOTA • • 101iA. • • MISSOURI ••• NORTH DAKOTA. • SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. KANSAS ••
SOUTH ••• 22 5 12 5 DELAIIARE. MARYLAND. • • • • • • 1 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VtR6INIA. • • • • 1 WEST VIRGINIA • • NORTH CAROLINA. 2 2 SOUTH CAROLINA. • GEOR6IA • FLORIDA • 6 6 KENTUCKY, TENNESSEE • ALABAMA • • • IHSSISSIPPI •• IIRKANSAS. J :3 LOUISIANA 2 2 OKLAHOMA, 1 TEXAS • • 6 5 lEST •••• 1 MONTANA IDAHO • IIl0MIN6 • COLORADO. • • NED MEXICO ••• ARIZONA • • • • • 1 UTAH. • • • • • NEVADA •••• IIASHIN6TON. • • • OREGON ••••• CALIFORNIA. • • ALASKA ••••• HADAII ••••• See footnotes at end of' table.
42 Capital Punishment 1981 I \ ' ALL OTHER RACES
CAPITAL CAPITAL REGION AND STATE SENTENCINb SENTENCE SENTENCE PROVISION OF DEATH VACATED AND CON STATE STATUTE OTHER THAN (CONVICTION VICTION TOTAL STRUCK DOWN EXECUTION EXECUTION COHMUTATION AFFIRM~D) VACATED OTHER
UNITED STATES FEDERAL • STATE •• NORTHEAST MAINE • • • , , NEW HAMP!>HIRE VERMONT ••• I~ASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY •• PENNSYLVANIA. NORTH CENTRAL OHIO .... INDIANA • ILLINOIS. MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN ~ I MINNESOTA IOWA ••• MISSOURI ••• NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. KANSAS •• SOUTH ••• DELAWAHE. MARYLAND ••••••• DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA. • • • WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. SOUTH CAROLINA. GEORGIA • FLORIDA • KENTUCKY. TENNESSEE ALABAMA •• MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS. LOUISIANA OKLAHOMA. T'!XAS • WEST ••• MONTANA IDAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA ••
WASHINGTON.: : OREGON.~g~DA: • • :::L CALIFORNIA. ALASKA ••• HAWAII. • • ~ __. ..-l ____ --I.. ___ _
Note: This table identifies the legal or other event etfectively terminating the denth sentence. Stntus ns ot reporting date is tndic:lted in Table 18~ - ltepresents z.erO. IPersons 1n this category are subject to further administrative nnd legal steps belore final disposition. This process could reSUlt, for example, in a commutntion at sentence or in the vacation ot sentence with either att'irmati::m or voiding ot conviction (see Footnote 3 tor furthclr discussion). 2The category "Death Other than Execution" includes 3 deaths. Ono in Florida was a suicide and 2 in Texas due to natural CaUS'~s. 3Commutation ottects an immediate change in sentence from death to lite or a term of years. 4Pcrsons whose capital sentence is vacated or whose capital sentence and conviction are vBcated are subject to further legal proceedings (such as resentencing it the conViction has been affirmed or retrial it the sentence and conviction have been vacated) to determine their Ultimate dispOSition. Neither the vacating ot the sentence nor the vacnting ot both sentence and conviction precludes the possibility of reimposition ut the death sentence.
Capital PlIlIi.l'hmellf 1981 43 Table 18 (1981) Prisoners with death sentence removed, by race and current status -regions and States
------~------"------Al.L RACES
SERVING REDUCED S~NTENCE REGION AND STATES ALL FIX~D FIXED FOUND CHARGES TERM OF TERM OF NOT ON CAP STATUS LIFE GREAT~R 20 OR AWAITING A"AITING GUILTY ITAL UNDE IMPRIS THAN 20 FEWER NEW RESEN- IN NEll OFFENSE TER- TOTAL TOTAL oNMENT yEARS YEARS DECEASED' TRIAL TENCI"G TRIAL DROPPED MINEO OTHER ------+-----+----+------~----~------~------r_-----~----_r----_r------+_----+_---
UNITED STATES. 78 50 q 6 9 1 2 FEDERAL. STATE. 78 50 6 9 2 NORTHEAST. • 1 .: MAINE. • • • • :i NEW HAMPSHIRE. -i VERMONT •••• -, MASSACHUS~TTS. • RHODE ISLAND • CONNECT! CUT. • - i NEW YORK • NEW JERSEY •• PENNSYLVANIA • 1 :1 ~I NORTH CENTRAL •• 2 OHIO •• -I INDIANA. ILLINOIS. • • MICHIGAN •• WISCONSIN. ~I IHf' SOUTH. • 58 42 39 6 2 DELAWARE • MARyLAND •••• DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA VIRGINIA • • • WEST VIRGINIA. NORTH CAROLINA J 2 SOUTH CAROLINA 1 GEORGIA. • 1 1 FLORIDA. • • 18 1 2 2 KENTUCKY •• TENNESSEE. • 2 2 ALABAMA. • • MISSISSIPPI •• ARKANSAS • 4 4 LOUISIANA. • 2 1 1 OKLAHOMA :3 1 "1 2 TEXAS. 22 20 18 2 2 WEST ••• 17 to 10 5 2 MONTANA. IDAHO. WYOMING. 1 COLORADO NEW MEXICO ARIZONA. :3 UTAH • 1 NEVADA 2 2 WASHINGTON . . 5 5 5 OREGON •• . . . J CALIFORNIA 1 ALASKA • HAWAII See footnotes at end ot table. 44 Capital Punishment 1981 WHITE 1-----..-----.. _------,----.----.,-----,----,-----,---.,--- SERVING REDUCED S~NTENCE REGION AND STATES ALL FIX~D FIXED FOUND CHARCJES TERM OF TERM OF NOT ON CAP STATUS LIFE GREATE.R 20 OR AWAITING AWAITING GUILTY ITAL UNDE IMPRIS THAN 20 FEWER NEW RESEN·· IN NEW OFFENSE TER- TOTAL TOTAL oNMENT yEAHS YEARS DECEASEDl TRIAL TENCINCJ TRIAL DROPPED MINED OTHER UNITED STATES. 35 J2 :s :s 7 2 2 FEDERAL. STATE. 54 32 7 2 2 NORTHEAsT. • MAINE ••••• NEW HAMPSHIRE.. VERMONT •••• MASSACHUSETTS. RHODE ISLAND • CONNECT! CUT. NEW YORK. • NEW JERSEY • PENNSyLVANIA NORTH CENTRAL. 2 OHIO INDIANA. ILLINOIS MICHIGAN WISCONSIN. MINNESOTA. IOWA •• MISSOURI • NORTH DAKOTA • SOUTH OAKOTA NEBRASKA KANSAS SOUTH ••• 36 25 23 2 3 2 2 DELAWARE MARYLAND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA • VIRGINIA • • • WEST VIRGINIA. NORTH CAROLINA 1 SOUTH CAROLINA 1 GEORGIA. 1 FLORIDA. 12 8 8 2 KENTUCKy TENNESSEE. • 2 2 ALABAMA. • MISSISSIPPI •• ARKANSAS • LOUISIANA. • OKLAHOMA 2 1 TEXAS. 16 12 2 2 WEST 16 9 5 2 MONTANA. IDAHO. WYOMING. COLORADO NEW MEXICO ARIZONA. 2 2 2 UTAH 1 NEVADA 2 2 WASHINGTON 5 5 5 OREGON 3 3 CALIFORNIA 1 ALASKA HAWAII Sec tootnotes ut end Qt table. Capital PlIl/ishll/eJ/l J9RJ 45 Table 18 (1981) continued Prisoners with death sentence removed, by race and current status -regions and States BI.ACK SERVING REDUCED S~NTENCE REGION AND STATES Al.I. FIXED FIXED FOUND CHARGES TERM OF TERM OF NOT ON CAP STATUS LIFE GREATI:.R 20 OR AWAITING AWAITING ~UILTY ITAL UNDE IMPRIS THAN 20 FEWER NEW RESEN- IN NEW OFFENSE TER- TOTAL TOTAl. ONMENT YEAKS YEARS DECEASED TRIAL TENCING TRIAL DROPPED MINED OTHER UNITED STATES. 19 18 2 FEDERAL. • STATE. " 2'1 19 18 2 NORTHEAST. MAINE. • • • • NEW HAHP~HIRE •• VERMONT •••• MASSACHUSETTS. RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT. NEW YORK • NEW JERSEY • PENNSYLVANIA • NORTH CENTRAL. OHIO. •• INDIANA. ILLINOIS • MICHIGAN • WISCONSIN. MINNESOTA. IOWA. • MISSOURI NORTH DAKOTA • SOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA KANSAS • SOUTH •• 22 17 16 2 DELAWARE MARYLAND • • • • • • DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA VIRGINIA • • • WEST VIRGINIA. NORTH CAROLlNA 2 SOUTH CAROLINA GEORGIA •• FLORIDA. •• 6 5 5 KENTUCKY • • TENNESSEE. ALABAMA. MISSISSIPPI. ARKANSAS • J J J LOUISIANA. 2 1 1 OKLAHOMA 1 TEXAS. • 6 6 6 WEST •• MONTANA. • IDAHO. WYOMING •• COLORADO • NEW MEXICO • • ARIZONA. • UTAH •• NEVADA • • • • IIASHINGTON • • OREGON • • CALIFORNIA • ALASKA •• HAllAH •• See Cootnotes At cnd ot tdble. 46 Capital Punishment 1981 ALL OTHER RACES SERVING AED~CED S~NTENCE REGION AND STATES ALL FIXt:.D FIXED FOUND CHAR tiES TERM DF TERM OF NOT ON cAP- STATUS LIFE GREATER 20 OR AWAITING AWAITING ~UILTY !TAL UNDE- IMPRIS- THAN 20 FEWER NEW RES EN- IN NEW OFFENSE TER- TOTAL 1'0TAL ONM5NT Y.EAHS YEARS DECEASED TRIAL TENCING TRIAL DROPPED MINED OTHER UNITED STATES. FEDERAL •• STATE ••• NDRTHEAST. MAINE. • • • • NEW HAMPSHIRE. VERMONT ••••• MASSACHUSETTS •• RHOOE ISLAND CONNECTICUT. NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY •• PENNSYLVANIA • NORTH CENTRAL. • OHIO • • • INDIANA •• ILLINOIS • MICHIGAN • WISCONSIN. MINNESOTA. IOWA • • • MISSOURI •• NORTH DAKOTA • SOUTH DAKOTA • NEBRASKA KANSAS • SOUTH ••• DELAWARE MARYLAND • • • • • • • DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA • VIRGINIA • • • WEST VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA SOUTH CAROLINA GEORGIA •• FLORIDA. • KENTUCKy • TENNESSEE. ALABAMA. • • MISSISSIPPI. ARKANSAS • LOUISIANA. OKLAHOMA • TEXAS •• WEST • • • MONTANA. IDAHO •• WYOMING. COLORADO • NEW MEXICO ARIZONA. • UTAH • • • NEVADA •• WASHINGTON OREGON •• CALIFORNIA ALASKA •• HAWAII •• Note:. This table identities the status at persons removed trom death row during the year as of reporting date. Disposition is nnlil only for those who nre serving redu~ed sentences, are deceased, have becn found not guilty, or who have had all charges on the capital oUense drupped. Persons in each of the otheJ" categor1es are Bub.lect to fUrthor legal proceedings prior to tinal dlsposl ticn. - Represcntll zero. IThe category IIDecaosed" includes 4 deaths. Olle death by execution (Indiana~ one by nuicide (Florida) and 2 dUe to natural causes (Texas). Capital Punishment 1981 47 Table 19 (1981) Prisoners with death sentence removed, by race and number of months from sentencing to disposition-regions and States AI.L RACES r------r------r------.------.------.------.------,------REGION AND STATE UNDER 12 12 TO 23 24 TO 35 :36 TO 47 q8 TO 71 72 MONTHS MEDIAN TOTAL MONTHS MONTHS MONTHS MONTHS HONTMS AND OV~R MONTHS UNITED STATES 18 :31 15 12 2 :33 FEDERAL , , , STATE , , , , 14 31 15 12 2 31 NORTHEAST , , 7~ I 1 MAINE , , , , , NEW HA"'-~"RE , VERHO! d , , , · . . MASSAIHUSETTS , RHODE> ISLAND, CONNECT I CUT , , ~I NEW YORK, , NEW JERSEY, , PENNSyLVANIA, • , 1 (B) NORTH CENTRAL , • 2 (u) OHIO, ••• , • INDIANA , (o) ILLINOIS. • • (B) MICHIGAN ••• , WISCONSIN • , • ·, " MINNESOTA •• IOWA •••• MISSOURI ••• NORTH DAKOTA, SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. , , , . . KANSAS. .,. . SOUTH • • • • • • 58 2 8 19 15 12 2 l6 DELAWARE ••• · . MARYLAND. • ••••• (~) DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA, , • , (u) WEST VIRGINIA • • NORTH CAROLINA. , 3 2 (B) SOUTH CAROLINA. 1 1 (e) GEORGIA ,. 1 1 (B) FLORIDA , 18 6 6 5 40 KENTUCKY. •• TENNlOsSEE 2 (B) ALABAMA , •• MISSISSIPPI , • ARKANSAS. • 4 2 1 (B) LOUISIANA •• 2 1 (B) OKLAHOMA •••• 3 2 (B) TEXAS •• 22 2 8 5 6 :3B WEST. •• , •• 17 2 4 11 29 MONTANA , • • • • IDAHO " (B) WYOMING • , , , (B) COLORADO ••• NEW MEXICO, • ARIZONA ••• 3 2 (e) UTAH.. • • 1 1 (B) NEVADA. •• • 2 2 (B) WASHINGTON. 5 4 31 OREGON •••• . 3 (B) CALIFORNIA •• 1 (e) ALASKA. • , • • .. HAWAII •• ~ I See footnotes at end ot table. 48 Capilli I PilI/ishII/em 1981 IIHITE REGION AND STATE UNDER 12 12 TO 23 2q TO 35 '6 1'0 q7 q8 TO 71 72 MONTHS M~DIAN TOTAL MONTHS MONiHs MONTHS MONTHS MONTIlS AND OV~R MONTHS ~."~--"--I--~~-- UNITED STATES Sq 6 26 7 10 2 FEDERAL • " STATE • 6 26 7 10 2 NORTHEAST , MAINE ••• , • NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS • RHODE ISLAND. CONNECT! CUT • NEW YORK •••• NEW JERSEY ••• PENNSyLVANIA. NORTH CENTRAL • 2 OHIO ••• INDIANA • ILLINOIS. MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA ••• MISSOURI. • • NORTH DAKOTA •• SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. I KANSAS •• ~ SOUTH • • • 36 2 1q 7 10 2 ',. DELAWARE. DISTRICTMARYLAND ••OF C'OL'UH'BI'A.' VIRGINIA •••• WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 1 SOUTH CAROLINA. 1 GEORGIA • 1 1 FLORIDA • • 12 5 2 5 KENTUCKY •• TENNESSEE • 2 ALABAHA •• "ll MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS. • 1 LOUISIANA • OKLAHOMA. 2 TEXAS • 16 6 ~ I q WEST ••• 16 2 11 MONTANA IDAHO • 1 WYOMING • COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA • • • • 2 2 (Ill UTAH •••• 1 1 (a) NEVADA •••• 2 2 (II) WASHINGTON. 5 q }! OREGON. • • 3 2 (ul CALIFORNIA ••• 1 (u) ALASKA. • • HAWAII. See footnotes a.t end Qt table. Capital Plil/ishmel/t 1981 49 ------~------~-.----- Table 19 (1981) continued Prisoners with death sentence removed, by race and number of months from sentencing to disposition-regions and States BLACK REGION AND STATE UNDER 12 12 TO 23 qa TO 71 72 MON1HS MEDIAN TOTAL MONTHS MONTHs MoNlHS AND OV.ER MONTHS UNITED STATES • a 5 B 2 )0 FEDERAL • STATE • 8 5 8 2 30 NORTHEAST (a) MAINE ••••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS • RHODE ISLAND. • CONNECTICUT • NEW YORK ••• :. NEW JERSEY •• PENNSYLVANIA. (a) NORTH CENTRAL • OHIO •••• INDIANA • ILLINOIS. MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN • MINNESOTA • IOW,4. •••• , MISSOURI ••• NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA •• KANSAS. " • SOUTH • , • 22 6 5 8 2 31 !lELAWARE. M.~t~';'""(L,'ND. • • e • • • (e) DISTRIvT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA •••• (e) WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 2 (a) SOUTH CAROLINA. GEORGIA • FLORIDA • • • • 6 39 KENTUCKy •• TENNESSEE ••• ALABAMA •• MISSISSIPPI • ARKANSAS. ) 2 (a) LOUISIANA 2 (a) OKLAHOMA. 1 (a) TEXAS • 6 2 2 :II WEST ••• (0) MONTANA IDAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA •• (a) UTAH. •• NEVADA ••• WASHINGTON. OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA •• ALASKA. • HAWAII ••• See footnotes at end of table. 50 Capital PUllishmelll 198! ALL OTHER RACES REGION AND STATE UNDER 12 12 TO 23 2'1 TO 35 36 TO '17 qll TO 71 72 I'II1NTHS HEDIAN TOTAL MONTHS MONTHS MONTMS MONTHS MONTHS AND DV!:.R HONTHS UNITED STATES FEDERAL • STATE •• NORTHEAST MAINE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE • VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECT! CUT • NEW YORI< ••• . ~ I NEW JERSEY ••• PENNSyLVANIA •• NORTH CENTRAL • OHIO ••• INDIANA •• ILLINOIS. • MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA •••• MISSOURI ••• NORTM DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. KANSAS ••• SOUTH •••• DELAWARE. MARyLAND. • • • • • • DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA. • • • WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. SOUTH CAROLINA. G~ORGIA •• FLORIDA • KENTUCKY. TENNESSEE ALABAMA ••• MISSISSIPPI • ARKANSAS. • LOUISIANA • OKLAHOMA. • TEXAS • WEST ••• MONTANA IDAHO •• WYOMING • COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA •• UTAH. • • • • NEVADA ••• WASHINGTON. • OREGON •••• CALIFORNIA •• ALASKA ••• HAWAII ••• - Represents zero. (D) Does not meet publication standards because medians are not computed for states having 4 or fewer persons rcIWvcd .era.. under sente~ce or death. ClIpiwl Punishment 1981 51 Table 20 (1981) Prisoners with death sentence removed, by race and offense-regions and States ALL KACES WHITE REGION AND STATE ALL KIDNAP_ ALL KIDNAP- OFFENSES MURDER RAPE ING OTHER OFFENSES MURDER RAPE ING OTHER UNITED STATES 78 78 5~ 54 FEDERAL • STATE •• 78 78 54 54 NORTHEAST MAINE •••• NE~ HAMPSHIHE VERMONT • • • HASSACHUSE.TTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY •• PENNSYLVANIA. NORTH CENTRAL 2 2 2 2 OHIO ••• INDIANA • ILt.INOIS. MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA ••• MISSOURI •• NORTH DAKOTA.. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. KANSAS •• SOUTH •••• 58 58 36 36 DELAWARE. • MARYLAND. • ..... DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA •••• WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 3 3 1 1 SOUTH CAROLINA. 1 1 1 1 GEORGIA • 1 1 1 1 FLORIDA • • 18 18 12 12 KENTUCKY ••• TENNESSEE •• 2 2 2 2 ALABAMA ••• MISSISSIPPI •• ARKANSAS. 4 LOUISIANA 2 2 OKLAHOMA. "J 3 2 2 TEXAS •• 22 22 16 16 WEST ••• 17 17 16 16 MONTANA IDAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO •• ARIZONA • • • J J 2 2 UTAH •••• ., 1 1 1 1 NEVADA ••• 2 2 2 2 WASHINGTON •• 5 5 5 5 OREGON ••• 3 3 J 3 CALIFORNIA. 1 1 1 1 ALASKA ••• HAWAII •••• See footnote at e,1l,d of tnblcw 52 Capital Punisizmellf /98/ BLACK ALL OTHER RACES REGION ANO STATE ALL KIDNAP ALL KIDNAP OFFENSES MURDER RAPE ING OTHER OFFENSES HUKDER RAPE ING OTHER UNITED STATES 2'1 FEDERAL .•• STATE •• 2'1 2'1 NORTHEAST • MAINE • • • • NEU HAMPSHIRE • • VERMONT • • • \ MASSACHUSETTS • • RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT • NEW YORK. • • • • NEll JERSEY •• PENNSYLVANIA •• 1 NORTH CENTRAL • OHIO. , •• INDIANA ••• ILLINOIS. IUCIlIGAN, WISCONSIN , l'IINNESOTA lallA. , , MISSOURI •• , NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. KANSAS. • SOUTH •••• 22 22 DELAIiARE. MARYLAND. • • • • • • • 1 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA. • • • • IIEST VIRGINIA • • NORTH CAROLINA. 2 2 SOUTH CAROLINA. GEORGIA • FLORIDA. 6 6 KENTUCKY. TENNESSEE ALABAMA • • IUSSISSIPPI ARKANSAS. • 3 J LOUISIANA 2 2 OKLAHOMA, , 1 1 TEXAS , 6 6 IIEST ••• 1 MONTANA , • mllHO , IIYOIIING , COLORADO, , NEll MEXICO, ARIZONA • , 1 UTAH. • , , NEVADA, , , IIASHIHGTON. , , • OREGON •• , CALIFORNIA. , ALASKA. , • HAllA II , • , -.. Rcoresents zero. Capital Punishment 1981 53 Table 21 (1981) Prisclners with death sentence removed, by ralce and age at disposition -re{lions and States ALL RACES WHITE REGION AND STATE UNDER 2U TO 25 TO 30 TO 35 TO qO TO UNDER 20 TO 25 TO 30 TO 35 TO qo TU ALL 20 2q 29 3q 39 5q 55 YEARS ALL 20 2q 29 3q 39 5q 55 YEARS AGES YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS AND OVER AGES yEARS YEARS yEARS YEAKS YEARS YEAK~ AND OVER UNITED STATES. 78 17 25 20 5q 17 17 6 FEDERAL •• STATE ••• 78 25 20 2 Sq 9 17 17 6 ! NORTHEAST. MAINE ••••• NEW llAMPSHIRE. VERMONT •••• MASS.ACHUSE TTS. RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT. NEW YORK •• NEW ,JERSEY • PENNSYLVANIA NOR TH CENTRAL. 2 OHIO ••• INDIANA. ILLINOIS. MICHIGAN • WISCONSIN. MINNESOTA. IOWA •• MISSOURI •• NOR TIl DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA KANSAS • SOUTH, •• 58 11 20 6 5 2 36 13 12 OELAIYARE ~~~~~~~~ OF' cOLimB Ii. VIRGINIA ••• WEST ~IRGINIA. NORTH CAROLINA 3 2 I 1 SOUTH CAROLINA 1 I I 1 GEORGIA •• 1 1 I 1 FLORIDA •• 18 3 J 5 12 2 KENTUCKY. TENNESSEE •• 2 ALABAMA ••• MISSISSIPPI. ARKANSAS • q LOUISIANA. 2 OKLAHOMA 3 2 2 1 TEXAS •• 22 5 7 16 2 7 WEST ••• 17 6 16 5 2 MONTANA. IDAHO •• WYOMING. COLORADO • NEW MEXICO ARIZONA •• J 2 2 UTAH ••• 1 1 NEVADA •• 2 2 WASHINGTON 5 2 5 2 2 OREGON •• J 1 3 2 1 CALIFORNIA 1 I ALASKA •• HAWAII •• 54 Capital PUllishmellf 198/ BLACK ALL OTHER RACES REGION AND S,ATE UNDER 20 TO 25 TO 30 TO 35 TO qO TO UNDER 20 TO 25 TO 30 TO 35 TO qO TU ALL 20 2q 29 3q 39 5q 55 YEARS ALL 20 2q 29 3q 39 ~q 55 YEARS AGES YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS AND OVER AGES YEARS YEARS Y~ARS YEARS Y~ARS YEARS ANU OVER UNrTEO STATES. 8 2 2 F~DERAL. STATE. 8 , NORTHEAST. MAINE ••••• NEW HAMPSHIRE. VERMONT •••• MASSACHUSETTS. RHODE ISLAND CONNECT! CUT. NEW YORK • NEW JERSEY • PENNSYLVANIA NORTH CENTRAL. OHIO • INDIANA. ILLINOIS. MICHIGAN • WISCONSIN. MINNESOTA. IOWA ••• MISSOURI • NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA KANSAS. SOUTH. 22 8 7 2 DELAMRE ~1~i~1~~ OF'COLUMBIA VIRGINIA ••• WEST VIRGINIA. NORTH CAROLINA 2 SOUTH CAROLINA .' GEORGIA. FLORIDA. • KENTUCKY • TENNESSEE. ALABAMA. MISSISSIPPI. ARKANSAS • 3 LOUISIANA. 2 OKLAHOMA 1 1 TEXAS. 6 3 WEST. MONTANA. IDAHO. WYOMING. COLORADO • NEW MEXICO ARIZONA. UTAH. NEVADA. WASHINGTON OREGON. CALIFORNIA ALASKA • HA~AII - Rcpr('sl'nts zero. Capital PUllishmellT 1981 55 Table 22 (1981) Prisoners with death sentence removed, by raC6 and highest grade of schooling ~ompleted-regions and States ALL RACES WHITE REGION AND STATE 7TH 7TH GRADE 9TH TO GRADE 9TH TO OR 8TH 11 TH 12TH MIY NOT RE- OR 8TH 11TH 12TH ANY NOT RE- TOTAL LESS GRADE GRADE GRADE COLLEGE PORTED TOTAL LESS GRADE GRADE GRAUE COLLEtit. PORTED UNITED STATES 78 7 25 10 17 17 F~DERAL • STATE •• 78 26 25 10 5q 5 3 17 17 NORTHEAST MAINE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY •• PENNSYLVAN I A. NORTH CENTRAL 2 2 OHIO ••• INDIANA • ILLINOIS. MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA ••• MISSOURI ••• NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. KANSAS. SOUTH ••• 58 6 18 18 36 10 11 DELAWARE. MARYLAND ••••••• DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA •••• WEST VIRGINIA. NORTH CAROLI NA. )" 1 SOUTH CAROLINA. 1 - I 1 GEORGIA • ~ I 1 1 FLORIDA • • 18 7 5 1 12 J KENTUCKY •• TEtlNESSEE • 2 ALABAMA ••• MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS. q 1 2 LOUISIANA ~I 2 1 OKLAHOMA. J 1 2 1 1 TEXAS • 22 3 7 16 2 5 6 WEST •• 17 7 16 5 6 2 MONTANA LDAHO • WYO"lING • COLORACO •• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA •• :I 2 UTAH •••• 1 1 NEVADA •• , 2 1 2 1 WASHINGTO~ •• 5 2 2 5 2 2 OREGON ••• J 2 1 J 2 1 CALIFORNIA. 1 1 ALASKA •••• HAWAII ••• :1 See footnote at end of table. 56 Capital Punishment 1981 BLACK ALL OTHER RACES !lEGlnN AND STATE 7TH 7TH GRADE 9TH TO GRADE 9TH TO OR 8TH 11 TH 12TH ANY NOT R~- OR 8TH l~TH 12TH ANY NOT RE- TOTAL LESS GRAUE GRADE GRADE COLLEGE PORTED TOTAL LESS GRADE GRADE GRAUE COl LEGI:. PORTFD UNITED STATES 2 FEDERAL • ) STATE • 2q 2 9 } NORTHEAST MAINE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT •••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE I SLANU. CONN~CTI CUT • NEW YORK •• NEW JERSEY ••• PENNSyLVANIA. ~ORTti CENTRAL OHIO ••• INDIANA • ILLH,OIS. MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA ••• MISSOURI. NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. KANSAS. SOIJTH ••• 22 2 7 3, DELAWARE. MARYLAl'lD. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA •••• WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. SOUTH CAROL INA. GEORGIA • FLORIDA • 6 2 KENTUCKy •• TENNESSEE • ~LABAMA •• MIS~ISSIPPI ARKANSAS. 3 2 LOUISIANA 2 OKLAHOMA. 1 TEXAS • 6 2 WEST •• MONTANA IDAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO ••• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA. UTAH. •• NEVADA ••• WASHINGTON. OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA. ALASKA •••• HAWAII. '- - Repr('sen t!l zero. Capita! Punishment 1981 57 Table 23 (1981) Prisoners with death sentence removed, by race and marital status at time of imprisonment-regions and States ALL RACES WHITE REGION AND STATE DIVORCED DIVORCED OR NEVER NOT RE- OR NEVER NOT RE- TOTAL HARRIED SEpARATED WIDOWED MARRIED PORTED TOTAL MARRIED SEPARATED WIDOWED MARRIED PORTED UNlTEll STATES 78 J2 16 25 5 22 IJ 16 FEDERAL • ~I STATE •• 76 J2 16 25 5 22 IJ 16 NORTHEAST MAINE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS • RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY. PENNSyLVANIA. NORTH CENTRAL 2 OHIO. • • • INDIANA • ILLINOIS. MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA ••• MIS$OURI ••• NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA •• KANSAS •• 'j SOUTH ••• 56 26 12 17 16 9 10 DELAWARE. :1 MARYLAND ••••••• DISTRICT OF CO~UMBIA. ,I VIRGINIA •••• WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. J 2 1 1 SOUTH CMOLINA. 1 1 1 1 GEORGIA • 1 1 1 1 FLORIDA •• 16 7 5 5 12 5 J KENTUCKy •• TENNESSEE • 2 ALAt:!AMA • , • MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS. q 1 LOUISIANA 2 1 OKLAHOMA. J 2 2 1 TEXAS • 22 6 6 2 16 5 5 WEST. 17 5 2 16 5 MONTANA IDAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA •• J 2 2 UTAH •••• 1 1 1 NEVADA ••• 2 2 1 WASHINGTON. 5 1 5 2 OREGON ••• J J J CALIFORNIA. 1 1 ALASKA ••• HAWAII ••• - I ~I SPO f()[)tnote at end of tnhle. 58 Capital PUflishmelll /981 BLACK ALL OTHER HACES REGION AND STATE DIVORCED DIVORCED OR NEVER NOT RE- OR NEVEII NOT RE- TOTAL MARRIED SepARATED WIDOWED MARRIED PORTED TOTAL MARRIED SEPARATED WIDOWeD HARRIEU PORTEU UNITED STATES 10 9 FEDERAL • STATE •• 10 3 9 NORTHEAST MAINE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT. NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY •• PENNSYLVAN I A. NORTH CENTRAL OHIO ••• INDIANA. ILLINoIS. MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA • IOWA ••• MISSOURI ••• NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKUTA. NEBRASKA. KANSAS •• SOUTH ••• 22 10 J 2 DELAWARE. MARYLAND ••••••• DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA •••• ~I WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 2 SOUTH CAROLINA. GEORGIA • FLORIDA •• 6 2 KENTUCKY ••• TENNESSEE •• ALABAMA •• MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS •• 3 J l~UISIANA 0 2 OKLAHOMA. 1 TEXAS • 6 WEST ••• MONTANA IDAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA •• UTAH ••••• NEVADA ••• WASHINGTON. OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA. ALASKA ••• HAWAII •••• - RcprC'J;cn ts zero. Capital Punishment 1981 59 Table 24 (1981) Prisoners with death sentence removed, by race and legal status at time of capital offense-regions and States ALL RACES NOT UNDER S~NTENCE UNDEII SENTENCE REGION AND STATE ESCAPED NO CHARGES CHARGES ON ON FROM NOT TOTAL PENDING PENDING PRODATION PAROLE PRISON IMPRISONED OTHER REPORTED UNITED STATES 78 ~7 2 8 2 FEDERAL • STATE •• 78 2 8 2 1'1 NORTHEAST MAIt-iE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY. PENNSyLVANIA. NORTH CENTRAL • • 2 2 OHIO ••• INDIANA • ILLINOIS. MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA ~ I IOWA ••• MISSOURI •• NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. • NEBRASKA. KANSAS •• SOUTH ••• 58 35 2 I> 1 2 1::1 DELAWARE. MARyLAND. • • • • • • DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA •••• WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. :l J SOUTH CAROLINA. 1 1 GEORGIA • 1 1 FLORIDA • • 18 11 2 2 KENTUCKY ••• TENNESSEE • 2 2 ALABAMA •• MISSISS!PPI • ARKANSAS. q J 1 LOUISIANA 2 1 1 OKLAHOMA. J 2 1 TEXAS • 22 10 2 9 WEST, • , 17 10 2 2 1 MONTANA IDAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO. • NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA •• :5 2 UTAH. It •• 1 NEVADA ••• 2 2 WASHINGTON. 5 q OREGON. • • • • :5 2 CALIFORNIA. 1 ALASKA ••• HAWAII ••• See footnote at ~"d of tnble. 60 Capilal PUIl;slllnelIl 1981 ------_____~'fii~ ___ _ IIHITE NOT UNDER S~NTEt~CE UNDER SENTENCE REGION AND STATE ESCAPED NO CHARGES CHARGES ON ON FROH NOT TOTAL PENDING PENDING PROBATION PAROLE PRISON IMPRISONED OTHER REPORTED UNITED STATES • 35 2 1 q 1 2 9 FEDERAL • STATE •• 35 2 2 9 NORTHEAST " MAINE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS , RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT , , NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY ••• PE,msyLVANIA •• 'I NORTH CENTRAL • 2 2 OHIO ••• INDIANA •• ILLINOIS. MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN • MINNESOTA , • IOWA ••• MISSOURI. ••• NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. KANSAS •• SOUTH • • • • 36 23 2 3 8 DELAWARE. MARYLAND. • DISTRICT OF COLUMBiA: VIRGINIA. • • • WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 1 1 SOUTH CAR(JL I NA. 1 1 GEORGIA • • • • 1 1 FLORIDA •• 12 7 2 2 KENTUCKy •• TENNESSEE •• 2 2 ALABAMA ••• , MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS, LOUISIANA OKLAHOMA. 2 1 1 TEXAS • 16 9 5 WEST. 16 10 2 1 MONTANA IDAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO ••• ARIZONA •• 2 UTAH •••• 1 NEVADA ••• 2 2 WASHINGTON. 5 q OkEGON ••• 3 2 CALIFORNIA. 1 ALASKA ••• HAWAII ••••• Se~ footnoto at end of tnble~ Capital PlIlli.l'hmelll 1981 61 Table 24 (1981) continued Prisoners with death sentence removed, by race and legal status at time of capital offense-regions and States BLACK NOT UNDER S~NTENCE UNDER sENTENCE REGION AND STATE ESCAPED NO CHARGES cHARGES ON ON FROM NOT TOTAL PENDING PENDING PROBATION PAROLE PRISON IMPRISONED OTHER REPORTED UN ITED STArES 12 2 5 FEDERAL • STATE ••• 2q 12 2 5 NOPlTHIOAST MAINE • • • IJ • NEW HAMpsHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS • RHODE ISLAND. CONNECT! CUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY •• PENNSyLVANIA. NORTH CENTRAL • OHIO ••• INDIANA • I, ILLINOIS, MICHIGAN •• WISCONSIN • MINNESOTA IOWA ••• MISSOURI ••• NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. KANSAS •• SOUTH •••• 22 12 2 DELAWARE. MARyLAND. • • • • • • DISTRICT O~ COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA. • • • WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 2 2 SOUTH CAROLINA. GEORGIA • FLORIDA •• 6 KENTUCKY ••• TENNESSEE • ALABAMA •• MISSISSlI'PI ARKANSAS. • , • :3 ? LOUISIANA 2 1 OKLAHOMA. 1 1 TEXAS • 6 1 WEST ••• MONTANA IDAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO ••• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA • • UTAH •••• NEVADA. • • WASHINGTON. OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA. ALASKA ••• HAWAII. • • See :footnote at ~nd of table. 62 Capital Punishment 1981 ALI. OTHER RACES NOT UNDER SENTENCE UNDER SENTENCE REGION AND STATE ESCAPEO NO CHARGES CHARGES ON ON FROM NOT TOTAL PENDING PENDING PROBATION PAROLE PRISON IMPRISONED OTHER REPORTED UN !TED STATES FEDERAL •• STATE •• NORTHEAST • MAINE n , • • • NEW HAI'PS}lIRE • VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS • RHODE ISLAND. • CONNECT! CUT • , NEW YORK •••• NEW JERSEY ••• PENNSyLVANIA. NORTH CENTRAL • OHIO. • • INDIANA • ILI.INOIS •• MICHIGAN •• WISCONSIN MINNESOTA • IOWA. • • MISSOURI, •• NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. KANSAS ••• SOUTH • • • , DELAWARE. MARyLAND. • DISTRICT OF COLUMBiA: VIRGINIA. • • • WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROI.INA. SOUTH CAROI.I NA • GEORGIA •• FLORIDA • • KENTUCKY •••• TeNNESSEE • . , ALABAMA ••• MISSISSIPPI • ARKANSAS. LOUISIAIJA OKLAHOMA. • TEXAS • WEST •••• MONTANA • IDAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO. • ARIZONA • • UTAH. • • • • NEVADA ••• WASHINGTON. • OREGON •••• CALIFORNIA •• ALASKIi •••• HAWAII ••• - Represents zero. Capilall'lIIli.lhl//C'l/l IWi I 6J = Table 25 (1981) Prisoners with death sentence removed, by race and prior felony history -regions and States ALL RACES REGION AND STATE PRIOK FELONY CONVICTIONS NO PRIOR CI\IMINAL NOT FELONY NOT TOTAL TOTAL HOMICIDE OTHER REPORTED CONVICTIONS REPORTED ----,------~----_+------+----·--+_--~---~I--·------_+------_r------UNITED STATES 78 10 J5 21 11 FEDERAL STATE • 78 10 J5 21 11 NORTHEAST • • 1 MAINE • • •• • NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT • •• • MASSACHUSETTS • RHODE ISLAND. , • CONNECTICUT • NEW YORK, , NEW JERSEY,. •• PENNsyLVANIA, 1 NORTH CENTRAL • 2 OHIO. • • INDIANA •• , ILLINOIS, MICHIGilN, • WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA. • , MISSOURI. :1 NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA •• ~ I NEBRASKA •• KANSAS. •• SOUTH , , , , 58 JJ 6 27 11 DELAWARE. MARYLAND, • DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: VIRGINIA. , • WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. J 2 SOUTH CAROLINA. 1 1 GEORGIA , • 1 1 FLORIDA • • 18 11 11 5 2 KENTUCKY. , TENNESSEE • 2 2 1 ALABAMA.. • MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS" • ~ J 2 LOUISIANA 2 2 1 OKLAHOMA.. • J 2 1 1 TEXAS • 22 9 9 q 9 WEST. •• •• 17 11 8 6 MONTANA IDAHO 1 WYOMING 1 COLORADO •••• NEW MEXICO, • ARIZONA • • J 2 UTAH. , • , 1 NEVADA, " • 2 2 2 WASH I NGTON, • 5 2 2 J OREGON. , • ;J l' 1 1 CALIFORNIA, , , 1 1 1 ALASKA. •• HAWAII. , • Sec footnote at end of table. 64 Capital Punishment 1981 IIHITE REGION AND STATE PRIOK FELONY CONYICTIONS NO PRIOR CKIMINAL NOT FELUNY NOT TOTAL TOTAL HOMICIDE OTHER REPORTED CONY I CTI ONS RIoPORTED UNITED STATES S 28 15 6 FEDERAL . STATE •• ... S4 33 5 28 1S 6 NORTHEAST • MA!NE • • • • NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECT! CUT • NEW YORK •• NEW JERSEY ••• PENNSyLVANIA. NORTH CENTRAL • 2 11 OHIO. INDIANA •••• 1 I ILLINOIS •• 1 I MICHIGAN. -! WISCONSIN • -i MINNESOTA • -I IOWA. • • • • -I MISSOURI ••• NORTH DAICOTA. SOUTH DAICOTA. -, NEBRASICA •• KANSAS ••• SOUTH ••• 36 22 20 B 6 DELAWARE •••• MARYLAND. DISTRICT OF COLUMBiA: VIRGINIA ••• WEST VIRGINIA NORTH CAROLINA. 1 SOUTH CAROLINA. 1 GEORGIA • 1 1 FLORIDA • 12 9 9 2 ICENTUCKY. TENNESSEE •• 2 2 ALABAMA •• MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS. LOUISIANA OKLAHOMA. 2 2 1 TEXAS ••• 16 7 7 'I 5 WEST ••• 16 10 2 6 6 MONTANA IDAHO •••• WYOMING COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO •• ARIZONA •• 2 UTAH. • 1 NEVADA •••• 2 2 2 WASHINGTON. S 2 2 J OREGON ••• 3 2 1 1 CALIFORNIA •• 1 1 1 ALASKA. • • HAWAI I. • • • See footnote at end of table. Capital PUlli.l'hmeflt 1981 65 Table 25 (1981) continued Prisoners with death sentence removed, by race and prior felony history -regions and States I:ILACK REGION AND STATE PRIOR FELONY CONY I CTI ONS NO PRIOR CKIMINAL NOT FELONY NOT TinAL TOTAL HOMICIDE OTHER REPORTED CONV I CTI ONS REPORTED UNITED STATES Zq 1:3 5 7 6 5 FEDERAL • STATE •• Zq 1:3 5 7 6 5 NORTHEAST MAINE •••• NEil HAMPSHIRE VERMONT •••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT • NEW YORK ••• NEil JERSEY •• PENNSYLVANIA. NORTH CENTRAL • OHIO •••• INDIANA • ILLINOIS •• MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN , MINKESOTA IOWA. • • MISSOURI ••• NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA •• NEBRASKA. KANSAS •• SOUTH ••• 22 11 q 7 6 5 DELAWARE •• MARYLAND ••••••• DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA •••• WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 2 2 SOUTH CAROLINA. GEORGIA • FLORIDA ••• 6 2 2 KENTUCKy ••• TENNESSEE • ALABAMA •• MISSISSIPPI • ARKANSAS. J 2 LOUISIANA 2 2 OKLAHOMA. 1 TEXAS • 6 2 2 q WEST •••• MONTANA IDAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA ••• UTAH. • • • NEVADA ••• WASHINGTON. • OREGON •••• CALIFORNIA. ALASKA ••• HAWAI1. •• Sec footnote at end of tahh'. 66 Capilli! PUlli.l'hmell1 J 981 ALL OTHER RACES REGION AND STATE PRIOK FELONY CONVICTIONS NO PRIOR CKIMINAL NOT FELONY NOT TOTAL TOTAL HOMICIDE OTHE.R REPORTED CONVICTIONS REPORTED ~---.- r----~--+----l:__-----_l_---.-_+---- UNITED STATES FEDERAL • STATE •• NORTHEAST MAINE ••••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• HASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECT! CUT • • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY •• PENNsyLVANIA, NORTH CENTRAL • OHIO •••• INDIANA • ILLINOIS •• MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN • MINNESOTA • IOWA ••• MISSOURI ••• NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. • NEBRASKA. • KANSAS ••• SOUTH •• DELAWARE. MARYLAND ••••••• DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA •••• WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROL! "lA. SOUTH CAROLINA" GEORGIA • FLORIDA •• KENTUCKY ••• TENNESSEE • ALABAMA •• MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS. LOUISIANA OKLAHOMA. TEXAS • WEST ••• MONTANA IDAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO •• NEWARIZONA MEXICO • ••• '. UTAH •••• ~_--: NEVADA ••• WASHINGTON. OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA •• ALASKA ••• _H_A_WA_I_I_._._. ______..L_~ _ - ~ ___-=-- _____~:: ___: L~_~----=- ______-'-____ - Represents zero. Capital PUllishment 1981 67 Table 26 (December 31,1981) Prisoners under sentence of death, by race and year received -regions and States ALL RACES' WHITE BLACK ALL OTH~11 RA~ES' REGION AND STATE REceiVED RECEIVED RECEIVED RECEIVED RECEIVED IN P~IOR RECEIVED IN PRIOR RECEIVED IN PRIOR RECEIVED IN PRIOR iOTAL IN 1981 YEARS TOTAL IN 1981 YEARS TOTAL IN 1981 YEARS TOTAL IN 1981 YEARS UNITED STATES 227 611 488 123 365 100 8 FEDERAL STATE 611 488 123 365 100 8 NORTHEAST 6 7 3 4 2 MAINE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSE. TIS ~I RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT NEw YORK ••• NEW JERSEY. PENNSYLVANIA. 11 5 6 7 3 4 2 2 NORTH CENTRAL 77 25 52 33 7 26 17 26 OHIO. INDIAIIA • 5 4 2 2 6 3 3 ILLINOIS. 11 15 2 13 26 9 17 MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN 3~ I MINNESOTA IOWA ••• MISSOURI ••• 6 3 3 NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. 12 10 KANSAS. • SOUTH ••• 605 76 269 258 63 195 DELAWARE. q 1 2 1 1 ~~m~g~· OF cOLuM~iA: 8 J 1 VIRGINIA ••• 17 12 7 I WEST VIRGINIA 1~ NORTH CAROLINA. 17 5 12 10 3 7 6 1 5 SOUTH CAROLINA. 21 8 13 12 7 5 9 1 8 GEORGIA 91 5 86 40 2 38 51 3 48 FLORIDA • 161 24 137 96 12 84 65 12 53 KENTUCKy. 9 4 5 9 4 5 TENNESSEE 21 B 13 13 6 7 7 2 ALABAMA •• 16 14 2 3 3 13 11 MISSISSIPPI 27 13 14 8 4 19 9 ARKANSAS. 23 12 11 15 8 e 4 LOUISIANA • 10 10 7 3 OKLAHOMA. 36 8 28 30 6 2 TEXAS rq4 26 118 88 56 12 WEST ••• H5 57 88 103 J7 5 2 MONTANA 3 3 2 1 IDAHO 2 2 2 I WYOMING 1~ 1~ ! COLORADO •• 1 1 NEW MEXICO. 3 2 1 1 ARIZONA 38 8 30 27 4 3 UTAH.. • 3 3 1 2 2 NEVADA ••• 12 8 7 2 1 WASHINGTON. OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA •• 83 51 23 28 28 16 12 ALASKA. HAWAII • - Rcpresenta zero. Iperaons enumerated under IIAll Other Races" are 5 American Indians and J Asians. Capital Punishment 1981 69 Table 27 (December 31,1981) Prisoners under sentence of death, by race and months elapsed since sentencing-regions and States ALL RACES REGION AND STATE MEDIAN UNDER 12 12 TO 23 2'1 TO 35 36 TO '17 'Ia TO 71 72 MONTHS ELAPSED TOTAL MONTHS MONTHS MONTHS MONTHS MONTMS AND oVER 1 MONTHS ~------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------ UNITED STATES a38 227 179 136 101 110 85 25 FEDERAL . STATE .. 227 179 136 101 110 85 NORTHEAST • 5 2 'I MAINE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY. PENNsyLVANIA. 11 5 2 'I 1'1 N.JRTH CENTRAL • 77 25 26 17 6 2 19 OHIO. • INDIANA • 10 5 3 1 12 ILLINOIS •• '11 11 16 13 21 MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN • MINNESOTA ••• IOWA. •• • MISSOURI •••• 1'1 7 5 2 12 NORTH DAKOTA. -I SOUTH DAKOTA •• NEBRASKA.. • 12 2 2 2 41 KANSAS. SOUTH 605 112 BO 91 105 77 31 DELAWARE. •• • 11 2 1 CB) MARYLAND. • •••• a 7 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA. • 17 5 3 23 WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 17 5 7 'I 16 SOUTH CAROLINA. 21 a 7 'I 2 15 GEORGIA 91 5 11 111 13 28 20 50 FL.ORIDA • • • 161 2'1 31 21 23 30 n 3B KENTUCKY •• 9 11 11 1 15 TENNESSEE •• 21 a 5 2 6 19 ALABAMA •• 16 111 1 1 7 MISSISSIPPI 27 13 5 1 1 7 13 ARKANSAS. 23 12 1 2 2 11 2 12 LOUISIANA ., 10 1 'I 5 33 OKLAHOMA. 36 8 7 9 9 3 26 TEXAS 11111 26 26 15 25 29 23 38 WEST. 1115 57 39 35 'I 3 7 18 MONTANA • 3 3 CBI IDAHO 2 2 CB) WYOMING COLORADO •• 1 1 C &) NEW MEXICO. 3 2 1 CB: ARIZONA • Ja 8 11 15 2 1 22 UTAH. • 3 1 2 CB) NEVAOA. • 12 3 3 1 22 WASHINGTON. OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA •• 83 110 23 17 3 ALASKA. • HAWAII. • See footnotes at end of table. 70 Capital Punishment 1981 WHITE REGION AND STATE MIODIAN UNDER 12 12 TO 23 2'1 TO 35 36 TO '17 '16 TO 71 72 MONTH~ ELAPSED TOTAL MONTHS MONTHS MONTHS MONTHS MONTHS AND OVER MONTHS UNITED STATES '166 123 11:5 83 59 62 '16 25 FEDERAL • . . , STATE • . .. 468 123 113 83 59 62 NORTHEAST • 7 3 2 2 MAINE • • • • NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTl CUT • NEW YORK •• NEW JERSEY. PENNSYLVANIA. 7 2 2 1'1 NORTH CENTRAL • 33 13 7 2 21 OHIO. • INDIANA • 'I 2 (B) lLLINOIS ••• 15 7 5 21 MICHIGAN ••• WISCONSIN • MINNESOTA • • • IOWA. • • • • MISSOURI ••• 6 2 12 NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. 8 2 2 2 '11 KANSAS. SOUTH •••• 3'15 76 6~ 47 53 57 30 DELAWARE. •• 3 1 1 1 ( D) MARYLAND. ••••• 'I 3 ( 8) DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA ••• 7 2 2 30 WEST VIRGINIA NORTH CAROLINA. 10 3 5 1 16 SOUTH CAROLINA. 12 7 3 2 10 GEORGIA •• '10 2 8 5 6 9 10 '18 FLORIDA • 96 12 2'1 10 13 20 17 37 KENTUCKy ••• 9 II 'I 1 15 TENNESSEE ••• 13 6 2 2 3 15 ALABAMA •• 3 3 ( 8) MISSISSIPPI • 8 II 1 1 1 12 ARKANSAS. 15 8 1 2 2 2 11 LOUISIANA •• 7 1 2 II 36 OKLAHOMA ••• 30 6 5 9 7 3 26 TEXAS • 88 1'1 17 11 12 20 37 WEST. •• • 103 37 29 27 J 3 20 MONTANA • 2 ( 8) IDAHO • 2 2 (D) WYOMING • COLORADO •••• 1 1 ( 8) NEW MEXICO •• J 2 1 ( 8) ARIZONA • 3J 6 10 2 25 UTAH ••• , 1 1 ( B) NEVADA ••• 10 3 2 3 WASHINGTON. • 2~\ OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA. 51 15 18 ALASKA •• HAWAII. •• l~ I See footnotes at end of table. Capital Punishment 1981 71 ------_.... __ ..,,--'---- Table 27 (December 31, 1981) continued Prisoners under sentence of deat!l, by race and months elapsed since sentencing-regions and States BLACK r------.------,------r------.-----~r_----_.------._------REGION AND STATE MEDIAN UNDER 12 12 TO 23 2ij TO 35 36 TO ij7 ij6 TO 71 72 MONTHS ELAPSED TOTAL MONTHS MONTHs MONTHS MONTHS MONTRS AND OVER MONTHS UNITED STATES 100 65 51 48 26 FEDERAL .. SUTE • ... 100 65 51 26 NORTHEAST • 2 2 ( Bl MAINE • • • • . NEW HAMPSHIRE • . . VERMONT • , •• MASSACHUSETTS • RHODE ISLAND. • CONNECT! CUT • NEW YORK. •• NEW JERSEY •• PENNsyLVANIA. 2 2 (B l NORTH CENTRAL 17 13 17 OHIO. • •• 1~ INDIANA •• 6 3 1 I 12 ILLINOIS •• 26 9 8 21 MICHIGAN ••• WISCONSIN. • MINNESOTA • IOWA ••• , •• ~I MISSOURI •••• 8 12 NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. -I No.BRASKA. • 2 ( Bl KANSAS. SOUTH • •• • 258 J7 33 DELAWARE •• 1 ( Bl MARYLAND •• 4 I Bl DISTRICT OF cOLUMBiA: VIRGINIA ••• 10 2 2 22 WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 6 1 23 SOUTH CAROLINA. 9, 1 16 GEORGIA 51 3 9~I 7 19 10 52 FLOR!DA •• 65 12 11 10 10 15 42 KENTUCKY •• II-I TENNESSEE • 7 2 2 19 ALABAMA •• lJ 11 1 8 MISSISSIPPI • 19 9 ~I 6 13 ARKANSAS •• 8. 4 -I 2 2 12 LOUISIANA • • 3 2 1 lel OKLAHOMA. • • 6 2 2 23 TEXAS !)6 12 q 13 9 9 39 WEST •• , ., J7 13 :1 6 1 3 13 MONTANA •• 1 1 ( Ol IDAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA •• ij 1 (B l UTAH." • 2 2 ( 8l NEVADA ••• 2 ( Bl WASHINGTON. OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA. 28 16 7 5 11 ALASKA. •• HAWAII. ~I sc~ footnut(·s at end (Ji table. 72 Capital PUI/ishll/em 1981 ALL OTHER RACES 2 REGION AND STATE MEDIAN UNDER 12 12 TO 23 2q TO 35 36 TO q7 qa TO 71 72 MONTHS ELAPSED TOTAL MONTHS MONTHS MONTHS MONTHS MONTHS A!·,D OVER MONTHS UNITED STATES 8 4 2 12 FEDERAL • STATE •• B 2 12 NORTHEAST HAINE • • • • • NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT • • • MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECT! CUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY •• PENNSyLVANIA. NORTH CENTRAL 181 OHIO ••• INDIANA • ILL!NOIS. MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA ••• MISSOURI ••• NORTH DAKOTA. :I SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. (B I KANSAS •• ~ I SOUTH ••• 2 I a I DELAWARE. MARyLAND. • • • • • • DI~TRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA •• ~ I WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLI NA. 181 SOUTH CAROLINA. GEORGIA • ~! FLORIDA • -I KENTUCKY. -' TENNESSEE 1 : IBI ALABAMA ••• -I MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS. LOUISIANA OKl.4HOMA. TEXAS • WEST ••• 5 2 2 21 MONTANA IDAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA •• (B I UTAH •••• NEVADA ••• WASHINGTON ••• OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA. 2 I B I ALASKA ••• HAWAII. • • Note: For persons who wert: resentenced to death during 1981 after having been rt'Ueved of th(> death $t'nh~n..::c prior to 1981, the time elapsed is cal culated from the most recent sentence data only; thus the personl", total time on death roW is understated. l'Ll~rl.' U~re 2 such cases in Arizona, (lorigi nally sentenced in 1975, and 1 in 1976) who had their death ~entcnce!:l vacated in 1978 as a rc~;ult of the \-lat~'iln decisi')r. and were resentenced in 1981 pursl.ant to the decision in State vs. tvntsonj 2 in Florida (sentenced in 1974 and 1977 and rcmon'd in 19dO ,) resentenced in 1981; 2 in Alabama, 1 sentenced in 1977, r~oved in 1979 and 1 sentl'nced ill 1978 (removed in 1980) resentenced 1n 1981; 1 1n Gl~orgla (,;cntenccd in 1975 and r('tnoved in 1980; resentencc>d in 19B1; 1 in California (Sentenced in 1979 and renlOVeCl in 1980) resentenced in 1981 .lod 1 in Louisiana (sl'ntenced in 1'178 and removed in 1980) resentl!ncc4 in 1981. For those pc>rsons relieved of the denth penalty ilnd resentenced tvithin the SilITlC year, time {~lupsed is calculated from the original scntencl' date and" thus, is slightly overstated. Two such '!:ases--1 in Florida originally !"chtenC:t~d 1n 1977 and 1 in HissiHsippi sentenced in 1976, were then removl'd toinrJ t'E'sentenceti in 1981. - Rcpr~sents tero. (B~ Does not ffiN!t publ1ciit10n s!:,Jndard'i bccaust.' ml~dianfi arc not computed i'Jf states h.lving 4 or fewer persons under sentl:nce of death. lThc longest amount or t 1mc served on death roW by thOH(~ und~r ~entent!l' of death at the t·nd or 19M1 wa6. 101 monthr:, served by a whitt' imnatc sentenced in July 1973 in GeQrgia. 2Five inr.tates enumC't'att.'d under "All Other RJCt:~1I were Aml'rican Indian and 3 were Asi;m. ClIpi((l[ PU/lish/lll!/J{ 1981 73 Table 28 (December 31,1981) Prisoners under sentence of death, by race and offense-regions and States ALL RACES WHITE R~GION AND STATE ALL KIDNAp- ALL KlDNAP OFFENSES MURDER RAPE' ING OTHER OFFENSES MURDER .RAPE' ING OTHER UNITED STATES 8;18 8;16 2 1188 FEDERAL • . . . . STATE •• .. . 8;18 8;16 2 1187 NORTHEAST • • • • 11 11 7 7 MAINE • • • • NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT • • • • HASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. • · . CONNECTICUT • · . NEW YORK •• NEW JERSEY ••• PENNSYLVANIA •• 11 11 7 7 NORTH CENTRAL • • 77 77 ;1;1 ;1;1 OHIO. • •• · . . INDIANA • • •• 11) 10 11 ILLINOIS. • • '11 41 15 MICHIGAN. • • WISCONSIN • • MINNESOTA • • IOWA ••••• MISSOURI ••• 6 NORTH DAKOTA •• SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. •• 12 12 8 8 KANSAS ••••• SOUTH • , ••• 605 60;1 2 DELAWARE •••• 'I 11 MARYLAND. • , • • • • 8 8 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA •• VIRGINIA ••• 17 17 7 7 WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. • 17 17 10 10 SOUTH CAROLINA. 21 21 12 12 GEORGIA •• 91 91 110 '10 FLORIDA ••• 161 159 2 96 95 KENTUCKy. , 9 9 9 9 TENNESSEE 21 21 .' 1;1 1;1 ALABAMA •• , • 16 16 ;I ;I MISSISSIPP' • 27 27 8 8 ARKANSAS. ,. • 2;1 2;1 15 15 LOUISIANA • 10 10 7 7 OKLAHOMA. • •• ;16 ;16 ;10 ;10 TEXAS • • • • 1'1'1 111'1 88 88 WEST •••••• 1'15 1115 10;1 10;1 MONTANA •• ;I ;I 2 2 IDAHO • • • • • 2 2 2 2 WYOMING • • • • COLORADO. • • • 1 1 1 1 NEW MEXICO" • ;I ;I ;I ;I ARIZONA ••• ;IS ;18 ;1;1 ;1;1 UTAH. • •• • ;I ;I 1 1 NEVADA ••••• 12 12 10 10 WASHINGTON. • • • OREGON. •• • . CALIFORNIA. • • • · . 8;1 8;1 51 51 ALASKA. • •• HAWAII. • See footn:'Jtcs at end of table. 74 Capital Punishment 1981 BLACK ALL OTHER RACES' REGION AND STATE ALL KIDNAP ALL OFFENSES MURDER RAPE I ING OTHER OFFENSES MURDER RAPE OTHER UNITED STATES J'I2 8 8 FEDERAL • STATE •• 8 8 NORTHEAST MAINE • • •• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMON,T ••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY. • PENNSyLVANIA. 'I 'I NORTH CENTRAL '13 '13 OHIO ••• INDIANA • 6 6 ILLINOIS. 26 26 MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN IttNNESOTA IOWA. • • MISSOURI ••• 8 8 NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA •• NEBRASKA. KANSAS. SOUTH ••• 258 257 2 DELAWARE •• 1 1 MARYLAND. • • • • • • 'I DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA •••• 10 10" WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 6 6 SOUTH CAROLINA. 9 9 GEORGIA • 51 51 FLORIDA • 65 6'1 KENTUCKY. TENNESSEE 7 7 ALABAMA •• 13 13 MISSISSIPPI 19 19 ARKANSAS. 8 8 LOUISIANA • 3 3 OKLAHOMA. 6 6 TEXAS • 56 56 WEST •••• 37 J7 5 5 MONTANA • 1 1 IDAHO • WYOMING • COLORADO. NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA •• 'I 'I UTAH. • 2 2 NEVADA •••• 2 2 WASHINGTON •• OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA •• 28 28 ALASKA •••• HAWAII.. • .. Represents zero. i lrh"! two persons enumerated under the category "Rape ' w~re under sentence of death ror sE'xual battery .. 2Persons enumerated under HAll Other Races" were 5 American Indians and 3 Asians. Capital Punishment /98/ 75 Table 29 (December 31,1981) Prisoners under sentem:e of death, by race and age-regions and States ALL RACES WHITE REG I ON AND STATE UNDER 20 TO 25 TO 30 TO 35 TO qo TO UND~R 20 TO 25 TO 30 TO 35 TO 40 TV ALL 20 2q 29 3q 39 5q 55 YEARS ALL 20 2q 29 Jq 39 Sq 55 YI:.ARS AGES YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS AND OVER AGES YEARS yEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS YEAH~ ANU OVE.R UNITED STATES. 838 15 171 237 178 125 99 488 87 118 106 81 7~ 11 FEDERAL. . STATE. . . 171 237 176 125 99 13 488 9 87 118 106 7~ 11 NORTHEAST. • 1 3 q 3 7 1 HAINE ••••• NEW HAHPSHIRE. VERMONT •••• MASSACHUSETT S. RHODl': ISLAND CONNECTICUT.. • NEW YORK • NEW JERSEY •• PENNSYLVANIA • 11 1 3 q 3 7 4 NORTH CENTRAL •• 77 2 18 20 17 9 10 JJ 9 8 2 OHIO. • • INDIANA. • 3 3 2 1 Q 2 1 ILLINOIS • 10 11 7 7 6 15 Q 3 J MICHIGAN •• WISCONSIN. •• MINNESOTA. • IOWA. • • MISSOURI ••• 5 6 2 NORTH DAKOTA • ,OUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA 12 3 3 8 2 2 KANSAS SOUTH ••• 605 13 117 162 89 70 10 3Q5 56 93 70 56 DELAWARE 4 2 1 1 3 2 1 8 3 2 1 Q 2 ~~m~~~ OF COLUMB I A VIRGINIA ••• 17 9 6 7 2 WEST VIRGINIA. NORTH CAROLINA 17 6 J 3 3 2 10 q 2 1 ~ SOUTH CAROL I NA • 21 9 7 1 1 :3 12 5 3 1 J GEORGIA. •• 91 1 17 24 19 15 13 f·~O 9 9 6 8 ~ 2 FLORIDA. •• 161 23 q5 qO 30 22 96 11 24 20 23 17 1 KENTUCKY. 9 1 2 2 2 1 1 9 2 2 2 1 TENNESSEE. 21 1 4 7 5 1 3 13 1 6 q 2 ALABAMA. •• • 16 1 3 2 9 1 3 1 2 MISSISSIPPI •• 27 2 9 9 2 2 2 8 2 1 1 1 1 2 ARKANSAS • 23 J 8 4 4 4 15 1 5 3 3 J LOUISIANA. 10 1 5 2 1 1 7 3 2 1 1 OKLAHOMA 36 1 7 7 7 5 7 2 30 7 q 6 5 7 1 TEXAS. lqq S 26 51 29 19 11 :3 88 8 3! 21 11 11 J WEST ••• 145 36 34 34 23 16 2 103 22 17 28 19 2 MONTANA. 3 1 2 2 1 1 IDAHO. 2 1 2 1 WYOMING. COLORADO 1 1 NEW MEXICO 3 1 1 1 3 1 ARIZONA. 36 9 3 10 11 33 7 10 UTAH • 3 2 1 NEVADA • • 12 2 :3 10 2 WASHINGTON OREGON •• CALIFORNIA 83 21 26 20 51 10 12 15 7 7 ALASKA HAWAII Sec footnotes at end of tnble 76 Capital Punishment 1981 ------1 \ I B~ACK A~~ OTHER RACES I R~GION AND STAT~ UNDER 20 TO 25 TO 30 TO 35 TO qO TO UND~R 20 TO 25 TO 30 TO 35 TO qO TO ALL 20 2q 29 3q 39 5q 55 YEARS ALL 20 2q 29 3q 39 5q 55 YEARS AGES YEARS YE~RS YEARS YEARS YEA,R_S-j--..;,Y.E.A_R..;,S+_AN..;,D....;,O_VE..;,R.:...r_A_G_E_S+..;,Y_E..;,AR..;,S+..;,YE_A_R_S+Y:...E_A;,,:,RS4..;,Y.:::.E;,,:,AH__ S+..;,Y~ __ A..;,H_S+Y:...E:...A:...R_S+A..;,N_D_0..;,Y..;,~..;,R UNITED STATES. 6 82 116 71 23 2 2 J 2 FEDERAL. STATE. 82 116 71 q2 23 2 8 2 NORTHEAST. HAINE ••••• NEW HAMPSHIRE. VERMONT •••• MASSACHUSETTS. RHODE ISLAND • CONNECTICUT. NEW YORK •• NEW JEKSEY • PENNSYLVANIA J NDR TH C~NTRAL. • q3 9 12 9 7 OHIO •• INDIANA. 6 3 1 IL~INOIS • 26 7 3 MICHIGAN • WISCONSIN. MINNESOTA. IOWA ••• MISSOURI • 8 2 NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA KANSAS • SOUTH. 258 5 60 89 16 DELAWARE 1 1 MARYLAND •••••• q 2 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA VIRGINIA ••• 10 6 WEST VIRGINIA. NORTH C~ROLINA 6 2 1 1 SOUTH CAROLINA 9 q q 1 GEORGIA. 51 8 15 13 7 8 FLORIDA. 65 12 21 20 7 5 KENTUCKY. TENNESSEE. • 7 2 1 ALABAMA. 13 2 2 7 MISSISSIPP I. 19 8 B 1 ARKANSAS • 8 2 3 1 ~OUISIANA. J 1 2 OKLAHOMA 6 1 J 1 TEXAS. 56 2 18 20 B W~ST ••• J7 13 15 5 J 5 MONTANA. 1 1 IDAHO, • WYOMING, COLORADO • NEW MEXICO ARIZONA. q UHH, • 2 IIE'/ADA •• 2 WASHINGTON OREGON •• CALIFORNIA 2.8 11 12 2 ALASKA , HAWAII NOTE: 'rtf> youngest person under scntcl1ca ot death was Q ... hit~ inmnte in Kentuc:ty born 'in OC'tobcr 1963 Tho oldeat WQS Q white tnmato In Tc'!:oS born in ,November 1901. .. Rrprescnts zero. IP('rs~ns (!nUrt('rRt~ under "All Other nnccfJ" ",ure 5 American Indians and 3 Asinna. Capital Punishment 1981 77 Table 30 (December 31,1981) Prisoners under sentence of death, by race and highest grade of schooling completed-regions and States ALL RACES WHITE REGION AND STATE 7TH 7TH GRADE 9TH TO GRADE 9TH TO OR 8TH 11 TH 12T~ ANY NOT RE- OR 8Tli 11TH 12TH ANY NOT RE- TOTAL LESS GRAUE GRADE GRADE COLLEGE PORTED TOTAL LESS GRADE GRADE GRADE COLLEGi:. PORTED UNITED STATES 8)8 247 199 57 178 488 121 125 104 FEDERAL STATE • aJ8 7q 8J 247 199 57 178 488 4J 49 121 12~ qb 104 NORTHEAST , , 11 1 2 2 J 1 2 7 1 1 2 2 1 MAINE •••• NEW HAMP.5HIRE , VERHONT ••• MASSACHUSt:TTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT , NEW YORK. , NEW JERSEY •• PENNSYLVANIA, 2 2 J 1 7 2 2 NORTH CENTRAL 77 11 30 25 7 JJ 8 15 2 OHIO ••• lNDIANA • 10 2 1 4 ILLINOIS •• , ~1 19 2 15 MICHIGAN. , • WISCONSIN, ••• MINNESOTA • IOWA. , , MISSOURI •• , • 5 2 J NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA •• , 12 7 J KANSAS. • SOUTH •••• 605 6e 205 39 88 J9 38 10~ 8J DELAWARE, • , • q 1 2 1 1 1 ~m~m' OF CO~UMBiA: 8 1 2 1 1 1 VIRGINIA. •• • 17 5 2 7 WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 17 2 5 4 1 10 J 1 J 1 SOUTH CAROLINA. 21 3 9 4 1 12 2 2 q 1 GEORGIA . , 91 11 30 17 7 Il ~O 6 5 12 ~I 4 5 FLORIDA •• . 161 29 53 ~q 11 10 96 10 19 29 24 a b KENTUCKY ••• 9 2 4 1 1 9 1 2 q 1 1 TENNESSEE • , 21 5 9 J IJ 2 2 6 J ALABAMA ••• 16 6 2 J 1 MI 5S I SS IPP I 27 J 12 5 1 8 J J ARKANSAS. 2J J J 8 7 2 15 q 6 LOUISIANA •• 10 1 2 ~ 2 1 7 1 4 OKLAHOMA •• J6 J 4 16 10 2 1 JO 2 4 13 8 1 TEXAS l~q IJ J ~6 JO 5 47 88 7 3 26 15 J2 WEST. 1~5 q 8 10 28 10 85 10J 7 25 53 MONTANA • J 1 1 1 2 1 IDAHO 2 1 1 2 1 WYOMING COLORADO. 1 1 1 1 NEW MEXICO. J 2 J 2 ARIZONA •• J8 7 7 14 J3 5 5 IJ UTAH. • J 2 1 NEVADA ••• , ~ 12 3 7 10 2 7 WASHINGTON. OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA •• 8J 8J 51 51 ALASKA. • HAWAI1. •• See tuntnnt£'9 tit ond or tpbl(t. 78 Capital Punishment /98/ BLACK ALL OTHER RACES 1 REGION AND STATE 7TH 7TH GRADE 9TH TO GRADE 9TH TO gR 8TH 11 TH 12TH ANY NOT RE- OR 8TH 11 TH 12TH ANY NOT RE- TOTAL LESS GRAUE GRADE GRADE COLLEGE PORTED TOTAL LESS GRADE GRADE GRAUl:. COLLEG~ PORTED lJN ITC:O STATES 72 10 70 8 2 FEDERAL. STATE • Jq 125 72 10 70 8 2 NORTHEAST MAINE • • • • NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT • /lEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY ••• PENNSYLVANIA. NORTH CENTRAL 7 22 10 OHIO ••• INDIANA • 1 2 1 Il.LINOIS. 3 15 6 MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA • IOWA ••• MISSOURI ••• 3 5 NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA •• J KANSAS. SOUTH •••• 258 29 100 59 7 39 2 DELAWARE. 1 1 MARyL;\ND ••••••• q 1 OISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA •••• 10 2 q ~EST VIRGINIA. NORTH CAROLINA. 6 2 1 2 1 SOUTH CAROLINA. 9 2 1 5 1 GEORGIA • 51 8 6 18 9 J 7 FLORIDA •• 65 q 10 24 20 3 q KENTUCKY ••• TENNESSEE • 7 2 3 1 ALABAMA > • 13 6 1 6 MISSISSIPPI • 19 3 9 2 5 ARKANSAS. 8 2 1 q 1 LOUISIANA 3 1 1 OKLAHOMA. (, 1 3 2 TEXAS • 56 6 20 15 15 WEST. •• 37 2 3 2 28 5 MONTANA 1 IDAHO. WYOMING • COLORAUO •• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA • q 2 2 UTAH. • 2 NEVADA ••• 2 WASHINGTON. OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA. 28 28 ALASKA •• HAWAII ••• - Represents zero, Ipersong enumerated under "All Otl.er Raccs" were S American Indians and 3 Aslans. Capital PI/nisI/mel/( 1981 79 ~~ ----_._------ Table 31 (December 31,1981) Prisoners under sentence of death, by race and marital status at time of imprisonment-regions and States ALL RACES WHITE REGION AND STATE DIVORCED I DIVORCED OR NEVER NOT RE- ,lOR NEVEK NOT RE- TOTAL MARRIED S~PARATED WIDOWED MARRIED PORTED TOTAL MARRIED SEPARATED WIDOWED HARRI~I! PORTED UI'ITED STATES B38 259 13 85 488 168 115 51 FEDERAL • STATE •• :1 83B 259 13 327 85 488 168 115 9 51 NORTHEAST. 11 2 7 2 HAINE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNtCT I CUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY •• PENNSYLVMUA. 2 2 7 J UORTH CENTRAL 21 15 40 9 OHIO ••• INDIANA. J 7 4 ILLINOIS •• 12 11 18 15 6 MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA ••• MISSOURI ••• 1q 7 2 2 NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBkASKA. 12 2 B 2 KANSAS •• S~UTH ••• 605 191 107 230 68 345 120 81 5 39 OELAWARE •• 4 2 1 1 3 2 MARyLAND ••••••• B 2 1 q 4 7. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA •••• 17 7 3 WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 17 3 4 7 10 3 2 SOUTH CAROL! NA. ?1 4 4 13 12 1 q GEORGIA • 91 23 6 45 15 40 9 6 8 FLORIDA •• 161 , 57 34 67 3 96 40 21 1 KENTLJCKY •• 3 3 3 9 3 3 TENNESSEE • 2i I 9 5 5 1 13 6 5 ALABAMA •• 16 , 1 1 6 7 3 j MISSISSIPPI 27 ' 6 J 12 6 8 3 2 1 ARKANSAS. 23 7 8 8 15 7 5 LOUISIANA 10 5 2 3 7 3 2 OKLAHOMA. 36 16 9 7 30 13 8 2 TEXAS • 144 46 23 42 88 25 21 23 WEST •• 145 45 31 53 103 38 25 2 10 MONTANA 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 IDAHO ••• 2 1 1 2 1 WYOMING •• COLORAOO ••• 1 1 1 NE SCt.' footnotes ot Clnd ot table. 80 Capital Punishment 1981 BLACK ALL OTHER ~ACESI REGION AND STATE DIVORCED DIVORCED OR NEVER NOT RE- OR NEVEK NOT RE- I: MARRIED SEPAIIATED WIDOWED MARRIED PORTED TOTAL MARRIED SEPARATED WIDOWW MARRIED PORTED UNITED ~ TATES 3ij2 91 38 u 176 33 FEDERAL • ,STATE •• 3q2 91 38 176 33 NORTHEAST MAINE. •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• HASSACHUSETl'S RHODe. ISLAND. CONNECTl CUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY •• PENNSyLVANIA. NORTH CENTRAL qJ 12 25 OHIO •• ; INDIANA. 6 5 ILLINOIS. 26 13 MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA ••• MISSOURI ••• 3 5 NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. 3 2 f KANSAS •• SOUTH ••• 258 71 25 129 29 2 DELAWARE. 1 1 r "ARYLAND •• q 1 DISTRICT OF COLUMBiA: VIRGINIA •••• 10 I, 5 WEST VIRGINIA. I NORTH CAROLINA. 6 q SOUTH CAROLINA. 9 3 6 GEORGIA • 51 lq 29 7 FLORIDA •• 65 17 13 3J 2 ~ KENTUCKY •• 'TENNESSEE • 7 J J ALABAMA •• 13 1 1 6 MISSISSIPPI 19 J 1 10 ARKANSAS. , 8 J 5 LOUISIANA J 2 1 OKLAHOMA. 6 3 1 1 TEXAS. 56 21 2 23 10 wEST •••• J7 6 21 5 MONTANA 1 1 IDAHO. WYOMING • COLORADO. I NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA •• q UTAH •••• 2 NEVADA ••• 2 WASHINGTON •• OREGON •••• CALIFORNIA. 2B 6 q 15 J ALASKA ••• , HAWAII ••• - Represents ZQro. Jpersons enumerated under "All Other RAces" were 5 Americnn Indians nnd 3. Asinns, Capital Pllllishmt!1If 1981 81 Table 32 (December 31,1981) Prlisoners under sentence of death, by race and legal status at time of c.~apital offense-regions and States AL.L. RACES NOT UNDER S~NTENCE UNDER S~NTENCE REGION AND STATE ESCAPED NO CHARGES CHARGES ON ON FROM NOT TOTAL PENDING PENDING PROBATION PAROLE PRISON IMPRISONED OTHER' REPORTED UNITED STATES 838 q05 28 31 116 20 26 9 203 FEDERAL • • • • • STATE ••• 838 Q05 28 116 20 26 9 203 NORTHEAST •• 11 1 1 3 1 5 MAINE • • • • • • • NEil HAMPSHIRE • • • VERMONT • • • • • • • MASSACHUSETTS • RHODE ISLAND. • CONNECTICUl' • • NEil YORK ••• NEW JERSEY ••• PENNsyLVAN I A • • 11 1 1 1 5 NORTH CENTRAL .'. • 77 50 5 'I 2 oHIO.. ••••• INDIANA • • • 10 ILLINOIS. •• • 22 3 12 2 MICHIGAN ••• WISCONSIN. • MINNESOTA •• • IOWA, ••••• MISSOURI ••• 12 2 NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA •• NEBRASKA ••• 12 6 2 2 2 KANSAS. •• • •• SOUTH • • • • • • 605 316 17 23 93 18 18 8 112 DELAWARE. , • • ~ 3 1 MARYLAND. • , • • • • 8 q DISTRICT of coLUMBIA. VIRGINIA •••• 17 5 2 7 WEST VIRGINIA. • NORTH CAROLINA. 17 15 2 SOUTH CAROLINA. • 21 12 2 1 ~ 1 1 GEORGIA. , • 91 68 J 5 9 q 1 1 FLORIDA • , • 161 96 3 5 3'1 5 9 7 2 KENTUCKY •••• 9 q 1 1 3 TENNESSEE. , 21 19 1 ALABAMA • • • • • 16 7 2 2 MISSISSIPPI, •• 27 2'1 :l ARKANSAS. , 23 10 10 3 LOUISIANA • • • 10 8 2 oKLAHOMA. , , 36 18 3 6 J 3 :> TEXAS , 1qq 23 q 16 2 99 WEST, 1'15 J8 5 7 6 :l 8~ MONTANA :l 3 IDAHO .., liE 2 I'IYOMING • • COLORADO. • • 1 NEW MEXICO, • 3 2 ARIZONA ..,. 38 19 3 7 5 UTAH. • 3 3 NEVADA ••••• 12 9 WASHINGTON. OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA, 8:l 83 ALASKA ••••• HAWAII. •• ~ I See footnotes at end of table .. 82 Capital Punishment 1981 WHITE NOT UNDER S~NTENCE UNDER SENTENCE REGION AND STATE ESCAPED NO CHARGES CHARGES ON ON FROM NOT TOTAL PENDING PENDING PROBATION PAROLE PRISON IMPRISONED OTHER' REPORTED UNITED STATES • 488 239 19 55 12 16 6 127 FEDERAL • • • • • STATE •• •••• '188 239 H 19 55 12 16 6 127 NORTHEAST • • , • 7 1 1 2 1 2 MAINE • • • • • ~ NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• HASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECTICUT • • NEW YORK ••• NEil JERSEY •• PENNSYLVANIA. • 7 1 2 1 2 NORTH CENTRAL 33 25 3 2 1 OHIO ••• INDIANA ••• 'I 4 ILLINOIS •• 15 11 MICHIGAN. , • • WISCONSIN • • MINNESOTA •• IOWA, • • MISSOURI ••• 6 6 NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. • • 8 2 2 KANSAS. • • • • SOUTH • • • • 3'15 180 7 15 10 10 5 73 DELAWARE. • 3 2 1 MARYLAND. • • • • • • 2 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA. •• • 7" 'I WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 10 10 SOUTH CAROLINA. 12 5 'I 1 GEORGIA • • • '10 33 2 2 3 FLORIDA 96 57 3 18 :3 5 2 KENTUCKY •• 9 4 1 3 TENNESSEE • 13 13 ALABAMA •••• 3 1 1 MISSISSIPPI , , 8 7 1 ARKANSAS. : ~ 15 8 5 2 LOUISIANA • • • 7 6 1 OKLAHOMA. • • 30 15 6 2 3 3 TEXAS • • 88 13 2 8 2 63 WEST •••• 103 33 5 5 3 51 MONTANA 2 2 IDAHO • • • • • 2 2 " WYOMING • • • COLORADO. 1 NEW MEXICO. 3 2 ARIZONA 33 18 5 UTAH.. '" 1 1 NEVADA. • • 10 8 WASHINGTON. • • OREGON ••• CALIFOR!'IIA •• 51 51 ALASKA •••• HAWAII •••• See footnotes at end of table. Capiltli PIII/ishmelll /981 83 Table 32 (December 31,1981) continued Prisoners under sentence of death, by race and legal status at time nf capital offense-regions and States BLACK NOT UNDER S~NTENCE UNUER SENTENCE REGION AND STATE ESCAPED NO CHARGES CHARGES ON ON FROM NOT TOTAL PENDING PENDING PROBATION PAROLE PRISON IMPRISONED OTHER' REPORTED UNITED STATES 13 11 61 8 10 3 72 FEDERAL •• . . STATE •• . . 16~ 11 61 8 10 72 NORTHEAST • • • 1 3 MAINE • • • • NEW HAMPSHIRE • • VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS • RHoDE ISLAND. • CONNECTICUT NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY •• PENNSYLVANIA. 1 3 NORTH CENTRAL • 11 2 1 OHIO •• INDIANA • 6 6 ILLINOIS. 26 11 2 11 MICHIGAN. • WISCONSIN • MINNESOTA IOWA ••••• MISSOURI •••• 8 6 2 NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA •• 2 KANSAS. SOUTH • • • ,. • 258 135 9 8 8 8 3 39 DELAWARE.. ••• 1 1 MARYLAND. ••••• ~ 2 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. • VIRGINIA. • • • 10 2 7 WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 6 5 1 SOUTH CAROLINA. 9 7 2 GEORGIA •• 51 35 1 5 7 1 1 FLORIDA • • • 65 39 1 16 2 ~ 3 KENTUCKy •••• TENNESSEE •• 7 5 1 ALABAMA ••• 13 6 1 3 2 MISSISSIFPI • 19 17 2 ARKANSAS. 8 2 5 LOUISIANA 3 2 OKLAHOMA •••• 6 3 2 1 TEXAS ••• 56 10 2 8 36 WEST. 37 5 2 1 29 MONTANA •• 1 1 IDAHO • WYOMING ••• COLORADO ••• NEW MEXICO. ARIZONA • ~ 1 2 UTAH. • 2 2 NEVADA ••• 2 1 lIASHINGTON ••• OREGON •••• CALIFORNIA. 28 ALASKA. ,. 28 HAWAII.. • ~ I See footnotes at end of table. 84 Capital Pllnishment 1981 ALL OTHER RACES' NOT UNDER S~NTENCE UNDER SENTENCE REGION AND STATE ESCAPED NO CHARGES CHARGES ON ON FROM NOT TOTAL PENDING PENDING PROBATION PAROLE P~ISON IMPRISONED OTHER REPORTED UN lTEO STATES a 2 FEDERAL • STATE •• a 2 q NORTHEAST MAINE • • • • NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. CONNECT! CUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY •• PENNSYLVANIA. NORTH CENTRAL OHIO ••• INDIANA • ILLINOIS •• MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA IOWA ••• MISSOURI ••• NORTH DAKOTA. SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA. KANSAS •• SOUTH ••• 2 DELAWARE •• MARyLAND. • •• •• DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA •••• WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. SOUTH CAROLINA. GEORGIA • f'LORIDA • • • KENTUCKY •• TENNESSEE • ALABAMA •• MISSISSIPPI • ARKANSAs •• LOUISIANA OKLAHoMA •• TEXAS • WEST ••• 5 q MONTANA IDAHO • WYOMING • • COLORAllO. • NE~ MEXICO •• -\ ARIZONA •• UTAH. • • • NEVADA ••• WASHINGTON. • OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA •• q ALASKA. • • HAWAII. • • • - Represent~ ;"erO. IPcrsons enumerated under the category "Under SC!ntence--Other" include 7 from Florida un mandatory condltional release, and 1 each from Ari~ona and Delaware on work releas~ • .tpersons CilUt.lCrated under "All Other Races" were 5 American Indians and J Asians. Capital PUtlishmelll 1981 85 Table a3 (December 31.1981) Prisoners under sentence of death, by race and prior felony history -regions and States ALL RACES REGION ANO STATE PRIOK FELONY CONVICTIONS NO PRIOR CKIMINAL NOT FELONY NOT TOTAL TOTAL HOMICIDE OTHER REPORTED CONV I CT! ONS REPORTED ( UNITED STATES , 838 32 168 237 161 FEDERAL • •• •• STATE. • •• 838 32 168 237 161 NORTHEAST • 11 2 3 3 MAINE • • • • NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACIIUSETTS • RHODE ISLAND. • CONNECT! CUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY •• PENNSYLVANIA. 11 5 2 :l 3 3 NORTH CENTRAL • 77 51 II 30 17 19 7 OHIO.. • INDIANA • • • 5 II 1 2 3 ILLINOIS. • 29 17 11 8 'I MICHIGAN ••• WISCONSIN • MINNESOTA. • IOWA ••• , , MISSOURI, , • 9 6 5 NORTH DAKOTA, SOUTH [JAKOTA. NEBRASKA ••• 12 8 3 5 KANSAS •••• SOUTH • •• • 605 319 103 191 157 129 DELAWARE, , • I! 1 1 3 MARYLAND, • , •••• S II 3 2 2 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, VIRGINIA ••• 17 111 6 7 2 WEST VIRGINIA , NORTH CAROLINA, 17 13 8 5 'I SOUTH CAROLINA. 21 111 11 3 6 1 GEORGIA ••• 91 '18 3 11 311 33 10 FLORIDA ••• 161 105 8 24 7J 50 6 KENTUCKy, • 9 6 1 II 1 3 TENNESSEE , • 21 D 2 7 II 7 ALABAMA •• 16 12 3 7 2 3 HISSISSIPPI • 27 5 1 3 1 22 ARKANSAS. 23 21 3 a 10 2 LOUISIANA • 10 II II 'I 2 OKLAHOMA ••• , )6 23 2 6 15 13 TEXAS. , 11111 36 36 3 105 WEST. •• • •• 1115 65 35 29 ~8 22 MONTANA , 3 2 2 1 IDAHO. •• 2 1 1 WYOMING • COLORADO., • 1 1 1 NEW MEXICO, • , 3 1 1 2 ARIZONA .,. 38 23 11 12 15 UTAH. • J 2 1 1 1 NEVADA •••• 12 6 'I 2 6 WASHINGTON., • OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA. • • 83 29 16 12 32 22 ALASKA. • • HAWAI I. ,. -I See foot:1.otcs at end of table. 86 Capital Punishment 1981 WHITE REGION AND STATE PR I OK FELONY CONnOTI ONS NO PRIOR CKIMINAL NOT FELONY NOT TOTAL TOTAL HOMICIDE OTHER Re:PORTED CONVICTIONS REPORTED UNITED STATES 16 88 137 101 FEDERAL • STATE •• 16 86 137 1'16 101 NORTHEAST • 1 2 2 2 MAINE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE • VERMONT • • • MASSACHUSETTS • RHODE ISLAND. • CONNECTICUT • • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEy.. • PENNSYLVANIA. • 7 3 2 2 2 NORTH CENTRAL • • 33 18 11 7 13 2 OHIO •• (J • INDIANA •• q 3 1 ILLINOIS ••• 15 7 6 2 MICHIGAN. ., WISCONSIN , MINNESOTA •• IOWA. I •• , MISSOURI. • • • 6 2 NORTH DAKOTt-. • SOUTH DAKOTA. NE!lRASKA. 8 6 2 2 KANSAS.. •• SOUTH • •• •• 173 53 106 90 82 DELAWARE. • • 1 1 2 MARYLAND ••••••• 2 1 1 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA. • • 7 5 WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. 10 7 5 3 SOUTH CAROLINA. 12 9 6 ;, GEORGIA , • qO 16 2 20 q FLORIDA •• , • 96 62 7 13 29 5 KENTUCKy ••• 9 6 1 q 3 TENNESSEE • • 13 9 1 5 q ALABAMA •• 3 1 1 1 MISSISSIPPI 8 1 7 ARKANSAS. 15 13 6 6 2 LOUISIANA 7 q q 2 OKLAHOMA •• 30 20 2 q H 10 TEXAS • • 86 17 17 2 69 ~EST. 103 47 22 ql 15 MONTANA • 2 2 2 IDAHO • 2 1 WYOMING • COLORADO •• 1 1 1 NEW MEXICO. 3 1 1 2 ARIZONA •• 33 19 9 10 tq UTAH. • 1 1 1 NEVAD,\ ••• lC 4 2 2 6 WASHIHGT:)N. OREGON •••• CALIFORNIA. • 51 18 9 8 18 15 ALASKA •••• HAWAI I. • See footnotes at end of table. Capital Plillishmelll 1981 87 Table 33 (December 31,1981) continued Prisoners under sentence of death, by race and prior felony history -regions and States BLACK REGION AND STATE PRIOK FELONY CONVICTIONS NO PRIOR CKIHINAL NOT FELONY NOT TOTAL TOTAL HOMICIDE OTHER REPORTED CONVICTIONS REPORTED --.------+------~------~----~------~------~------UNITED STATES 16 78 100 88 60 FEDERAL •• • STATE ••• 19q 16 78 100 88 60 NORTHEAST •• 2 1 MAINE • • • • NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT ••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND •• CONNECTICUT • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY. • PENNSYLVANIA. • q 2 1 1 1 NORTH CENTRAL 43 33 19 10 5 5 oHIO.. •• INDIANA • • • • 6 2 1 1 1 3 ILLINOIS ••• 26 22 13 8 2 2 MICHIGAN. •• WISCONSIN •• MINNESOTA ••• IOWA. , •• MISSOURI ••• 8 7 J NORTH DAKOTA. • SOUTH DAKOTA. • NEBRASKA. • • :5 2 KANSAS ••• 'I SOUTH • • • • 258 49 84 67 DELAWARE. • 1 1 MARYLAND ••••••• 4 2 2 1 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. VIRGINIA ••• 10 9 5 3 WEST ViRGINIA NORTH CAROLIIlA. 6 2 1 SOUTH CAROLINA. 9 5 3 1 GEORGIA • 51 ;} 9 20 13 6 FLORIDA ••• 65 1 11 31 21 1 KENTUCKY •• TENNESSEE , • ! 7 :5 1 2 ~ 6 ALABAMA •• •• .1 13 11 3 2 MISSISSIPPI • • 19 Ij 3 1 15 ARKANSAS. • • 8 8 2. 2 q " LOUISIANA • • 3 2 oKLAHOMA ••• 6 3 2 1 3 TEXAS • • 56 19 19 1 36 WEST. • 37 15 10 5 15 7 MONTANA • 1 1 IDAHO • , • • WYOMING • 1 COLORADO •• NEW MEXICO •• ARIZONA. • 4 3 2 UTAH. • • 2 1 1 NEVADA •••• 2 2 2 WASHINGTON. OREGON •••• CALIFORNIA. 28 9 7 2 12 7 ALASKA. • HAWAI I. • Sec. footnotes at end of table~ 88 Capital Punishment 1981 ALL OTHER RACES' REGION AND STATE PRIOK FELONY COI,VICT!ONS NO PRIOR CKIMINAL NOT FELONY NOT TOTAL TOTAL HOMICIDE OTHER REPORTED CONVICTIONS REPORTED UNITED STATES 8 5 2 FEDERAL • STATE •• 8 5 2 J J NORTHEAST MAINE •••• NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT •••• MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND. • CONNECT! CUT • • NEW YORK ••• NEW JERSEY ••• , PENNSyLVANIA. NORTH CENTRAL OMIO ••• INDIANA • • ILLINOIS •• MICHIGAN. WISCONSIN MINNESOTA • IOWA ••• =1 MISSOURI ••• NORTH DAKOTA. • SOUTH DAKOTA. NEBRASKA •• Z(ANSAS. ~ I SOUTH ••• 2 2 DELAWARE. MARyLAND. DISTRICT OF COLUMBiA: VIRGINIA. • • • WEST VIRGINIA • NORTH CAROLINA. SOUTH CAROLINA. GEORGIA • FLORIDA • • KENTUCKy •• TENNESSEE ••• ALABAMA • • • • MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS. •• LOUISIANA OKLAHOMA. TEXAS • WEST •••• 5 2 2 MONTANA • IDAHO •• WYOMING '. • COLORADO •• NEW MEXICo. ARIZONA ••• UTAH •••• NEVADA. • •• WASHINGTON. OREGON ••• CALIFORNIA. • • 2 2 2 ALASKA. • • • HAWAII. • - Represents zero. Iperso03 enume-ratcd under "All Other Races 't were five Amarican Indians and J Asians. CLipi/O/ Punishment /9HI 89 Appendix III Questionnaire n n #*4 {2 4 INSTRUCTIONS Please complete one card for each person who (1) entered your State's correctional system under sentence of death at any time during the report year, or (2) had received a sentence of death in a previous year but was not prevIOusly reported. Attempt to answer all items. Item b. Card of Cards - Complete this item to prison after his first sentencing to death. Separ insure proper accounting of all persons under ated does not include separation for reason of sentence of death in your correctional system who imprisor,ment. have not been previously reported. Item 8. Highest year of education completed at Example: If you are reporting 4 persons who time of first imprisonment for capital offense - were given a sentence of death during Time frame as in Item 7 above. Include Graduate the report year, or had not been pre Equivalent Degree (GED) as "12th grade," vious/y reported, and this card relates to the third person reported, you would Item 9. Legal status at time of capital offense - enter: Card 3 of 4 Cards If the person was known to be free in all States with no charges pending at the time of the offense, Item 4a. Race mark "Not under sentence - no charges pending." (1) White - A person having origins in any of the If the person was charged but not sentenced, original peoples of .. Europe, North Africa, or e.g., out on bail, mark "Not under sentence the Middle East. charges pending." (2) Black - A person having origins in any of the If person was under sentence (not merely charged) black racial groups of Africa. at time of offense, mark "On probation," "On parole." "Imprisoned," "On escape," or "Other" (3) American Indian or Alaskan Native - A as appropriate. person having origins in any of the original peoples of North America, and who maintains Item 11. Date of original conviction for capital cultural identification through tribal affiliation offense - Enter the first month and year (digits or community recognition. as in item 5) in which the person was found gUilty of the capital offense. DO NOT enter the (4) Asian or Pacific Islander - A person having date of appeal rejections or prison admission. origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, Item 12. Date of first sentence for capital offense or the Pacific Islands. This area includes, for Enter the month and year (digits as in item 5) example, China, India, Japan, Korea, the after the person's original conviction in which Philippine Islands, and Samoa. inmate was first sentenced to death. (5) Other - Any other race not covered by the Item 13a. Inmate status on December 31, 19- above categories. Please specify the race in Indicate whether or not the inmate was under the space provided. sentence of death at the end of the report year. Item 4b. Hispanic Origin - Hispanics are defined Item 13b. If inmate was under sentence of death as those having an ethnic origin or background on December 31, indicate if the inmate was on in Central America, South America, Mexico, escape or at a mental hospital. Enter the month Cuba, Puerto Rico, or Spain. and year of escape or transfer to mental hospital. Item 13c. Manner of removal from sentence of Item 5. Date of Birth - Enter two digits for month (January=Ol, February=02, etc.) and death - Complete this item only if sentence of death was removed during the calendar year. la:;.t two digits of year. Mark the box which most accurately describes how the inmate was initially removed from sen· Item 6. Capital offense for which imprisoned - tence of death. Mark all and only those offenses for whbt> capital punishment was originally I~vied. Item 13d. Current status of inmate removed from sentence of death - Mark the one box which most Item 7. Marital status at time of first imprisonment accurately shows the inmate's legal status as of for capital offense - "Time of first imprisonment" THE DATE THIS REPORT IS COMPLETED. refers to the inmate's original time of arrival at If "Under new sentence" enter new sentence. Capital Punishment 1981 91 Form Approv.d· 0 M· B . No 1121.()()30 FORM NPS-8 (t 1.a.eo) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE OUREAU ':'F THE CENSUS CENSUS USE ONLY ACTING AS COLLECTING AGENT FOR THE BUREAU OF JUSTICE STATISTICS II 11111 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE a. Report year b. REPORT OF INMATES UNDER SENTENCE OF DEATH NATIONAL PRISONERS STATISTICS 19_ Card_ of_Cards ,. Bureau of the Census II IMPORTANT - Please reaJ instructions on reVerse RETURN) " ATTN: Demographic Survey. Olylslon before cump/eting this (arm. TO Washington, D.C. 20233 " 1. State 100. Prior felony convictlon(s) (Mark (X) in appropriate box) I DYes 2 k } Skip to item I I 2. Inmate name 3 El ~o n nown Last IFl,s, IMlddle I Ilnl,lal lOb. VI,,,,; any of the •• convictions for criminal homicide? I I 10 Yes - Specify (e.g •• murder. attempted murder, involuntary manslaughter, vehicular 3. Sex (Mark (X) appropriate box) manslaughter) loMale 20 Female 20No 40. Roce (Mark (X) appropriate box) 3D Unknown I C White 11. Date of original convielian for capl'ol oflense 20 Black Mon,h Year 30 American Indian or Alaskan Native 4 C: Asian or Pacific Islander CD-OJ 50 Other- Spec;f~ 12. Dote of first sentence for capitol offen •• Month Year b. Hispanic origin (Mark (X) appropriate box) OJ-OJ I Cl Hispanic 130. Inmate status on Decemb.r 31, 19_ 2 L] Non-Hispanic (Mark (X) appropriate box) 3 [~ Not known I Cl Under sentence of death - Cont,nue Willi item b 20 Sentence of death removed - Skip to 5. Dote of birth items c and d Mon,h Year b. Was this inmate on escape or at a menIal [[]-[[] hospital on Oeeember 31? Month Year 10 Yes, on escape - Enter 6, Capital offense(s) for which imprisoned month and year of escape ••• DJ-m o Murder 20 Yes, at a mental hospital - CRape Enter mOn£h and year of o Kidnap transfer to mental hospital •• OJ-m C1 Other - Specify 3 [J No .• • No (urther informaf/on required for this Inmate c. Reason for inmate's removal from under sentence of death (Mark (X) oppropnate box) I u~i~~UcYT I T I I II Month Year 7. Marital status at time 01 first imprisonment for capitol ollense I Cl Executed •••••••••••••• ITJ-m t C Married - Inc/ude common low marriage 2 Ll Divorced or separated 2 [J Deceased by otht;r causes. , • ITJ-OJ 3 ["' Widowed 3 [] Capital sentence declared 4 C' Never married unconstitutional by State or U.S, Supreme Court ••••• ITJ-OJ 5 L.' Not known 8. High"$! year of education completed at time 4 ~1 Sentence commuted, •••••• ITJ-[O of first imprisonment for capitol ollense sO ConViction affirmed, sentence overturned by appellate court CD-CD ole 7th grade or less 07 r: : I st year of college 6 0 Conviction and sentence 02 0 8th grade 08 I ,2nd year overturned by appellate court OJ-OJ 090 3rd year 03 C19th grade 7 [J Other - SpecifYt 04 [J 10th grade 100 4th year as C: II th grade I I 0 More than 4 years OJ-OJ B [J Information not avai lable at thiS olfice 0(, C 12th grade - of college (lnc/ude GED) 12 0 Not known d. Current status of inmate removed from sentence 01 death (Mark the one box showing the ,nmate's status Legal status at time of capitol ollense 9. as of the day you fi/l out this report, i.e .. TODAY) (Mark (X) appropnate box) NOT UNDER SENTENCE I [J Under new sentence of I C~ No charges ,lending 20 Awaiting retrial to determine guilt 2 [; Charges pending 30 Awaiunl resentencing only (guilt affIrmed) UNDER SENTENCE 40 Found not gUilty in retrial 3 C' On probation s [J All charges on capital offense dropped 4 On parole L J 60 Other - SpeClfy,l 5,""~ On escape 6 [ Imprisoned 7 ~ ~: Other - Specify legal statul' 7[ i No action has been taken since removal from sentence 01 death e i~- jlnform3t1on not available at this office a ~' UNKNOWN 9 I } Dead 92 Capital Puni,vilmellt 1981 O.M B. No 1121'0030' Approval Expires DeccmbN 31 , 1984 FORM NPS.8A Part A - IDEtlTIFICATION OF IW.1ATE 112·7·011 'T.Name 01 Inmale \2.ldent No. 3. Race '14. Siale u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 8URCAU or THr. c E:NSUS ACT'NG AS COLLECTING AGENT r or.. THE BUREAU of" JUsTICE: STATISTICS . 5.Blllh \6. Sex \7. 01l9m 8. Maliial Sial us ailime 01 l"sllmpnsonmenl lor capllal olfense U.s. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE dale 9. ~Ighesl year 01 education completed at lime 01 TO' Capllalolfenselsl lila P"ode'ony l11b 1;,'e"'1 oltl'mcc"":tons UPDATE REPORT OF INMATES UNDER "rSllmp"sonmenl lor capital olfense (11'1\-lcl,,,% rJr Cllfrr,;1 homt;d~' SENTENCE OF DEATH 12. Legal slatus ailime 01 capllal olfense r3. Daleor englnal convlC' r4. Dateoll",1 s~ntence lor NATIONAL PRISONERS STATISTICS lion lor capllal ollense capllalolfense INSTRUCTIONS Part B - STATUS OF INIMTE UPDATE INFORMATION - 1. W~s this Inmale stili un~er sentence Part A - The inmate's name and information previously reo of death on this dale? ) ported is entered in ite,n 1 and ttems 3 through 14. I (Item 2 is a Census assigned number.) PI~ase I' '" Ves - Contllllle WII/I 110m 2 review the information and correct if necessary. 2 Nil, sentence of cteath removed - Skip to items 3 an t,lonth Vear b. In what month and year was this inmate removed from under sentence of death? r1]-rr 4. As of TODAY, what Is the status 01 this Inmale? 1 : ' Und~r new sentence of 6 ' , OUler - SpeCify 2 AW.lItl"~ retflal to detp"11111C ~Ullt 3 A\'ialtlll~ resentDnClliR only, gll"t aff!flnedl 7, . No actIon has been taken since removal 4 Found nol gurlty m relnal froill sentence of de~tI1 5 All cil.lrges on capItal offens~ dlopped B' : Information not avallablc at thiS office Capital PilI/ishII/em 19HI 93 O.M.B. No. 1121'-0030; Approval December 31. 19B4 FORM NP B 112-7-811 NOTICE - These data are being collected in accordl,mce with the 1973 Crime Control Act. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS ACTING AS COLLECTING AGENT FOR THE BUREAU OF JUSTICE STATISTICS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE STATUS OF DEATH PENALTV STATUTES NO STATUTE IN FORCE, 1980 NATIONAL PRISONER STATISTICS 1981 BUREAU OF THE CENSUS Attn: Demographic Surveys Div. Washington, D.C. 20233 (Please correct error in name and address ZIP code} 'I FROM THE DIRECTOR BUREAU OF THE CENSUS The Bureau of the Census has been requested by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), formerly LEAA, to collect data annually on inmates under sentence of death in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the federal system. This program is authorized by title 42, United States Code, section 3763. These inmate data are collected from cor rectional and prison personnel. In addition, the Bureau also compiles information for a descriptive table on the current status of the death penalty in the 52 jurisdictions. This information is requested from the office of the chief legal officer ot each jurisdiction. The report period covers January 1, 1981, through December 31. 1981. Please complete and return the report by February 16, 1982, to expedite timely publication of the data. Should you have any questions regarding the completion of this voluntary report, please call collect for assistance on (301) 763-5082. Sincerely, k BRUCE CHAPMAN 94 Capital Punishment 1981 ------, 1. National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) records : o No - Go to Question 4 show that at the end of 1980 your Stato had I DYes). NO CAPITAL PUNISHMENT STATUTE. At I I any time in 1981 was such a law 1 established? I Effective date 1 Citation Please provide a copy of the law, if possible. 2. During 1981, was that law explicitly struck o No - Go to Quesfion 4 by the U.S. or State Supreme Court? DYes o Wholly struck {O By U.S. Supreme Court o By State Supreme Court {O By U.S. Supreme Court o Partially struck o By State Supreme Court 1- Effective date 1 Citation Please provide B copy of the decision, if possible. 3 .In the opinion of the Attorney General, o All were effectively removed from under sentence of death as of the what was the impact on persons :llentenced decision date; that Is, legally these persons could not be executed under your Stato's statute? under that sentence. o None were effectively removed from under sentence of death as of the decision date; that Is, legally these persons could still possibly be executed under that sentence. o Some were effectively removed from under sentence of death ao of the decision date while others were not; that is, legally some could still possibly be executed under that sentence while others could not. 4.As of December 31,1981, does your State DNa CONSTITUTION specifically prohibit capital penalties? o Yes-;, oate 1 Citation .- i 5. As of December 31, 1981, your State - o Had a capital punishment statute o Had no capital punishment statute - Go to item 10 6. For what off8nse(5) can the death penalty I be imposed in your State? I I I I I 7. Does your Stete provide for automatic : appeal upon imposition of the death I DYes penalty, i.e., irrespective of defend~nt's I wishes? I DNa I T Age 8. What is the minimum ege at which persons I con be sentenced to death in your State? I I B . What methods of execution are authorized I In your capital punishment statute? I I I I I I I 10.Report Name and title Telephone Date comp!,~ted oubmltted Area code Number Extension bV-- I I FORM NPS·88 18·5·811 Capital Punishment 1981 95 O.M.B. No. 1121 Oecember 31, 19B4 NOTICE - These data are being collected in accordance with the 1973 Crime Control Act. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS ACTING AS COLLECTING AGENT FOR THE BUREAU OF JUSTICE STATISTICS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE STATUS OF DEATH PENALTY STATUTES STATUTE liII FORCE, 1980 NATIONAL PRISONER STATISTICS 1981 BUREAU OF THE CENSUS Attn: Demographic Surveys Washington, D.C. 20233 (Please correct any error in name and address ZIP code} FROM THE DIRECTOR BUREAU OF THE CENSUS The Bureau of the Census has been requested by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), formerly LEAA, to collect data annually on inmates under sentence of death in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the federal system. This program is authorized by title 42, United States Code, section 3763. These inmate data are collected from cor rectional and prison personnel. In addition, the Bureau also compiles information for a descriptive table on the current status of the death penalty in the 52 jurisdictions. This information is requested from the office of the chief legal officer of each jurisdiction. The report period covers January 1, 1981, through December 31, 1981. Please complete and return the report by F,oruary 16, 1982, to expedite timely publication of the data. Should you have any questions regarding the completion of this voluntary report, please call collect for assistance on (301) 763-5082. Sincerely, ~ ~ i BRUCE CHAPMAN i 'I 96 Capital Punishment 1981 1 • National Pri$oner Statistics (N PSI records I o No - Go to Question 3 show that at the end of 1980 your State had I Yes~ a capital punishment statute. During 1981, I o was that law explicitly struck in whole or in I o Wholly struck {D By U.S. Suprome Court I By State Supreme Court part by the U.S. or the State Supreme Court? I o I {D By U.S. Supreme Court I o Partially struck I o By State Supreme Court I I IEffective date I Citation I I I Please provide a copy of the decision, if possible. 2 .In the opinion of the Attorney General, I I o All were effectively removed from under sentence of death as of the what was the impact on persons sentenced I decision date; that is, legally these persons could not be executed under your State's ':Itatute? I under that sentence. I J o None were effectively removed from under sentence of death as of , I the decision date; that is. legally the&e persons could still possibly I be executed under that sentence. I o Some were effectively removed from under sentence of death as I of the decision date while others were not; that I>. legally some I could still possibly be executed under that sentenc., while others I could not. 3. During 1981, was the capital punishment I o Revised or modified statute: I I Effective date Citation I I I (Mark (XI all that apply) I I I - Please provid~ (I r.opy of the revised sections, if possible. I If revised more than once, please specifY)- I I I J I I I I o Replaced (entirely new statute I I I Effective date Citation I I I I I I Please provide 8 copy of the new statute, if possible. : I o None of the above 4. As of December 31, 1981, your State - , I o Had a capital punishment statut~ I Had no capital pUnishment statute - Go to item 9 I o 5. For what offense(s) can the death penalty I be imposed in your State? ,I I - I I 6. Does your State provide for automatic : appeal upon imposition of the death ; DYes penalty, i.e., irrespective of defendant's I wishes? I o No I 7. What is the minimum age at which persons Age I can be sentenced to death in your State? I I 8. What methods of execution are authorized 1 in your capital punishment statute? I I I I 9. Report Name and title I Telephone Date completed submitted Area code Number Extension by-+- I I I I Capilal Pllnishment 1981 97 Appendix IV Methodology c:l,''ttt " ,t = i ,., "'"'" This report is based mainly on data ob missed or judgment reversed, commuted to death penalty and transfer to a State cor tained through a mail canvass of the Fed life or term of years. resentenced to life or rectional facility. the figures for recent eral Bureau of Prisons and correctional term of years. new trial granted or resen years arc subject to revision as supplemen authorities in the 50 States and the District tencing ordered. etc.). Between 1971 and iary data are received by the NPS program. 1975, the specific method of disposition of Columbia and from information in pre The collection of data on ethnicity (i.e., reported by respondents was not tabulated , vious issues of this report. Information on Hispanic or non-Hispanic origin) started the legal status of the death penalty and on in the report; rather, persrns removed from with the 1977 enumeration, and the charac methods of execution was obtained through the death row count were listed under one teristic is determined irrespective of race. a questionnaire mailed to the office of the of two categories: "removed from death Hispanic origin is defined in the instruction Attorney General of each jurisdiction. The row" or "died." In 1976. a single table to Item 4b, Form NPS-8. The count of completion rate was 100 percent. displayed either the method of removal or, Hispanic inmates may be subject to error, in the case of inmates who had undergone Capital Punishment covers all persons un as correctional authorities in some jurisdic further processing after removal irom death der sentence of death at any time during tions maintain such information as a matter row. the yearend status (see table 12. Cap the year and held in a State or Federal cor of record. whereas those in other jurisdic ital Punishment 1976). Beginning in 1977. rectional facility. The coverage includes tions make a determination solely on the respondents were asked to report. for each capital offenders transferred from prison to basis of surname inspection. person relieved of the death sentence. both such noncorrectional institutions as mental the "method of removal" (table 17) and The 1981 questionnaire continued the first hospitals and those who may have escaped the "yearend status" in the followup pro time effort made in 1980 to determine from custody (no such prisoners were re cess (table 18). In 1976, for example, a whether inmates who had II history of prior ported for 1981). Not included are capital prisoner whose capital sentence was va felonies had been convicted of criminal prisoners who for any reason remain in lo cated as a result of the nullification of a homicide (see Item lOb. Form NPS-8). cal correctional institutions that are outside death penalty statute and who received a Data were reported for 83% of inmates the jurisdiction of the State or Federal cor reduced sentence before yearend was tal newly sentenced to death during 1981 but. rectional authorities from whom data for lied only once, i.e .• under "reduction of despite increases. remained inadequate for this series are obtained. sentence" (table 12. Capital Punishment those removed from death row (24% re A major procedural change introduced in 1976); beginning in 1977. a prisoner expe porting) and those under sentence at year 1976 was continued through 1981. Begin riencing this sequence of events was tallied end (45% reporting). ning with 1976. inmates sentenced to death both in table 17 (under "sentence provi Overall. coverage on questions of legal sta under statutory provisions later found un sions of State statute struck down") and in tus at time of arrest and prior felony his constitutional are removed from the NPS table 18 (under "serving reduced sen tory has been available fnr about 8 out of death-row count as of the date of the rele tence"). Because method of disposition in 10 prisoners since these items were first in vant court finding rather than as of the date formation beginning in 1977 included both corporated in the questionnaire in 1977. of the~pecific application of the finding to mcthod of removal and yearend status for the individual, as had been the practice each prisoner relieved of the death sen For the first time in 1981, States reported prior to 1976. As a result of this change, tence, it is not comparable with that for whether their death penalty laws provided the following two data items for 1976 1976 nor with that for the years prior to for an automatic appeal from death sen through 1981 are not strictly comparable 1971. Because no detail was published in tences (see Item 7. Form NPS-8B and with corresponding items in pre-I 976 is the 1971 through 1975 issues, no such NPS-8C). Coverage for this item was com sues of this series: the length of time comparison is possible. plete. elapsed from sentencing to disposition in A second procedural change initiated in the the case of those removed from under the 1977 issue of this report related to the an death penalty, and the amount of time ex nual revision of historical records on the pired since sentencing in the case of those movement of capital prisoners to account still on death row at yearend. This change for admissions and removals reported late also precludes strict comparability between to the NPS program. Previously. such 1976 through 1981 data and pre-1976 data transactions were simply added to or de on the number of persons removed from leted from the January I count of the year death row and on individuals remaining in which the report was received. without. under sentence of death at yearend. however. adjusting the data on admissions. Two other changes in concept and format removals, or net yearend figures for the differentiate 1977-81 information from year in which the transactions actually oc data reported in earlier issues of this re curred. Beginning with the 1977 report. the port. For persons removed from death row, relevant data are presented to reflect such respondents were asked, as in previous adjustments. and figures for previous year~ years, to supply information about disposi have been comparably revised to provide " tion. Prior to 1971, the "method of dispo consistent basis for assessing historical sition" was displayed exactly as reported trends (table 6). Because of the time lag to the NPS program (e.g., indictment dis- likely to occur between the receipt of the Capital Punishment 1981 99 NCJRS REGISTRATION NCJ-86484 CP 81 ~ , The National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) abstracts documents published in the criminal justice field.. Persons who are registered with the Reference Sen" ce receive announcements ofdocuments in their stated fields ofinterest and order forms for free copies of Bureau of JustiCtl Statistics pUblications. Ifyou are not registered with the Reference Service, and wish to be, please provide your name and mailing address below and check the appropriate box. Name Telephone ( ) 0 Please send me a NCJRS registration Number and street fOlm. o Ple,ase send me the City State ZIP Code reports listed below. (Fold here) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Bureau of Justice Statistics PLACE Washington, D.C. 20531 STAMP HERE User Services Department 2 National Criminal Justice Reference Service Bureau of Justice Statistics U.S. Department of Justice Box 6000 Rockville, Maryland 20850 (Fold here) If you wish to receive copies of any of the Bureau of Justice Statistics Reports listed on the reverse side, please list them below. q~mrr ==_ Bureau of Justice Statistics reports National PrIsoner Statistics Expenditure and ompk)ymom (revlsed March 1983) BJS bull9t1ns: Juotico "xpondlturo Iilnd ~ 111 tOO Single copies are available free from the National PrlDO'L'1et'Il at midyear 1982, NCJ-84875, 11/82 U.s., 1979: Preliminary report, NCJ-73288,1/81 Criminal Justice Reference Service, Box 6000, Prlsooora In 1981, NCJ-82262, 5/82 ~ end omployment dW:I fer thO RockvIlle, Md, 20850 (use NCJ number to order). Prlsoiwrs 1925-81, NCJ-85861, 12/82 crlmlMl juGtIco ayotem, 1978, NCJ.66482, 7/81 Postage and handling Is charged for multiple Dssfu-row prisoners 1981, NCJ-83191 , 8/82 Tronda In cxpmdHuro end ompk)ymcnt dtmI fer copies (301/251-5595). PriGOoors In Stata and Federal lnatltutlona on the crimlMI JUI'Itfcc lly!ltOm, 1971-77, Public-use tapes of BJS data sets and other December 31, 1980 (final report), NCJ-80520, NCJ-57463, 1/80 criminal justice data are available from the Criminal 7/82 Justice Archive and Information Network, P.O. Capital punishment 1981 (final report), PrIvacy soo security Box 1240, Ann Arbor, Mich. 481 06, (313n64-5199). NCJ-86484, 4/83 Computer CAme: 1979 survoyof Inmates ofState correctional facilities Computer GOCUrity tcdmk;OOB, National Crime Survey and 1979 census of State correctional facilities NCJ-84049, 9/82 Crlmlncl vIctlmlzetion In tho U.s.: (BJS bulletins): Electronic fundel tmoofor Sy!ltomo and crfmo, 1S80-81 changes blilsoo on now estimates PrIsoners and drugs, NCJ-87575, 3/83 NCJ-83736, 9/82 (BJS teGhnlcal report), NCJ.87577, 3/83 Prloonors and alcohol, NCJ-86223, 1/83 Loglolathre lV,oourco nu:nwl, NCJ-78890,9/81 1980 (final report), NCJ-8.4015, 4/83 . PrIsons and prisoners, NCJ-80697, 2/82 Exp0rt wlWIS8 numusl, NCJ-77927, 9/81 1979 (final report), NCJ-76710, 12/81 Veterans In prison, NCJ-79632 , 11/81 Criminal jllOtlce, NCJ-61550, 12/79 1973-79 trendo, NCJ-77639,4/82 Census of jails and survey of jsllinmates: PrIvacy and sGcurfty of crlmlrnll history Information: BJS bulletins: Jail Inmates 1982 (BJS bulletin), NCJ-87161, 2/83 A guide to resoorch sod statlstlcsl uao, Houaeholds touchoo by crime 1981, Cansus of jails, 1978: Data for individual jails, NCJ-69790, 5/81 NCJ-84406, 9/82 vols. !-IV, Northeast, North Central, South, West; guide to dlOG0rn1natlon, 1/79 VloIsnt crlmo by strangers, NCJ-80829, 4/82 NCJ-72279-72282, 12/81 A NCJ-40000, Compendium of Sisto legislation: CrIme snd the elderty, NCJ-79614, 1/82 Profile of jail Inmates, 1978, NCJ-65412, 2/81 Victims of crime, NCJ-79615, 11/S1 Census of jails and survey of jail Inmatos, 1978, NCJ-48981 , m's 1981 supplemflnt, NCJ-79652,3/82 M3asurlng crinw, NCJ-75710, 2/81 preliminary report, NCJ-55172, 5n9 Tho NatIoncI CrIme Survey: Working papers, CrIminal justice Information policy: Research access to crlmlmlll justlco data, vol. I: Current and historical perspectives, Parole and ~robation NCJ-75374,8/82 NCJ-84154, 2/83 Characterlstlc& of persOils entering parole Crlmo against the elderly In 26 cltlos, Privacy and juvenile jl/sties records, during 1978 and 1979, NCJ-87243, 4/83 NCJ-76708,1/82 NCJ-84152, 1/83 Probation and parole, 1981 (BJS bulletfn), Hispanic victim, NCJ-69261, 11/81 Survey of State laws (BJS bulletin), Tho NCJ-83647,8/82 Isooss In measurttmont of crime, NCJ-80836, 6/82 the Characteristics of the parole population, 1978, NCJ-74682,10/81 Privacy and the private employer, NCJ-66479, 4/81 NCJ-79651,11/81 Crlmlmlll victimization of Callfomla resldsnts, Parole In the U.S., 1979, NCJ-69562,3/81 1974-77, NCJ-70944, 6/81 Restitution to victims of personal and household General crimes, NCJ-72770, 5/81 Courts BJS five-year program plan, FY 1982-86, 7/82 CrIminal victimization of New York State State court case load statistics: VIolent crime In the U.s. (White House briefing resldants, 1974-n, NCJ-70944, 9/80 1977 and 1981 (BJS special report), book), NCJ-79741, 6/82 The cost of negligence: Losses from preventable NCJ-87587, 2/83 . Sourcebook of crlmlmlll Justice statistics, 1981, household burglaries, NCJ-53527, 12n9 State court organization 1980, NCJ-76711, 7/82 NCJ-78672, 6/82 . Rap<) victimization In 26 American cities, Stata court model flt8,!i~~;'C81 dictionary, Fodsral Justice statistics (BJS bulletin), NCJ-55878, 8n9 NCJ-62320, 9/80 NCJ.80814,3/82 CrIminal victimization In urban schools, A cross-city comparlslm of felony case Dictionary of criminal justice data terminology: NCJ-56396, 8n9 processing, NCJ-55171, 7n9 Terms and definitions proposed for interstate CrIme against persons In urban, suburban, and Fedsral criminal sentencing: Perspectives, 'f and national data collection and exchange, 2nd rural areas, NCJ-53551 , 7n9 analysis and a design for research, NCJ-33I383, ed., NCJ-76939, 2/82 An Introduction to the National Crime Survey, 10nS Correctional data analysis systems, NCJ-43732, 4n8 Variations In Federal criminal sentencos, NCJ-76940, 8/81 Local victim surveys: A review of the Issues, NCJ-33684, 10n8 Technical standards for machine-readable data NCJ-39973, 8m Fedoral sentencing patterns: A study of supplied to BJS, NCJ-75318, 6/81 geographical variations, NCJ-33685, 1On8 Justice agencies In the U.S., 1980, NCJ-65560, Predicting sentences In Federal courts: The 1/81 feasibility of a national sentencing pollcy, Indicators of crime and criminal justice: NCJ-33686, 10n8 Quantitative studies, NCJ-62349, 1/81 State and local prosecution and civil attomey A style manual for machine-readable data, systems, NCJ·41334, 7nS NCJ-62766, 9/80 Myths and realltlen about crime, NCJ-46249, 10na