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Chapitre Iv Bilan De La Pression Chimique S N º | _|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| THESE Présentée à L’Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour Ecole Doctorale des Sciences Exactes et de leurs Applications Par Hélène TABOURET Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR Spécialité : Environnement et Matériaux RECHERCHE DES MARQUEURS D’EXPOSITION AUX CONTAMINANTS ET DE FREQUENTATION DES HABITATS CHEZ L’ANGUILLE ANGUILLA ANGUILLA DE L’ESTUAIRE DE L’ADOUR : DE LA REPONSE MOLECULAIRE A LA MICROCHIMIE DE L’OTOLITHE Après avis des rapporteurs : Pr. E. Feunteun Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Dinard Dr. R. Lecomte-Finiger CNRS/EPHE, Perpignan Devant la commission d’examen formée de : Dr. H. De Pontual IFREMER, Brest Pr. P. Bustamante Université de la Rochelle, CNRS UMR6250, La Rochelle D.R. O.F.X. Donard IPREM – UPPA – CNRS UMR 5254, Pau Dr. P. Prouzet IFREMER LRHA, Anglet Dr. C. Cagnon IPREM – UPPA - CNRS UMR 5254, Pau Dr. G. Bareille IPREM – UPPA - CNRS UMR 5254, Pau (Invité) Dr. C. Pécheyran IPREM – UPPA - CNRS UMR 5254, Pau (Invité) REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier chaleureusement l’ensemble des personnes qui ont contribué à la réalisation et à la valorisation de ce travail. Ma mémoire me jouera peut être des tours quant à la restitution des noms de cette longue liste mais ma gratitude, elle, malgré mes oublis, n’en est pas moins réelle et exhaustive. Ma reconnaissance va en premier lieu à mes deux directeurs de thèse, Patrick Prouzet et Olivier Donard, qui m’ont permis d’intégrer leurs équipes respectives de l’IFREMER-LRHA et de l’IPREM et d’y évoluer avec aisance. Je les remercie vivement de m’avoir permis de participer à de nombreuses conférences scientifiques nationales et internationales, d’avoir favorisé les rencontres et échanges scientifiques et contribué au développement de mes connaissances dans les différents domaines abordés. J’adresse ma profonde gratitude à Gilles Bareille sans qui ce travail n’aurait pu être ce qu’il est aujourd’hui. Un immense et chaleureux merci pour avoir eu confiance en moi dès le début de cette aventure, pour le temps qu’il a su m’accorder tout au long de ce travail, sa disponibilité, pour son engagement dans le projet, sur le terrain, pour l’écriture et la révision des articles, mais avant tout pour son soutien scientifique et humain de tout instant. Je me souviendrai longtemps de ces longues discussions passionnées sur les anguilles, les Gaves et la pêche… Merci à Christine Cagnon pour avoir supervisé les travaux de biologie moléculaire et pour avoir apporté son expérience et son aide indispensable dans les discussions et interprétations des résultats. Merci pour sa disponibilité et son soutien. Merci également à Claude Mouchès d’avoir soutenu ce projet dans ses premiers pas. Je remercie chaleureusement Christophe Pécheyran pour m’avoir ouvert les portes du monde des « laseristes » ou « Jedis ». Merci pour sa formation sur les lasers et les ICPMS, sa présence lors du développement analytique et des « coups de fatigue » du couplage. Je le remercie grandement pour les précieux conseils et corrections qu’il a apportés sur la partie analytique de ces travaux. Les avancées analytiques n’auraient pu voir le jour sans son acharnement et sa rigueur scientifique. Merci d’avoir accepté l’invasion des otolithes… Mes sincères remerciements à l’ensemble des membres du jury qui m’ont fait l’honneur de juger ce travail : Raymonde Lecomte-Finiger, Eric Feunteun, Paco Bustamante, Hélène de Pontual, Christine Cagnon, Gilles Bareille, Patrick Prouzet et Olivier Donard. Un grand merci à Raymonde Lecomte-Finiger et Eric Feunteun d’avoir accepté la lourde tâche d’examiner ce manuscrit et d’avoir apporté leurs précieux conseils scientifiques. Merci à Paco Bustamante d’avoir accepté de présider ma soutenance de thèse après m’avoir initiée à la chimie analytique il y a quelques années. Merci à Hélène de Pontual d’avoir accepté de participer à cette aventure et d’apporter ses précieux conseils en termes d’analyse chimique des otolithes. Votre présence aura permis de rassembler une équipe scientifique à l’image de la pluridisciplinarité de ce sujet. Ce travail n’aurait pas pu voir le jour sans le soutien financier de l’IFREMER, de la Région Aquitaine et du Conseil des Elus du Pays Basque. Toute ma reconnaissance à ceux et celles qui ont porté ce projet. Je tiens à remercier Nathalie Caill-Milly pour m’avoir accueillie dans son équipe à Anglet, pour sa disponibilité et sa sympathie. Merci également à Ryszard Lobinski, responsable du LCABIE, et à Robert Duran, responsable de l’EEM, pour m’avoir accueillie dans leurs laboratoires. Merci également aux personnels de ces trois laboratoires pour leur accueil. Merci à ceux qui ont mis en place et participer aux campagnes d’échantillonnage. Merci aux agents de l’ONEMA et notamment à l’équipe de Michel Goillon, aux agents de MIGRADOUR et plus particulièrement à Samuel Marty et David Barracou. Merci de m’avoir fait découvrir les Barthes et les coteaux. Tous mes remerciements à ceux qui ont accepté de m’accompagner et de m’aider sur le terrain : Adrien, Solange, Eléna, Ina, Benoît, Julie, Léa… Merci également aux pêcheurs professionnels pour leur participation dans la collecte d’échantillons estuariens. Je tiens à adresser toute ma gratitude à Elena Aubry et à Fanny Claverie. Merci Eléna de m’avoir initiée à la biologie moléculaire et de m’avoir guidée pas à pas, même à l’autre bout de la France. Merci pour ta patience et ton soutien. Merci Fanny pour ton aide, ta disponibilité, ton soutien dans les analyses en laser même à des heures tardives…sans vous deux, tout aurait été plus difficile… Ce travail est aussi le fruit de rencontres, de collaborations et de discussions avec de nombreux passionnés. Merci à Noelle Bru pour son accompagnement en statistiques et pour son implication dans le traitement des signaux élémentaires. Merci à Tony Robinet pour ses conseils et les discussions au combien stimulantes et passionnées sur nos bestioles favorites. Merci à Françoise Daverat pour sa participation aux traitements de données, pour sa bonne humeur et ses précieux conseils. D’immenses remerciements à tous ceux et celles qui m’ont soutenue au laboratoire comme dans la vie de tous les jours : A Pau, dans le couloir des galères ou sur le tatami, il y a toujours un sourire, un mot, un chocolat, de la bonne humeur, pour faire disparaître les nuages : Fanny, Aurélie, Estelle, Yoana, Eléna, Léa, Julien, Jérome, Guilhem, Raph, Georgia, Zoyne, Sylvain, Marion, Nico, Adrien, Alex, Sandrine, Ludo, Lionel, Sabrina, Clara, Isa, Gilles et Sandra F., Yves D., Jean-Claude, Laurent, Régis, Isabelle F. et les autres « black and white »… En France et au-delà des frontières, il y a toujours quelqu’un qui écoute, qui rassure, qui partage : Pascaline « wiki »…toujours prête à partager une bonne blanche au Corrigan ou tout simplement un bon morceau de musique, Benoît…toujours la « patate » et prêt à faire du body dans le Gave, Elodie…l’autre chuchoteuse aux oreilles des anguilles, Mimi, Chapi, Galou, Yann, Stéphanie, Marie, Pascal, Pierre, Olivier, Yves, … Je souhaite enfin adresser mes derniers remerciements à mes proches : un grand merci à toute la famille pour m’avoir soutenue physiquement et moralement durant toutes ces années malgré la distance et mon absence. Je remercie plus particulièrement mes parents pour toute leur aide et leur affection, pour m’avoir laissé libre et m’avoir soutenue dans chacun de mes choix. Ces trois années paloises auront favorisé les rencontres, une en particulier, sans doute la plus précieuse… Merci Ismaël pour les pauses thé et mikado mais surtout merci pour ta patience, ta présence, ton écoute et ton soutien de tous les jours…merci d’avoir été à mes côtés…merci d’être à mes côtés… « Eels » Bafuku Ohno A mes parents, Sommaire ABRÉVIATIONS _____________________________________________________________________ 5 LISTE DES FIGURES__________________________________________________________________ 7 LISTE DES TABLEAUX _______________________________________________________________ 13 INTRODUCTION ____________________________________________________________________ 17 CONTEXTE DE L’ETUDE _____________________________________________________________ 17 OBJECTIFS DE LA THESE ____________________________________________________________ 19 PRESENTATION DU TRAVAIL _________________________________________________________ 24 CHAPITRE I ______________________________________________________________________ 25 PROBLEMATIQUE SCIENTIFIQUE ________________________________________________________ 25 FREQUENTATION DES HABITATS ET PRESSION CHIMIQUE SUBIE PAR L’ANGUILLE EUROPEENNE (ANGUILLA ANGUILLA) DU BAS ADOUR: MISE EN PLACE D’UNE APPROCHE PLURIDISCIPLINAIRE. __________________ 25 1. Le bassin de l’Adour et les zones humides associées _______________________________ 27 1.1 Géographie : __________________________________________________________________ 27 1.2 Etat de la pression chimique dans l’estuaire de l’Adour ____________________________________ 30 2. L’anguille européenne (Anguilla anguilla, Linné) ___________________________________ 36 2.1. Systématique et cycle biologique____________________________________________________ 36 2.2. Utilisation des habitats : une espèce migratrice sur de longues et courtes distances________________ 40 2.3. Une espèce en déclin : état des stocks et causes du déclin _________________________________ 43 2.4. Intérêt de gestion et de restauration __________________________________________________ 46 3. Evaluation de la pression chimique s’exerçant sur les organismes _____________________ 48 3.1.
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