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Biology of Hawaiian Streams and Estuaries

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Biology of Hawaiian Streams and Estuaries Biology of Hawaiian Streams and Estuaries Biology of Hawaiian Streams and Estuaries Proceedings of the Symposium on the Biology of Hawaiian Streams and Estuaries Hilo, Hawai‘i 26–27 April 2005 Edited by Neal L. Evenhuis & J. Michael Fitzsimons Bishop Museum Bulletin in Cultural and Environmental Studies 3 Bishop Museum Press Honolulu, 2007 Editorial committee for this volume Ron A. Englund Neal L. Evenhuis J. Michael Fitzsimons Glenn R. Higashi Mark G. McRae Robert T. Nishimoto Supported by a grant from the Sportfish Restoration Project of the United States Fish & Wildlife Service through the Division of Aquatic Resources, Department of Land & Natural Resources, State of Hawaii. Available from: Bishop Museum Press 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-2704 Division of Aquatic Resources Department of Land & Natural Resources 1151 Punchbowl Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813 Published by Bishop Museum Press 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-2704, USA Copyright ©2007 Bishop Museum All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN 10: 1-58178-053-2 ISBN 13: 978-1-58178-053-6 ISSN 1548-9620 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword — William S. Devick ................................................................................................... vii Introduction — J. Michael Fitzsimons & Robert T. Nishimoto ..................................................... 1 Hawaiian stream fishes: the role of amphidromy in history, ecology, and conservation biology — Robert M. McDowall ............................................................................................................... 3 Behavioral ecology of indigenous stream fishes in Hawai‘i — J. Michael Fitzsimons, Mark G. McRae & Robert T. Nishimoto .............................................................................................. 11 The Hawaiian ahupua‘a land use system: its biological resource zones and the challenge for silvi- cultural restoration — Dieter Mueller-Dombois .................................................................. 23 Opportunities in stream drift: methods, goby larval types, temporal cycles, in-situ mortality esti- mation, and conservation implications — Kim N.I. Bell ...................................................... 35 Production, marine larval retention or dispersal, and recruitment of amphidromous Hawaiian gob- ioids: issues and implications — Cheryl A. Murphy & J. H. Cowan, Jr. ............................. 63 Early seaward drift of gobies in Japan — Kei’ichiro Iguchi ....................................................... 75 The potential for source-sink population dynamics in Hawaii’s amphidromous fishes — Mark G. McRae ................................................................................................................................... 87 Applications of stable isotope analysis to tracing nutrient sources to Hawaiian gobioid fishes and other stream organisms — Keith A. Hobson, R.J.F. Smith & P. Sorensen ............................ 99 Morphometric and genetic confirmation of two species of Kuhlia (Osteichthyes: Kuhliidae) in Hawai‘i — Lori K. Benson McRae ...................................................................................... 113 The importance of functional morphology for fishery conservation and management: applications to Hawaiian amphidromous fishes — Heiko L. Schoenfuss & Richard W. Blob ........................ 125 Mugilids in the muliwai: a tale of two mullets — Robert T. Nishimoto, Troy E. Shimoda & Lance K. Nishiura .......................................................................................................................... 143 Parasites of Hawaiian stream fishes: sources and impacts — William F. Font ........................... 157 ï ï Ïao Honomanü H h wai (Neritina granosa Sowerby) recruitment in ‘ and Streams on the Island of Maui, Hawai‘i — Skippy Hau ............................................................................................. 171 Why sweat the small stuff: the importance of microalgae in Hawaiian stream ecosystems — Matthew Julius ..................................................................................................................... 183 Where are we now regarding Hawaiian stream algal systematics? (A suspiciously cosmopolitan flora) — Alison Sherwood ................................................................................................... 195 vi BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN IN CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 3 (2007) Aquatic insect taxa as indicators of aquatic species richness, habitat disturbance, and invasive species impacts in Hawaiian streams — Ron A. Englund, Mark G. Wright & Dan A. Polhemus .............................................................................................................................. 207 Biology recapitulates geology: the distribution of Megalagrion damselflies on the Ko‘olau Volcano of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i — Dan A. Polhemus ............................................................... 233 Blue hawaiiense and beyond: conservation genetics and comparative phylogeography of four Hawaiian Megalagrion damselfly species (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) — Steve Jordan, Emilie Barruet, Mark Olaf, Barbara Parsons & Chris Simon ........................................... 247 Translocation and monitoring efforts to establish a second population of one of the rarest dam- selflies on O‘ahu, Hawai‘i Megalagrion xanthomelas (Sélys-Longchamps) (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae) — David J. Preston, Ron A. Englund & Myra McShane ......................... 261 Contaminants in the watershed: implications for Hawaiian stream biota — Anne M.D. Brasher & Reuben H. Wolff ................................................................................................................... 277 Setting instream flow standards for Hawaiian streams—the role of science — Edwin T. Sakoda ............................................................................................................................................... 293 The point quadrat method: a rapid assessment of Hawaiian streams — Glenn R. Higashi & Robert T. Nishimoto .......................................................................................................................... 305 Structure of the Division of Aquatic Resources Survey Database and use with a Geographic Information System — Darrell G.K. Kuamo‘o, Glenn R. Higashi & James E. Parham .............................................................................................................................................. 315 A template for conducting ecosystem-based instream flow studies — Allan Locke ................... 323 Establishment of an integrated instream flow program in Hawai‘i consistent with Public Trust Doctrine — William S. Devick ............................................................................................. 327 Directions for future research in Hawaiian streams and estuaries: results of group discussion at the closing of the Symposium on Hawaiian Streams and Estuaries 26 & 27 April 2005 in Hilo, Hawai‘i — Lori K. Benson McRae & Mark G. McRae ...................................................... 331 ————————————— vii Foreword The representation of exceptional scientists, broad range of papers, and quality of research present- ed at this symposium are truly remarkable, and they underscore the progress made since the 1980s, when publication of anything related to Hawaiian streams was difficult because interest at all levels was minimal, and only a few pioneering researchers were willing to commit time to the subject. The establishment of the Water Code in Hawai‘i and the formation of the Commission on Water Resource Management under the Department of Land and Natural Resources encouraged the Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR), which is assigned responsibility by Statute for the manage- ment and protection of all living aquatic resources in Hawai‘i, to focus on expanding the informa- tion base to assist in regulatory decision-making and lend credence to the development of instream flow standards. Fortunately, an existing collaboration between Dr. Robert Nishimoto (DAR) and Dr. J. Michael Fitzsimons (Louisiana State University) provided the seed to develop the program. The resultant 1990 Symposium on Freshwater Stream Biology and Fisheries Management, entitled New Directions in Research, Management, and Conservation of Hawaiian Freshwater Stream Ecosystems, represented the first effort to organize existing state-of-the-art knowledge and bring varied interests together. It led to development of a longer range plan which with the current symposium has effectively been accomplished with reference to its principal objectives. The mark of good science, however, is that the advance of knowledge inevitably leads to more questions. The discussions during this symposium have posed an important set of new questions. Application of the advancing knowledge to management has been lagging for institutional rea- sons more related to organization and influencing decision-makers than to the quality of the science involved, but that is no excuse for stepping back from new investigations to advance the science. In fact, as the institutional deficits are reduced, the demand for good science will increase rapidly. Effective steps to move the management component ahead have in fact been recommended in this symposium. We are nevertheless at a crossroad. If there is not regulatory commitment to rational manage- ment, there is danger that this symposium will become an end point
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