Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1997 Metamorphosis of the Hawaiian Stream Goby Sicyopterus Stimpsoni: A Structural, Functional, and Behavioral Analysis. Heiko Lars Schoenfuss Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Schoenfuss, Heiko Lars, "Metamorphosis of the Hawaiian Stream Goby Sicyopterus Stimpsoni: A Structural, Functional, and Behavioral Analysis." (1997). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 6595. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6595 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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METAMORPHOSIS OF THE HAWAIIAN STREAM GOBY SICYOPTERUS STIMPSONI: A STRUCTURAL, FUNCTIONAL, AND BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Zoology and Physiology by Heiko L. Schoenfuss Vordiplom, University of Bayreuth, 1991 M.S., Louisiana State University, 1997 December 1997 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 9820749 UMI Microform 9820749 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. AH rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. “And though there was both earth and sea and air, unstable was the earth, unswimmable was the sea, without light was the air. No part maintained its form, and one impeded the other, because in one body the cold were fighting with the hot, the wet with the dry, the soft with the hard, and with the weightless those with weight” The Metamorphosis Ovid (43 BC to 18 AD) ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A dissertation recognizes the achievement of a single author, but applauds the efforts and the support of many too numerous to name here. I feel especially indebted to my mentor Dr. Mike Fitzsimons, who believed in me during hard times, and who never ceased to provide me with encouragement and support (and most importantly funding!). During the times we spent together in Hawai’i, he taught me a deep appreciation for the Hawaiian culture and the Hawaiians, which have to rank as some of the friendliest people on this planet Dr. Dan J. Hillmann instructed me in the anatomical methods and illustration techniques necessary to conduct my master’s and dissertadonal research, and he profoundly influenced my scientific education. Drs. Van Remsen, Douglas Rossman, and Judith Schiebout gready improved this dissertation through their comments and suggestions. Dr. Dominique Homberger introduced me to the field of comparative anatomy and helped me off to a good start Thanks are extended also to Drs. Lewis Hart and Robert Adkinson, who served at different times on my doctoral committee. Dr. Robert T. Nishimoto and his staff at the Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR) in Hilo provided logistical support for this study and encouragement during weeks of drought and flash floods. Janice Marsh in the main office was always there for help, and I could always rely on Bruce Kaya, Neal Hazama, and their group at the “station” for help and good ideas. This study would literally not have been possible without their continuous support During many days in the field, Darrell Kuamo’o was my research companion, and was responsible for teaching me the necessary tricks to catch Sicyopterus stimpsoni — and then he usually would catch the fish for me anyhow. Bob, Ingrid, Lisa, and Ben Nishimoto provided me with a home away from home, and I am greatly indebted to them for many memorable hours spent together. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Dr. Ray Tarpley at Texas A&M University helped me with his advice and anatomical knowledge on many occasions during my research and was instrumental in the preparation of the histological materials. Bobbie Merka prepared the histological slides for me at Texas A&M University and deserves thanks not only for their quality but also for her effort to keep the costs within my research budget Dr. Jamie F. Williams and the radiograph technicians Larry Dyer and Larry Ward of the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine provided me with the facilities and knowledge to take radiographs of my fishes. Steve Cardiff prepared all cleaned specimens. 1 would especially like to thank Ron Bouchard for his continuous help throughout my dissertational research. He rekindled my interest in photography and taught me the use of the Scanning Electron Facility at LSU. He also became a good friend and never said no when I approached him with yet another wild idea for my research. Harry Cowgill at the School of Veterinary Medicine assisted me with some of the graphic work, which was essential to my dissertation. Thanks to my fellow graduate students in the “Fish-Range,” all of whom accompanied me in the field at some times. Tom Blanchard was more than a mentor in the field and a field assistant, and I would have been lost on my first two research trips without his help. Melanie Bebler, Lori Benson, and Jim Parham helped me during my last field trip when we “hit it big” and collected a full sequence of Sicyopterus stimpsoni in just one morning. Additional specimens for my study were collected by Dr. William Font, Skippy Hau, Wade Ishikawa, Dr. Jan Smith, and Dr. David Tate. Many thanks for these invaluable specimens! But a dissertation requires also personal support and encouragement, which counts as much as any research assistance. I am greatly indebted to my wife, Dr. Tonya Conner Schoenfuss, for her understanding and interest in my research. She also helped with the statistical analysis of my data and proofread my manuscript I am thankful to iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. my family, who raised me so well, and who always believed in me and my work. Our two dogs, Darwin and Biiko, kept me company during the long hours in front of the computer, and never ceased to remind me that “rough-housing” is much more important than any activities humans could come up with! Finally, I would like to thank my high school biology teacher, Oberstudienrat Bernhard Piitz, who introduced me to biology, who taught me to think critically, and whom I remember as one of my best teachers. This study was made possible by a number of grants and funding resources. The Museum of Natural Science provided funding for unexpected expenditures in 1996 and 1997. This research was supported by grants to H. L. Schoenfuss from the research society Sigma Xi, and by a grant to J. M. Fitzsimons from the Division of Aquatic Resources, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawai’i and the Research Corporation of the University of Hawai’i (Dingell-Johnson/Wallop-Breaux Sport Fish Restoration Project F-14-R-18). v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ........................................................................................Si List of Tables ..............................................................................................viii