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160649022.Pdf 3 Giulia Daniele Prospero Fontana tra Genova e Bologna (1528-1539). Proposte e documenti per la sua prima attività Ben poco ci è noto circa l’avvio della longe- bile che anche nel caso di Prospero il padre, va e fortunata carriera di Prospero Fontana, Silvio, si sia astenuto dal farlo; non si può indubbiamente tra i più significativi rappre- però non considerare che proprio negli anni sentanti della pittura manierista emiliana, a cavallo tra il primo e il secondo decennio pittore pontificio nella Roma di Giulio III e del secolo Bologna attraversava un periodo figura ancora poco indagata sebbene tutt’al- di forte crisi civile ed era scossa dalle guerre tro che marginale nel panorama italiano del per la supremazia politica che portarono, pieno Cinquecento1. nel 1506, alla prima sconfitta della signoria Le prime incertezze avvolgono già la sua da- dei Bentivoglio per mano di papa Giulio II, ta di nascita, che la critica ha fatto sempre con strascichi e riacutizzazioni di conflitti risalire al 1512 sulla base di quanto affer- che proseguirono ancora per diversi anni. mato da Raffaello Borghini, che nel Riposo Di conseguenza non è neppure da escludere edito a Firenze nel 1584, a conclusione del- che la famiglia del pittore, sulla quale pur- la breve biografia del bolognese, annota- troppo non abbiamo notizie, si fosse mo- va: “Ritrovasi oggi il Fontana in età di 72 mentaneamente spostata nei dintorni della anni”2. Non vi è tuttavia alcuna certezza, città per sfuggire ai tumulti e che Fontana in quanto i registri battesimali della catte- sia quindi nato in una qualche diocesi bo- drale di San Pietro Metropolitana (unica lognese, non potendo dunque comparire, sede di battistero per i nati nel capoluogo se davvero così fosse, nei registri della cat- felsineo), più volte scandagliati da chi scri- tedrale. ve alla ricerca di una qualche menzione tra Per quel che invece riguarda la sua forma- gli anni 1508 e 15133, tacciono completa- zione artistica, le fonti sono concordi nel mente al riguardo, e il dubbio sussiste, anzi riportare che egli compì il suo primo ap- pare rafforzarsi, dal momento che lo stes- prendistato nel capoluogo emiliano presso so artista, nella Crocifissione del Musée de la bottega di Innocenzo da Imola, mentre il Saint-Étienne Métropole4, ultimo suo lavo- solo Raffaello Borghini, sempre nel Riposo ro noto, si firmava “PROSPER FONTANA. del 1584, annota in aggiunta che “Prospero FACIEBAT. AETATIS. ANNOR. LXXXIIII. di Silvio Fontani, pittore pratico e diligente, MDXCIII.”, anticipando così il suo anno na- […] lavorò in Genova nel palagio del Princi- tale, salvo ridipinture postume del cartiglio, pe Doria, e poi con Perino del Vaga nelle sale al 1509. In realtà fino al Concilio di Trento i del Palagio della Signoria, e particolarmente neo genitori non erano soggetti all’obbligo in quella del Consiglio: e delle istorie, che vi 1. Prospero Fontana (attr.), di registrare i nuovi nati ed è quindi possi- sono, fece disegni piccoli, che vanno fuore Cerere. Genova, Palazzo Doria 4 RICCHE MINERE - 9/2018 2. Giovanni Antonio de’ in istampa”5. Sebbene non vi siano a oggi te- silio di alcune nuove testimonianze archi- Sacchis detto il Pordenone, Giasone davanti a Pelia. stimonianze documentarie di sorta, le paro- vistiche, i nodi cruciali della fondamentale Berlino, Staatliche Museen, le del letterato fiorentino, evidentemente di esperienza formativa del maestro bologne- Kupferstichkabinett prima mano e rese pubbliche mentre il Fon- se. Il palazzo fatto erigere dall’ammiraglio tana era ancora in vita6, vanno tenute in se- Andrea Doria nel sobborgo genovese di Fas- 3. Prospero Fontana, Costantino ordina il massacro dei bambini, ria considerazione alla luce dell’innegabile solo andò a insediarsi in un’area occupata particolare. Bologna, Palazzina influenza sull’arte di quest’ultimo della le- da strutture architettoniche preesistenti della Viola zione di Perino e ancor più del suo entourage che vennero in parte inglobate nelle fonda- genovese. Lascia tuttavia perplessi l’accenno menta ed è quindi un edificio composito, a una mai altrimenti documentata attività morfologicamente complesso e dalle alter- del Bonaccorsi nel Palazzo della Signoria, ne e poco documentate vicende costrutti- oggi Ducale, di Genova, con annessa e ancor ve9. Per quel che riguarda nello specifico le più improbabile collaborazione di Prospero decorazioni, la critica è tuttavia unanime per decorazioni che, in ogni caso, sarebbero nel ritenere che i lavori abbiano preso avvio andate completamente perdute7; ancor più nel 1528, anno in cui giunsero nel capoluo- inverosimile parrebbe tuttavia ipotizzare, go ligure dapprima Girolamo da Treviso, come pure è stato fatto8, un lapsus nelle pa- reduce dal cantiere giuliesco di Palazzo Te role del poeta toscano e identificare quindi a Mantova, quindi Perin del Vaga10, subito quel “Palagio” con Palazzo Vecchio a Firen- assurto alla direzione dei lavori con conse- ze, nella cui Sala del Consiglio alias dei Cin- guente abbandono da parte del pittore ve- quecento Prospero fu in effetti impegnato neto, che entro l’aprile del 1529 fece infatti molti anni dopo (1563-1565), ma al fianco rientro a Bologna, sua città d’adozione11. E di Giorgio Vasari. figura chiave per dare un senso al primario Si proverà a questo punto a procedere con approdo del giovanissimo Fontana a Geno- ordine nel tentativo di individuare, e di ri- va sembrerebbe proprio quella del maestro costruire almeno per sommi capi con l’au- trevigiano, con il quale egli era di certo già PROSPERO FONTANA TRA GENOVA E BOLOGNA (1528-1539). PROPOSTE E DOCUMENTI PER LA SUA PRIMA ATTIVITÀ 5 entrato in contatto nella città natale e che come si è detto era giunto in Liguria dopo un periodo di attività a Mantova, a sua volta preceduto dalla significativa partecipazio- ne, tra 1524 e 1527, ad alcuni lavori nella ba- silica bolognese di San Petronio, dapprima come scultore di bassorilievi per il portale minore destro12, quindi come pittore rispet- tivamente nelle cappelle di sant’Antonio13 e della Madonna della Pace. In quest’ultimo caso il maestro veneto si trovò a lavorare, per la famiglia Gozzadini, al fianco di altri illustri colleghi tra cui anche Innocenzo da Imola14 ed è quindi possibile che il Fontana, allora appena adolescente, sia entrato per la prima volta in contatto con lui proprio a San Petronio nella seconda metà degli an- ni venti, in veste di garzone di bottega del Francucci. Considerando poi che tra le figu- re attive nella basilica bolognese insieme a Girolamo da Treviso è stato individuato un certo Niccolò da Corte o da Milano stucca- tore15, che ricomparirà, a seguire, nei registri di pagamento relativi per l’appunto al can- tiere di Palazzo Te prima (1527-1528)16 e di Palazzo Doria poi (1528-1531)17, gli stessi cioè nei quali fu attivo, con analoghe cro- nologie, anche il trevigiano, si può supporre che quest’ultimo avesse condotto con sé un gruppo di lavoranti tra cui, forse, anche il promettente allievo del collega imolese. Se questa ipotesi fosse corretta, Prospero po- trebbe dunque essere stato anche a Manto- va e aver conosciuto dal vivo l’arte di Giulio za o meno a Mantova egli ebbe senz’altro 4. Prospero Fontana, Sacra Famiglia con i santi Giovannino e Romano, la cui impronta, spesso trasfor- modo di esercitarsi precocemente non solo Caterina. Collezione privata mata in citazione, fu in effetti piuttosto in campo pittorico, ma anche in ambito pla- presente nel suo operare18; a Palazzo Te egli stico-decorativo20. potrebbe inoltre aver incontrato il concitta- Giunto a Genova, Girolamo non vi rimase dino Primaticcio, di pochi anni più grande, a lungo e stando a Vasari21 ebbe probabil- allora allievo prediletto del Pippi e impor- mente solo il tempo di avviare nel palaz- tante punto di riferimento per i successivi zo di Fassolo la decorazione della facciata sviluppi della sua carriera19. Al seguito di Gi- meridionale verso il giardino, oggi non più rolamo da Treviso l’artista potrebbe dunque rintracciabile; è però lecito pensare che Pro- essere entrato in contatto con due tra i più spero, esattamente come avvenne nel caso prestigiosi cantieri dell’epoca, diretti dai mi- dello stuccatore Niccolò da Milano poc’anzi gliori interpreti del genio raffaellesco allora citato, sia invece rimasto per qualche altro in circolazione, e a prescindere dalla presen- anno nel gruppo di aiuti di Perin del Vaga. 6 RICCHE MINERE - 9/2018 5. Prospero Fontana, Sacra Famiglia con i santi Giovannino Tra 1531 e 1532 si colloca infatti l’arrivo al e Francesco d’Assisi. Bologna, servizio del Doria del friulano Pordenone22, Collezione Rolo Banca autore, sempre sulla facciata meridionale, 6. Prospero Fontana, Sacra del perduto episodio di Giasone davanti a Pe- Famiglia con santa Caterina. lia (fig. 2), documentato oltre che dalle fonti Ubicazione ignota da alcuni disegni autografi23 e che circa un 7. Prospero Fontana, Madonna ventennio dopo lo stesso Fontana avrebbe col Bambino e i santi Caterina riprodotto puntualmente sul lato sinistro e Francesco d’Assisi. Budapest, della scena di Costantino che ordina il massa- Szépmu˝vészeti Múzeum cro dei bambini (fig. 3) affrescata su una delle pareti della Palazzina della Viola a Bologna (1552 circa). Si vuole inoltre suggerire in questa sede l’individuazione della possibi- le mano dell’artista esordiente in almeno una delle figure di divinità affrescate nei pennacchi dell’ormai rovinatissimo atrio della residenza doriana. Si tratta della rap- presentazione della dea Cerere nuda (fig. 1), coperta da un velo trasparente, con i capel- li al vento e la cornucopia, fortunatamente tra le meglio conservate ed esente da gros- PROSPERO FONTANA TRA GENOVA E BOLOGNA (1528-1539). PROPOSTE E DOCUMENTI PER LA SUA PRIMA ATTIVITÀ 7 solani ritocchi ottocenteschi. La particolare morbida delicatezza tipica di Girolamo da posa con il volto reclinato e teso all’indie- Treviso da arrivare addirittura a ipotizzare tro in modo rigido e innaturale, certo non una probabile esecuzione a quattro mani28.
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