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LARVAS DE DIGENEA EN Melanoides Tuberculata (GASTROPODA: THIARIDAE) EN MEDELLÍN, COLOMBIA

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LARVAS DE DIGENEA EN Melanoides Tuberculata (GASTROPODA: THIARIDAE) EN MEDELLÍN, COLOMBIA Acta biol. Colomb., Vol. 14 No. 1, 2009 135 - 142 LARVAS DE DIGENEA EN Melanoides tuberculata (GASTROPODA: THIARIDAE) EN MEDELLÍN, COLOMBIA Larval stages of digenea from Melanoides tuberculata (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) in Medellín, Colombia DANIELA VERGARA1, Microbióloga, Estudiante Ph. D.; LUZ ELENA VELÁSQUEZ1,2, Bióloga M.Sc. 1 Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales PECET. Sede de Investigación Universitaria SIU Universidad de Antioquia. Calle 62 No. 52-69. 2 Escuela de Microbiología/UdeA Correspondencia: Luz Elena Velásquez. [email protected] Sede de Investigación Universitaria SIU Universidad de Antioquia. Calle 62 No. 52-69, Torre 2, laboratorio 730. Teléfono: 219 65 14. Fax 219 65 11. Medellín, Colombia. Presentado 14 de agosto de 2008, aceptado 20 de octubre de 2008, correcciones 10 de diciembre de 2008. RESUMEN Se describen las larvas de digeneos que se obtuvieron en Melanoides tuberculata (Gastropoda: Thiaridae), molusco dulceacuícola del que se colectaron 125 especíme- nes en el lago del Jardín Botánico Joaquín Antonio Uribe de Medellín. En el laboratorio se individualizaron y se estimuló la emisión cercariana con una fuente luminosa. El 9,6 % de los caracoles emitió cercarias. Los moluscos emisores se sacrificaron para obtener los demás estadios larvarios. Las larvas se montaron al microscopio, se midieron y luego se dibujaron. Los caracteres morfológicos permitieron establecer la presencia de Centrocestus formosanus (Heterophyidae) y de dos Philophthalmidae. Uno de estos es pri- mer registro para Colombia. Se confirma la sensibilidad de M. tuberculata a infecciones por digeneos, así como la especificidad de los filoftálmidos por moluscos hospedadores de la superfamilia Cerithioidea. Palabras claves: cercarias, digenea, Melanoides tuberculata, Philophthalmidae, Redias. ABSTRACT The larvae of two trematodes found in the freshwater mollusk Melanoides tuberculata (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) are described. 125 snails from the Medellin’s Botanical Garden Joaquín Antonio Uribe were collected. In the laboratory, each individual was placed alone and stimulated with light in order to have cercaria emission. 9.6% of the snails released cercariae. These were separated in three morphologies. From each one, 15 individuals were measured and drawn. Photographs were taken. Based on their morphological characteritics the presence of Centrocestus formosanus (Heterophyidae) 136 Artículo - Larvas de digenea en Melanoides tuberculata (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) en Medellín, Colombia. Vergara, Velásquez. was determined. The other two morphologies were classified in the family Philophthalmidae. One of them constitutes the first register for Colombia. The sensibility of M. tuberculata to infections by digeneans, and the specificity of the family Philophthalmidae to mollusk hosts of the superfamily Cerithioidea are confirmed. Key words: Cercariae, Digenea, Melanoides tuberculata, Philophthalmidae, Rediae. INTRODUCCIÓN Los tremátodos digéneos son endoparásitos que en su ciclo de vida presentan al menos dos hospedadores: uno intermediario, en la gran mayoría de los casos molusco; y uno definitivo, que siempre será un vertebrado (Schmidt y Robert, 2000). A nivel mundial algunas especies de digeneos son responsables de pérdidas económicas, significativas en diferentes sectores productivos. Por lo tanto se buscan estrategias para su prevención y control. Entre estas se ha implementado la reducción de las poblaciones de moluscos, al demostrase la especificidad de los digeneos por el caracol hospedador (Sapp y Loker, 2000). Entre los estadíos intramolusco de los digeneos, la cercaria por lo general abandona el caracol para transformarse en la forma infectiva para el hospedero definitivo (Schell, 1970). Por ello numerosas cercarias han sido descritas e ilustradas, en especial las de interés epidemiológico. De otro lado, la riqueza de cercarias en los ecosistemas acuá- ticos se viene proponiendo como indicadora de calidad ambiental, bajo el supuesto de que a mayor número de ciclos de vida de tremátodos en un ambiente determinado, menor perturbación del ecosistema (Faltýnková y Haas 2006). Respecto a los caracoles, exigen atención especial las especies que en forma simultánea son invasoras y hospedadoras de tremátodos, como Melanoides tuberculata (Orthogastropoda: Thiaridae), molusco distribuido en regiones tropicales y subtropicales del mundo (Murray, 1964; Lo y Lee, 1996; Facon et al., 2003; Pointier et al., 2003); y señalado como hospedador de digeneos de importancia ecológica y epidemiológica (Gold y Lengy, 1974; Vaz et al., 1986; Lo y Lee 1996; Radev et al., 1999; Dimitrov et al., 2000; Radev et al., 2000). é En Colombia, Areiza et al., 2000, registran poblaciones de M. tuberculata hospedadoras de digéneos en Cali y en el lago del Jardín Botánico Joaquín Antonio Uribe de Medellín- JBJAU. Posteriormente Velásquez et al., 2006, demuestran en este lago la presencia de Centrocestus formosanus (Digenea: Heterophyidae) en dichos moluscos. Una evaluación más reciente en M. tuberculata del mismo ecosistema, señala la presencia de nuevas cer- carias, lo que motiva la realización del presente estudio, con el objetivo de describirlas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Entre julio de 2005 y febrero de 2006 se recolectaron 125 individuos de M. tuberculata en el JBJAU, de la ciudad de Medellín, ubicado a 6°16’ 15” N y 75°33’46” O, sobre 1.486 msnm, con temperatura promedio de 22 ºC (Velásquez et al., 2006). Los animales se instalaron en el laboratorio en acuarios con agua declorinada y ai-reada, a 24-26 °C, con un fotoperíodo 12:12. Se alimentaron con lechuga fresca. Tres días Acta biol. Colomb., Vol. 14 No. 1, 2009 137 después, se individualizaron en recipientes con agua declorinada y se pusieron bajo una fuente luminosa para estimular la emisión cercariana durante 16 horas. Cada molusco se observó al estéreomicroscopio cada cuatro horas; los emisores se aislaron en acuarios según la morfología de las cercarias. El procedimiento de estimulación se realizó cada mes durante cinco ocasiones. Los moluscos no emisores se regresaron al lugar de procedencia. Para la obtención de los estadios larvarios de los parásitos, los moluscos emisores se relajaron en Nembutal al 0,05%. Luego de cuatro horas se sacrificaron por inmersión en agua a 2 °C, por cinco minutos, a continuación se rompió la concha con un mar- tillo pequeño para liberar la parte blanda de los caracoles y localizar las formas intramolusco de los digéneos (método estandarizado en el Laboratorio de Mala- cología Médica del PECET). Las formas larvarias se extrajeron y se observaron in vivo al microscopio, donde se estimaron algunas dimensiones, de las que se presentan el rango y la media, en micrómetros. Se dibujaron bajo una cámara lúcida y se realizaron registros fotográficos. Las descripciones de redias y cercarias se hicieron con base en 15 individuos; se determinaron según la clave de Schell, 1970. RESULTADOS De los moluscos evaluados, 9,6 % emitieron cercarias, entre las que se estableció la presencia de tres formas diferentes, aunque con una tasa de infección similar (Tabla 1). Una de ellas corresponde a C. formosanus, ya descrita (Velásquez et al., 2006), por lo tanto a continuación se describen las dos restantes y sus redias respectivas. Todos los estadios larvarios se localizaron en el hepatopáncreas de los caracoles. Cabe señalar que no se observaron metacercarias enquistadas dentro de los moluscos ni sobre sus conchas. Familias Centrocestus formosanus/ Cercaria Cercaria TOTAL de las Cercarias Heterophyidae Philophthalmidae 1 Philophthalmidae 2 Caracoles Emisores (n) 5 3 4 12 Porcentaje (%) 4 2,4 3,2 9,6 Tabla 1. Número y porcentaje de caracoles Melanoides tuberculata infestados con larvas de tres digeneos, a partir de los 125 moluscos colectados. DESCRIPCIÓN DE REDIA SP. 1 En forma de saco simple. Mide 1.205-2.610 (1.810) de largo por 241-421 (327) de ancho. En su interior se observan entre 60 y 80 cercarias en formación (Fig. 1). DESCRIPCIÓN DE CERCARIA SP. 1 Cuerpo rugoso cubierto de espinas, región anterior más ancha que la posterior, mide 235-408 (301) de largo por 110-157 (138) de ancho. Ventosa oral mide 24-55 (37) de largo por 24-47 (36) de ancho. Faringe muscular, esófago corto de donde se bifurcan dos ciegos intestinales que rodean el acetábulo y terminan en la parte posterior del cuerpo. Acetábulo prominente y ecuatorial, mide 24-47 (35) de largo, por 24-39 (35) de ancho. Distancia entre las ventosas 78-156 (115). Color marrón 138 Artículo - Larvas de digenea en Melanoides tuberculata (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) en Medellín, Colombia. Vergara, Velásquez. Figura 1. Fotografía y dibujo de la Redia sp.1. de la familia Philophthalmidae. 1: Cercarias en forma- ción. Dibujo por Imelda Vélez y Daniela Vergara. Fotografía por Daniela Vergara. con gránulos. Sistema excretor tipo mesostomata (Schell, 1970). Cola un poco más corta que el cuerpo, con punta en forma de cono, rugosa, mide 173-243 (200) de largo por 31-47 (40) de ancho (Fig. 2). Esta cercaria es muy activa, presenta movimientos de elongación y contracción, con fase de reposo corta, donde tanto la cola como el cuerpo permanecen en forma de media luna. Figura 2. Fotografía y dibujo de la Cercaria Philophthalmidae 1. Ventosa Oral: 1 Faringe, 23: Glán- dulas de penetración, 4: Acetábulo, 5: Vesícula excretora, 6: Ciegos Intestinales, 7: Cola. Dibujo por Imelda Vélez y Daniela Vergara. Fotografía por Daniela Vergara. DESCRIPCIÓN DE REDIA SP. 2 Cuerpo alongando con dos a tres proyecciones pequeñas en la parte posterior (prucusculi); mide 1.165-1.446 (1.279) de largo por 181- 241 (207) de ancho. Faringe de 58-70 (62) de largo por 58 - 70 (65) de ancho. Contiene entre 15 y 20 cercarias. No se observó poro de nacimiento (Fig. 3). DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA CERCARIA SP. 2 Cuerpo de 275-533 (346) de largo por 149-282 (180) de ancho. Ventosa oral mide 39-78 (54) de largo por 31-86 (51) de ancho. Prefaringe larga, faringe de 31-47 (35) de largo por 24-39 (31) de ancho, de donde se bifurcan los ciegos intestinales. Acta biol. Colomb., Vol. 14 No. 1, 2009 139 Figura 3. Fotografía y dibujo de la Redia sp.2.
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