DOCSLIB.ORG

Surface Quality and Hardness of Eastern Redcedar As Function of Steaming

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Surface Quality and Hardness of Eastern Redcedar As Function of Steaming J Wood Sci (2014) 60:243–248 DOI 10.1007/s10086-014-1399-x ORIGINAL ARTICLE Surface quality and hardness of eastern redcedar as function of steaming Bulent Kaygin • Kucuk Huseyin Koc • Salim Hiziroglu Received: 11 December 2013 / Accepted: 9 April 2014 / Published online: 6 May 2014 Ó The Japan Wood Research Society 2014 Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate Keywords Roughness Á Hardness Á Eastern redcedar Á influence of steam treatment on surface quality and hard- Electron scanning microscopy ness of eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.). Defect- free samples with dimensions of 40 mm by 50 mm in by 20 mm were used for the tests. Specimens were exposed to Introduction steam having a temperature of 130 °C for 1-h and 3-h periods of time. Surface roughness of the samples at initial Modification of wood and wood-based materials using and exposed conditions was determined using stylus type different techniques is getting more popular to improve equipment across the grain orientation on tangential sur- overall quality of the final product. For example, heat face of each sample. Janka hardness of the control and treatment is one of the most commonly used modification treated samples was also determined on Comten testing processes to enhance properties of different wood species. system. Based on the findings in this work, no significance Generally heat treatment does not require addition of any was found between surface roughness values of the spec- chemicals into the wood to change its characteristics. Heat imens steamed for 1 and 3 h. However, both types of treatment of wood has attracted substantial interest in steamed specimens had higher average roughness values North America having raw material with improved prop- ranging from 52 and 60 % than those of control samples. It erties for different applications including flooring, siding, appears that 3-h steaming adversely influenced hardness of kitchen cabinets and windows. Main idea behind heat the samples reducing its 9 % as compared to those of treatment is to enhance dimensional stability and change control samples. Densification effect of steaming on the the color of the final product so that they can be used more samples was also evaluated using scanning electron effectively during their service life. However, mechanical microscope (SEM) and it was determined that steaming properties of wood are adversely influenced as a result of had some crushing effect on the cell wall. heat treatment process. As it is well known the main objective of modification of properties of wood is to enhance their physical and mechanical characteristics [1– & B. Kaygin ( ) 6]. In addition to heat treatment, steaming among the Forestry Faculty, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Bartin University, 74100 Bartin, Turkey various methods is considered as one of the most envi- e-mail: [email protected] ronmentally friendly one since no chemicals or any addi- tives involve with the process similar to heat treatment. K. H. Koc Steaming of wood has been used for many years to Forestry Faculty, Department of Forest Products Engineering, Istanbul University, 34473 Bahcekoy, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey change its color, to bend the wood for different applica- e-mail: [email protected] tions [7, 8]. For example, steam bending of wood is very popular to consume less material so that resource can be S. Hiziroglu used efficiently. Overall steaming process depends on Department of Natural Resources Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-6013, USA species, size and configuration of the place. It is suggested e-mail: [email protected] that overall steaming time could be set as 1 h for every 123 244 J Wood Sci (2014) 60:243–248 25-mm thickness of the member [9–12]. Steaming is finishing material used are two parameters directly related widely applied to European beech to change its color for to surface quality of the raw material. Although different furniture and flooring manufacture. Some of the physical properties of eastern redcedar have been investigated there and mechanical properties of steam-treated European is only poor information on surface quality and hardness of beech were determined by Yilgor et al. [11]. It was this species as function of steam treatment. The steam is determined that 100-h steaming reduced compression effective on the wooden surface. Therefore, the objective strength and modulus of elasticity of the samples 13.3 and of this work is to evaluate eastern redcedar samples within 16.5 %, respectively [11]. It is important to determine both the scope of such approach so that data from this study hardness and surface quality of steamed wood since they could possibly be employed as a quality control (glossi- are widely used for flooring [9, 13]. The hardness of ness, hardness, adhesion, finishing tests) tool to use eastern steamed samples from different hardwood has been redcedar more efficiently in further manufacturing steps. investigated in various studies [9, 13–16]. It was concluded that overall hardness of the specimens from both softwood and hardwood species reduced due to steaming. Hardness Materials and methods values of wood samples steamed at different conditions were also investigated employing Brinell and Janka hard- Defect-free eastern redcedar samples with width of 40 mm, ness method in a previous study [9]. length of 50 mm and thickness of 20 mm were used for the Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) is one of the experiments. A total of 60 specimens were conditioned in a widely distributed indigenous conifers in Oklahoma. Over room with temperature of 20 °C and a relative humidity of four million hectares of Oklahoma lands are infested with 65 % until they reach 12 % equilibrium moisture content. redcedar, primarily in the eastern part of the state. How- Next, tangential surfaces of the samples were sanded with ever, in recent decades the trees have begun to take over 150 grit sand paper applying six light strokes. Including the tall grass prairies and plain lands of north central and control samples, six types of samples were prepared to western Oklahoma. Use of low-quality eastern redcedar as evaluate their surface roughness and hardness characteris- a raw material in lumber manufacturing is not substantial tics as function of steaming. due to its low value and irregular growth pattern. There- As experimental schedule displayed in Table 1, sam- fore, eastern redcedar is a nuisance to farmers and ranchers ples were exposed to steam for 1 and 3 h following who often lose crop and pasture land to the species. Many natural drying in room conditions for 2 weeks as well as wildlife species that need open range also are affected drying in a laboratory type kiln at a temperature of negatively by this species [17–20]. Eastern redcedar also 110 °C for 1 h. Dimensions and weight of each sample tends to be very aggressive in areas where naturally occurring range fires have been suppressed. Although most Table 1 Experimental schedule of western Oklahoma’s eastern redcedar is of poor quality, Sample type Experimental process Number of sample range-grown trees are not efficient for lumber manufac- turing, while some of eastern Oklahoma’s forested lands A Control samples 10 produce redcedar suitable for lumber production [19–21]. B Kiln dry 10 Experimental panels such as particleboard from whole-tree C Dried after 1-h steaming 10 chipped eastern redcedar were manufactured in a previous D Kiln dried after 1-h steaming 10 study [22, 23]. It appeared that physical and mechanical E Dried after 3-h steaming 10 properties of the panels were comparable to the panels F Kiln dried after 3-h steaming 10 made from other wood species and foliage content in the panels did not reduce their properties substantially [23]. Based on the results of this study, low-quality redcedar trees had a potential as whole-tree chipped furnish for manufacturing particleboard [22]. Properties of eastern redcedar exposed to heat treatment schedules have been investigated in several studies [17, 18]. It was found that shear strength of heat-treated samples was adversely influenced by such process while their dimensional stability enhanced. The surface quality of wood and wood-based materials plays an important role to have final products with accepted cost and customer satisfaction. Sanding and amount of Fig. 1 Control and 3-h steamed eastern redcedar samples 123 J Wood Sci (2014) 60:243–248 245 Fig. 2 Typical surface roughness profiles of the samples were also determined at accuracy levels of 0.10 mm and Table 2 Surface roughness and Janka hardness values of the samples 0.10 g to calculate their density. Steaming process of the Sample Density Roughness Janka samples was carried out in stainless steel container heated type (g/cm3) parameters (lm) hardness (kg) up to create steam with a temperature of 130 °C. Figure 1 R R illustrates control and steam samples. Surface quality of a z the samples at each exposure process along with control A 0.482 4.65 (0.73)a 44.39 (5.76) 379 (39.60) samples was evaluated employing a fine stylus type pro- B 0.491 5.03 (0.75) 34.49 (6.74) 373 (39.40) filometer T-500 Hommel Unit. A total of three random C 0.479 7.06 (0.76) 48.66 (6.68) 399 (34.32) measurements were taken using a tracing span of 15 mm. D 0.471 7.33 (0.80) 49.48 (7.01) 409 (28.59) The stylus profilometer, Hommel T-500 Unit equipped E 0.470 7.34 (0.68) 49.24 (7.89) 345 (30.01) with a Tk-300 skid type pick-up resulted in two roughness F 0.463 7.43 (0.76) 51.34 (6.79) 355 (29.56) parameters, namely average roughness (R ) and mean a a Numbers in parentheses are standard deviation values peak-to-valley height (Rz).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Common Forest Trees of NC
    FFOORREESSTT TTRREEEESS OF NORTH CAROLINA North Carolina Forest Service TWENTIETH EDITION 2012 North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services The North Carolina Forest Service is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. Its programs, activities and employment practices are available to all people regardless of race, color, religion, sex, age, national origin, handicap or political affiliation. COMMON FOREST TREES OF NORTH CAROLINA ( R E V I S E D ) A POCKET MANUAL Produced by the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consum er Services North Carolina Forest Service Wib L. Owen, State Forester TWENTIETH EDITION 2012 Foreword Trees may be the oldest and largest living things in nature. They are closely associated with our daily lives, yet most of us know little about them and barely can tell one type of tree from another. Sixteen editions of this handy pocket guide have been printed since John Simcox Holmes, North Carolina's first State Forester, put together the first edition in 1922. Holmes' idea was to provide an easy-to-use reference guide to help people of all ages recognize many of our common forest trees on sight. That goal has not changed. Although the book has changed little, some uses of wood and general information about the trees have. Carriages and wagons, for example, aren't often made from Shagbark hickory (or anything else) anymore, and Loblolly pine now is used for making tremendous amounts of pine plywood, something unheard of in the 1920's. Keeping these changes in mind, we revised Common Forest Trees of North Carolina in 1977 and 1995.
    [Show full text]
  • Douglas-Fir Series Psme
    PSME 1 DOUGLAS-FIR SERIES Pseudotsuga menziesii PSME Patricia A. Martinez Thomas Atzet The latitudinal range of Douglas-fir is the greatest of any commercial conifer of western North America. Nearly pure stands of Douglas-fir continue south from their northern limit on Vancouver Island through western Washington, Oregon, and the Klamath and Coast Ranges of northern California as far south as the Santa Cruz Mountains. Douglas-fir behaves as a drought tolerant pioneer, with moderate tolerance to shade. It is best described as a generalist. Douglas-fir occurs in all series and at elevations ranging from sea level to 5600 feet. Rather than any particular parent material, soil depth, or aspect, Douglas-fir regeneration is associated with recently disturbed ground. Overstory presence of Douglas-fir indicates disturbance, while presence and dominance in the understory can indicate hot, dry conditions characteristic of the Series. Ponderosa pine and incense-cedar are the only major conifers with greater tolerance to drought (Minore 1979). Douglas-fir reproduces well in temperatures near 80 degrees F (Cleary and Waring 1969) and survives in less than two percent of full sunlight for at least several decades (Atzet and Waring 1970). Douglas-fir is not known, however, for its frost tolerance. Except for the isolated occurrences of climax stands of Oregon white oak and ponderosa pine, the Series occurs in the hottest, driest forest environments in southwestern Oregon. Douglas-fir grows under a wide variety of climatic conditions. Douglas-fir typically dominates the overstory in early, mid, and late seral successional stages in Temperate and Mediterranean ecosystems throughout the Pacific Northwest.
    [Show full text]
  • Chestnut Oak Forest/Woodland
    Classification of the Natural Communities of Massachusetts Terrestrial Communities Descriptions Chestnut Oak Forest/Woodland Community Code: CT1A3A0000 State Rank: S4 Concept: Oak forest of dry ridgetops and upper slopes, dominated by chestnut oak with an often dense understory of scrub oak, heaths, or mountain laurel. Environmental Setting: Chestnut Oak Forests/Woodlands occur as long narrow bands along dry ridges and upper slopes with thin soil over acidic bedrock. They may extend down steep, convex, rocky, often west- or south-facing slopes where soil is shallow and dry. The canopy is closed to partially open (>25% cover). There tends to be deep oak leaf litter with slow decomposition. Often many trees have multiple fire scars and charred bases; fire appears to play a role in maintaining the community occurrences. Chestnut Oak Forests/Woodlands often occur in a mosaic with closed oak or pine - oak forests down slope and more open communities above. Vegetation Description: The canopy of Chestnut Oak Forests/Woodlands is dominated, often completely, by chestnut oak (Quercus montana). Less abundant associates include other oaks (black (Q. velutina), red (Q. rubra), and/or white (Q. alba), and less commonly, scarlet (Q. coccinea)), with red maple (Acer rubrum), and white or pitch pines (Pinus strobus, P. rigida). The subcanopy layer is sparse and consists of canopy species, black birch (Betula lenta), and sassafras (Sassafras albidum). Tall shrubs are lacking or the shrub layer may have scattered tree saplings, mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), American chestnut (Castanea dentata), and witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana). Short shrubs are dense in patches dominated by black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata) and lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium and V.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation of the Douglas-Fir Region
    Vegetation Of The Douglas-Fir Region Purchased by the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture J. F. Franklin, Chief Plant Ecologist, PNW Forest and Range for official use. Experiment Station, U.S. Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon Reprinted from "Forest Soils of the Douglas-Fir Region,": a book developed by the members of the Northwest Forest Soils Council; published in 1979 by Washington State University Cooperative Extension; compiled and edited by Paul E. Heilman, Harry W. Anderson, and David M. Baum gartner. Copies of this book may be purchased from: Conference Of- fice, Cooperative Extension, WSU, Pullman, WA 99164 CHAPTER IV VEGETATION OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR REGION Jerry F. Franklin The Douglas-fir region of western Washington and array of potentially productive tree species as alternatives or Oregon and northwestern California is one of the most associates to Douglas-fir. densely forested areas of the world. It represents maximal development of the temperate coniferous forest. The region These large. long-lived species dominate dense forests is well known for the extensive areas dominated by Douglas- rather than occurring as isolated individuals. Consequently. fir, with climax forests of western hemlock and western old-growth ecosystems in this region have the greatest bio- redcedar, and coastal "rain forests" of coast redwood and mass accumulations of any plant formations in the temperate Sitka spruce. In this chapter I will attempt to outline major zone and, probably, the world. Coast redwood stands are, of compositional, structural, and successional features of these course, the star of the show with biomass accumulations of varied and productive forests.
    [Show full text]
  • Juglandaceae (Walnuts)
    A start for archaeological Nutters: some edible nuts for archaeologists. By Dorian Q Fuller 24.10.2007 Institute of Archaeology, University College London A “nut” is an edible hard seed, which occurs as a single seed contained in a tough or fibrous pericarp or endocarp. But there are numerous kinds of “nuts” to do not behave according to this anatomical definition (see “nut-alikes” below). Only some major categories of nuts will be treated here, by taxonomic family, selected due to there ethnographic importance or archaeological visibility. Species lists below are not comprehensive but representative of the continental distribution of useful taxa. Nuts are seasonally abundant (autumn/post-monsoon) and readily storable. Some good starting points: E. A. Menninger (1977) Edible Nuts of the World. Horticultural Books, Stuart, Fl.; F. Reosengarten, Jr. (1984) The Book of Edible Nuts. Walker New York) Trapaceae (water chestnuts) Note on terminological confusion with “Chinese waterchestnuts” which are actually sedge rhizome tubers (Eleocharis dulcis) Trapa natans European water chestnut Trapa bispinosa East Asia, Neolithic China (Hemudu) Trapa bicornis Southeast Asia and South Asia Trapa japonica Japan, jomon sites Anacardiaceae Includes Piastchios, also mangos (South & Southeast Asia), cashews (South America), and numerous poisonous tropical nuts. Pistacia vera true pistachio of commerce Pistacia atlantica Euphorbiaceae This family includes castor oil plant (Ricinus communis), rubber (Hevea), cassava (Manihot esculenta), the emblic myrobalan fruit (of India & SE Asia), Phyllanthus emblica, and at least important nut groups: Aleurites spp. Candlenuts, food and candlenut oil (SE Asia, Pacific) Archaeological record: Late Pleistocene Timor, Early Holocene reports from New Guinea, New Ireland, Bismarcks; Spirit Cave, Thailand (Early Holocene) (Yen 1979; Latinis 2000) Rincinodendron rautanenii the mongongo nut, a Dobe !Kung staple (S.
    [Show full text]
  • Consistency of Bud Bursting in Douglas-Fir William G
    Eepr-inted from JOull.NA:t. OF FORESTRY, "\7oL. 55, No. 3, March 1957 Purchased by the Forest Service for Official Use Consistency of Bud Bursting in Douglas-Fir William G. Morris, R.. R.. Silen and H. lrgens-Moller1 POSSIBILITY OF STRONG genetic con­ their progeny can be planted to ad­ Study Areas and Early trol over time of bud bursting in vantage in areas where late spring Observations Douglas-fir has been suggested by frosts are likely to occur. Observa­ In 1915, plantations were estab­ recorded observations extending tions in the early 1930's showed lished at Wind River, Washington, over a period of 22 years. If more that tardiness in beginning annual at an elevation of 1,100 feet, and detailed studies now under way growth apparently does not lessen near Mt. Hood, Oregon, at eleva­ bear out these observations, the a tree's chance of making the same tions of 2,800 and 4,600 feet (Fig. knowledge will have important ap­ height growth as one having an 1). Seed for these plantations came plication in selecting seed for early start. from 120 parent trees at 13 differ- planting forest lands in the Doug­ las-fir region of the Pacific North­ west. Records taken since 1933 on ; three plantations in Oregon and Washington indicate that relative order of vegetative bud bursting is constant between progenies from widely separated seed sources growing in the same plantation. This relationship apparently holds true regardless of altitude of plan­ tation, date when growing season • began, or stand age. Repeated ob­ servations of individual wild trees have further shown that naturally seeded trees growing side by side burst their buds at different dates but in about the same order year after year.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Flowering Ecology of Fraxinus Excelsior, Acer
    Comparative flowering ecology of Fraxinus excelsior, Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus and Tilia cordata in the canopy of Leipzig’s floodplain forest Der Fakultät für Biowissenschaften, Pharmazie und Psychologie der Universität Leipzig eingereichte D I S S E R T A T I O N zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt von Diplom Biologe Ophir Tal geboren am 24.7.1972 in Tel Aviv, Israel Leipzig, den 22.6.06. 1 To Shira 3 Abstract How do gender separation and the transition to wind pollination happen in temperate trees? What does the reproductive ecology in the crowns of temperate forest trees look like? These connected questions intrigued researchers before and since Darwin but it is only in the last years that a direct study of the latter question has been enabled. A research crane was used to study the flowering ecology of Fraxinus excelsior, Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus and Tilia cordata in Leipzig’s floodplain forest. These species originate from hermaphrodite insect pollinated plant families and exhibit different grades of gender separation and different stages between insect and wind pollination. As they are typical elements of temperate deciduous forests, an ecological comparison of their flowering ecology may shed new light on the evolution of gender separation and wind pollination in this habitat. Using the crane, gender distribution, flowering phenology in relation to microclimate, pollination levels (including pollen tubes in the styles) and fruit set were studied in ca. 200 trees over 2-4 years. Main results are a new appreciation of the sexual system of Fraxinus excelsior as dioecy, of Tilia cordata as andromonoecy and a detailed description of the intricacies of the heterodichogamous sexual system of Acer pseudoplatanus.
    [Show full text]
  • NYSED COVID-19 PLAN for REOPENING SCHOOLS August 6, 2020
    NYSED COVID-19 PLAN FOR REOPENING SCHOOLS August 6, 2020 School Name Program Site Address Program(s) Contact Contact Contact Email Address provided at this Person Phone site (Name, Title) Number Phyllis L. Susser 71-64 168th Street 853 (School Age Michael Claus, 718-591-8100 [email protected] School for Flushing, NY 11365 Special Education) Principal Exceptional Children Children’s Residential Project Washington 554 Ft Washington Ave 4410 (Pre-school Karen Hazel, 212-740-5157 [email protected] Heights Education New York, NY 10033 Special Education Principal Center Special Class/Special Class in an Integrated Setting 853 (School Age Special Education) UPK Springfield 145-02 Farmers Blvd. 4410 (Pre-school Deborah 718-527-5220 [email protected] Gardens Education Springfield Gardens, NY Special Education Costagliola, Center 11434 Principal Special Class/Special Class in an Integrated Setting 853 (School Age Special Education) Long Island City 10-24 49th Avenue 4410 (Pre-school Karen Kaja, 718-786-1104 [email protected] Early Childhood Long Island City, NY Special Education Principal Center 11101 Special Class East Flatbush Early 475 East 57th Street 4410 (Pre-school Judy Coan, 718-451-5213 [email protected] Childhood Center Brooklyn, NY 11203 Special Education Principal Special Class Mill Basin Early 2075 East 68th St 4410 (Pre-school Lori Vallejo, 718-968-7866 [email protected] Childhood Center Brooklyn, NY 11234 Special Education Principal Special Class Riverdale Early 475 West 250th St 4410 (Pre-school Joyce Group, 718-549-4753 [email protected] Childhood Center Riverdale, NY 10471 Special Education Principal Special Class Pelham Bay Early 2885 St.
    [Show full text]
  • You May Be Unfamiliar with Witch
    Germantown Hills School Garden Newsletter March 19, 2007 The Harbingers of Spring - Pussy Willow, Forsythia is an 8-10’ shrub that has a tendency to get a bit gangly, so regular pruning is a good idea. To keep forsythias looking as Forsythia and Witch Hazel good as possible and flowering well, they should be pruned every If you look forward to early spring color, you must plant at least few years by the renewal method. Each spring after flowering, use one of these shrubs! All three are excellent candidates for very loppers to prune out the largest stems to the ground to stimulate early spring color and for beautiful fall foliage. You can even new growth from the crown and remaining stems. The remaining force the branches indoors if you are one of those who just can’t stems can then be shortened to shape. Remove 1/4 of the plant wait for the calendar. Each of these three shrubs are in our garden. starting the fifth year after planting to encourage new basal shoots. Our pussy willow (Salix caprea) is located in the Bulb Garden. This You may be unfamiliar with Witch Hazel shrub’s most well (Hamamelis virginiana.) Our Witch Hazel is located right beside known feature is the Vegetable the purplish-brown Garden. This large catkins that appear shrub will grow to in central Illinois 6-10’ tall and 6- in early to mid 12’ wide. It fea- March. The Pussy tures fragrant Willow is an oval bright yellow shaped shrub (or strappy shaped small tree) that flowers with very will grow to be 15- narrow petals in 25’ in height with a spread of about 12-25’ at full maturity.
    [Show full text]
  • HARDWOODS of the PACIFIC NORTHWEST By
    Research Contribution 8 March 1995 HARDWOODS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST by Stanley S. Niemiec Glenn R. Ahrens Susan Willits David E. Hibbs College of Forest Research Laboratory Forestry Oregon State University The Forest Research Laboratory of Oregon State University was established by the Oregon Legislature to conduct research leading to expanded forest yields, increased use of forest products, and accelerated economic development of the State. Its scientists conduct this research in laboratories and forests administered by the University and cooperating agencies and industries throughout Oregon. Research results are made available to potential users through the University’s educational programs and through Laboratory pub- lications such as this, which are directed as appropriate to forest landowners and managers, manufacturers and users of forest products, leaders of govern- ment and industry, the scientific community, and the general public. The Authors Stanley S. Niemiec is former Senior Research Assistant, Department of Forest Products, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Oregon; Glenn R. Ahrens is Research Assistant, Department of Forest Science, OSU; Susan Willits is Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon; and David E. Hibbs is Associate Professor and Extension Hardwood Management Specialist, Department of Forest Science, OSU. Acknowledgments Supported by the Red Alder/Value-Added Research and Demonstration Pro- gram of USDA Forest Service through Pacific Northwest Research Station Cooperative Agreement PNW 92-0285 with Oregon State University. To Order Copies Copies of this and other Forest Research Laboratory publications are available from: Forestry Publications Office Oregon State University Forest Research Laboratory Corvallis, Oregon 97331-7401 Please indicate author(s), title, and publication number if known.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Virginia Trees and Their Uses: Mini Project
    Note to 4-H Member Glossary Name of 4-H member • Use this checklist to mark the types of trees as Cultural wood – wood that is especially valued you learn them. by certain cultures, such as paulownia wood _______________________________________ in Japan • When you have learned 10, 25, 50, or 100 trees, County ________________________________ CHECKLIST have a 4-H leader or forester sign your check- Address ________________________________ list to certify completion. Crossties – timbers on which railroad tracks are placed _______________________________________ OF VIRGINIA • Return this checklist to your local Extension agent. Implement – tool, utensil _______________________________________ TREES AND Signature of 4-H leader or forester Pulp – ground-up wood used to make paper (certifies completion) THEIR USES: _______________________________________ Rough lumber – wood that is used in rough INI ROJECT construction, such as fencing, sheds, scaf- Date ___________________________________ M P folding, etc. (including urban trees and important forest plants) Shade tree – a tree used to provide shade to a landscape area, building, or structure Shakes – a rough shingle Specimen tree – a tree used to give ornamental or aesthetic interest to a landscape Street tree – a tree used in a median strip or 18 U.S.C. 707 sidewalk planting area, usually very hardy For use with the 4-H Trim – wood strips used to decorate or hide tree identification project. edges, such as where a floor and wall come ___ Beginner (10 trees) together ___ Novice (25 trees) Veneer – a thin layer of wood used to cover a ___ Advanced (50 trees) lower quality material ___ Master (100 trees and plants) www.ext.vt.edu Produced by Communications and Marketing, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2012 Virginia Cooperative Extension programs and employment are open to all, regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status.
    [Show full text]
  • Squirrels Live Mainly in Woodland. There Are Two
    Q1. Squirrels live mainly in woodland. There are two types of woodland in Great Britain: coniferous woodland containing trees such as Scots pine and Norway spruce, and broad-leaved woodland containing trees such as Hazel, Beech, Oak, Sycamore and Sweet chestnut. The red squirrel is a native species, the grey squirrel was introduced at the beginning of this century. Since the introduction of the grey squirrel, the red squirrel has largely disappeared from broad-leaved forests in England. (a) Suggest two factors which might have caused the fall in the population of red squirrels. 1. _________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ (2) (b) The drawing gives information about the two types of squirrel. Using only information given above, suggest two reasons why the population of grey squirrels has risen whereas the population of red squirrels has fallen. 1. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2) (Total 4 marks) Q2. (a) One food chain in the wood is: Hazel tree nuts → squirrels → owls (i) What does this food chain tell us? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ (2) (ii) Which one of the organisms in the food chain is a producer? ______________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]