Southern Corridor, Cape St Francis / Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

FINAL DRAFT REPORT

HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THUYSPUNT NUCLEAR 400kV INTEGRATION PROJECT: SOUTHERN CORRIDOR, CAPE ST FRANCIS / PORT ELIZABETH, EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA

Assessment and report by

For SiVEST Environmental Division

Telephone Jenny Barnard 021 852 2988

Box 20057 Ashburton 3213 PIETERMARITZBURG South Africa Telephone 033 326 1136 Facsimile 086 672 8557 082 655 9077 / 072 725 1763 2 March 2009 [email protected]

HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THUYSPUNT NUCLEAR 400kV INTEGRATION PROJECT: SOUTHERN CORRIDOR

Management summary

eThembeni Cultural Heritage was appointed by SiVEST Environmental Division to undertake a heritage impact assessment of the proposed northern corridor of the Thuyspunt Nuclear 400kV project between Cape St Francis and Port Elizabeth, in terms of the Heritage Resources Act No 25 of 1999. Two eThembeni staff members inspected the area on 9 to 12 September 2008 and 10 to 13 February 2009 and completed a controlled-exclusive surface survey, as well as a database and literature search.

The purpose of this heritage impact assessment has been to identify potential heritage problem areas associated with the five kilometre wide southern corridor servitude, within which two power lines and a substation will be located.

We had to take the following factors into consideration: o The constraints of fieldwork and a desktop study of a five kilometre wide servitude over 140 kilometres; o The fact that the southern corridor will definitely be utilised and that the only mitigation option is that of routing the power lines differently within the five kilometre wide servitude; o The linear nature of the project where, apart from the proposed substation location, tower positions can be altered to avoid direct impacts on heritage resources; o All categories of heritage resource (with the possible exception of sites associated with slavery and movable objects) occur throughout the proposed development area.

The primary areas of concern in this study are the impacts on archaeological sites and the landscape traversed by the proposed power lines. The presence of tw power lines within a five kilometre wide servitude will have a high negative visual impact on conservation and wilderness areas, and the impact will last until the power lines are decommissioned and removed. It is very important to note that the greatest impact on landscapes and natural features is created by access roads and other construction and maintenance infrastructure, which alter the landscape permanently and irreversibly.

Our findings are as follows:

¾ A heritage practitioner should complete a ‘walk-through’ of the final selected power line servitudes, the substation location and all other activity areas (access roads, construction camps, etc.) prior to the start of any construction activities. ¾ Power line routes should be chosen to minimise the requirements for new infrastructure.

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We recommend that the development proceed with the proposed heritage mitigation and have submitted this report to the South African Heritage Resources Agency in fulfilment of the requirements of the Heritage Resources Act. The relevant SAHRA personnel are Dr Antonieta Jerardino (telephone 021 462 4502) and Mr Thanduxolo Lungile (telephone 043 722 1740/2/6).

If permission is granted for the development to proceed, the client is reminded that the Act requires that a developer cease all work immediately and notify SAHRA should any heritage resources, as defined in the Act, be discovered during the course of development activities.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Introduction and legislation 5

Nature of proposed activities 7

Methodology 9

Observations and recommendations 12

Summary of findings in terms of the Heritage Resources Act 1999 Section 38(3) 19

Conclusion 20

Appendix A – Significance and value of heritage resources 36

Appendix B – The management of cultural landscapes 39

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Introduction and legislation eThembeni Cultural Heritage was appointed by SiVEST Environmental Division to undertake a heritage impact assessment of the proposed southern corridor of the Thuyspunt Nuclear 400kV project between Cape St Francis and Port Elizabeth, in terms of the National Heritage Resources Act No 25 of 1999. Section 38(1) of the Act requires such an assessment in case of:

(a) the construction of a road, wall, power line, pipeline, canal or other similar form of linear development or barrier exceeding 300 m in length; (b) the construction of a bridge or similar structure exceeding 50 m in length; (c) any development or other activity which will change the character of a site – (i) exceeding 5 000 m2 in extent; or (ii) involving three or more existing erven or subdivisions thereof; or (iii) involving three or more erven or subdivisions thereof which have been consolidated within the past five years; or (d) the costs of which will exceed a sum set in terms of regulations by SAHRA or a provincial heritage resources authority; (e) the re-zoning of a site exceeding 10 000m² in extent; or (f) any other category of development provided for in regulations by SAHRA or a provincial heritage resources authority.

A heritage impact assessment is not limited to archaeological artefacts, historical buildings and graves. It is far more encompassing and includes intangible and invisible resources such as places, oral traditions and rituals. In the Act a heritage resource is defined any place or object of cultural significance i.e. of aesthetic, architectural, historical, scientific, social, spiritual, linguistic or technological value or significance. This includes the following wide range of places and objects:

(a) places, buildings, structures and equipment; (b) places to which oral traditions are attached or which are associated with living heritage; (c) historical settlements and townscapes; (d) landscapes and natural features; (e) geological sites of scientific or cultural importance; (f) archaeological and palaeontological sites; (g) graves and burial grounds, including - (i) ancestral graves, (ii) royal graves and graves of traditional leaders, (iii) graves of victims of conflict, (iv) graves of important individuals, (v) historical graves and cemeteries older than 60 years, and (vi) other human remains which are not covered under the Human Tissues Act, 1983 (Act No.65 of 1983 as amended); (h) sites of significance relating to the history of slavery in South Africa; (i) movable objects, including - (i) objects recovered from the soil or waters of South Africa including archaeological and palaeontological objects and material, meteorites and rare geological specimens; (ii) ethnographic art and objects; (iii) military objects; (iv) objects of decorative art; (v) objects of fine art; (vi) objects of scientific or technological interest; (vii) books, records, documents, photographic positives and negatives, graphic, film or video material or sound recordings; and (viii) any other prescribed categories, but excluding any object made by a living person.

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A ‘place’ is defined as: (a) a site, area or region; (b) a building or other structure (which may include equipment, furniture, fittings and articles associated with or connected with such building or other structure); (c) a group of buildings or other structures (which may include equipment, furniture, fittings and articles associated with or connected with such group of buildings or other structures); and (d) an open space, including a public square, street or park; and in relation to the management of a place, includes the immediate surroundings of a place.

‘Structures’ means any building, works, device, or other facility made by people and which is fixed to land and any fixtures, fittings and equipment associated therewith older than 60 years.

‘Archaeological’ means - (a) material remains resulting from human activity which are in a state of disuse and are in or on land and are older than 100 years, including artefacts, human and hominid remains and artificial features and structures; (b) rock art, being a form of painting, engraving or other graphic representation on a fixed rock surface or loose rock or stone, which was executed by human agency and is older than 100 years including any area within 10 m of such representation; and (c) wrecks, being any vessel or aircraft, or any part thereof, which was wrecked in South Africa, whether on land or in the maritime cultural zone referred to in section 5 of the Maritime Zones Act 1994 (Act 15 of 1994), and any cargo, debris or artefacts found or associated therewith, which are older than 60 years or which in terms of national legislation are considered to be worthy of conservation; (d) features, structures and artefacts associated with military history which are older than 75 years and the sites on which they are found.

‘Palaeontological’ means any fossilised remains or fossil trace of animals or plants which lived in the geological past, other than fossil fuels or fossiliferous rock intended for industrial use, and any site which contains such fossilised remains or trace.

‘Grave’ means a place of interment and includes the contents, headstone or other marker of and any other structures on or associated with such place. The South African Heritage Resources Agency will only issue a permit for the alteration of a grave if it is satisfied that every reasonable effort has been made to contact and obtain permission from the families concerned. The following procedures are usually required in the event of exhumation and re-interment:

o Notification of the impending removals (using appropriate language media and notices at the grave site); o Consultation with individuals or communities related or known to the deceased; o Satisfactory arrangements for the curation of human remains and / or headstones in a museum, where applicable; o Procurement of a permit from SAHRA; o Appropriate arrangements for the exhumation (preferably by a suitably trained archaeologist) and re-interment (sometimes by a registered undertaker, in a formally proclaimed cemetery); o Observation of rituals or ceremonies required by the families.

Other relevant legislation is the National Heritage Council Act No 11 of 1999 (as amended by the Cultural Laws Second Amendment Act 69 of 2001). It was established to protect living heritage, defined as cultural tradition; oral history; performance; ritual; popular memory; skills and techniques; indigenous knowledge systems; and the holistic approach to nature, society and social relationships.

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Nature of proposed activities (information obtained from the client)

Eskom Holdings Ltd is responsible for the provision of reliable and affordable power to its consumers in South Africa. They are responsible for the vertically integrated utility that generates, transports and distributes electricity. Electricity cannot be stored and therefore must be used as it is generated. It is, therefore, required that electricity be efficiently transmitted from the point of generation to the end user. It is vital that transmission capacity keeps up with both electricity generation capacity and electricity demand.

If Eskom Transmission is to meet its mandate and commitment to supply the ever-increasing needs of end- users, it has to plan, establish and expand its generation capacity and transmission power lines infrastructure on an on-going basis, in support of the generation processes.

Arcus Gibb has been appointed by Eskom as the independent Environmental Consultants to conduct the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Eskom’s proposed Nuclear Power Stations in the greater Cape region. To integrate the electricity that will be generated by the proposed Thuyspunt Nuclear Power Station (should a positive Environmental Authorisation be issued by the National Department of Environmental Affairs), Eskom Transmission has appointed SiVEST to undertake the EIA for the proposed new 400kV Transmission power lines.

Eskom is conducting a feasibility study of new conventional nuclear generation in the greater Cape region, with potential sites at Duynefontein, Thuyspunt (near Oyster Bay) and Bantamsklip (near Pearly Beach), for purposes of power supply generation and network expansion. The first of the conventional nuclear projects is called ‘Nuclear 1’ and should be fully commissioned by 2017. The Nuclear 1 project is still fairly open in terms of location of the plant as well as the type and number of units to be installed. The Nuclear 1 plant can be integrated by 400kV lines at the existing substations.

This project proposes to assess the integration of the proposed Nuclear Power Station at Thuyspunt with the national electricity network grid according to Eskom’s Grid Code requirement1.

According to the EIA Regulations, as promulgated in terms of Chapter 5 of the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) No 107 of 1998, all linear projects need to consist of two or more alternatives to be evaluated during the scoping phase of the EIA process. Two route alternative corridors are being evaluated for the proposed construction of the new 400kV Transmission power lines and one technically feasible transmission substation site. The proposed route alternative corridors are:

It is important to note that these corridors (Northern and Southern) are not alternatives to each other, as both are anticipated to be utilized by Eskom to carry a total of five 400kV lines from the proposed nuclear power station. Rather, the 5km wide corridors will provide adequate space for a number of potential alternative alignments to be located within them. There are certain points along the corridors where the corridors have been widened to more than 5km to facilitate alternative route alignment. In other section of the corridors (between the Port Elizabeth substation and the Grassridge substation), two alternative corridors exist.

All of the proposed route alternative corridors are 5km wide in which a proposed route alternative/s needs to be identified during the scoping phase. During the scoping phase the whole 5km corridor will be scoped for any possible negative and/or positive biodiversity, social and socio-economic impacts. In terms of Eskom standards, a 400kV line will require a servitude of 55 metres in width. Assuming the Northern Corridor has three lines in it, the servitude will be 165 metres wide. Assuming the Southern Corridor has two lines in it, the servitude will be 110 metres wide.

1 The proposed Thuyspunt Nuclear Power Station is NOT the subject of this heritage impact assessment. eThembeni Cultural Heritage for SiVEST Environmental Division Page 7 HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THUYSPUNT NUCLEAR 400kV INTEGRATION PROJECT: SOUTHERN CORRIDOR

The study area (as indicated below) indicates the boundary for the identification of stakeholders and for specialists to undertake their environmental studies for this project.

Currently it is proposed that the Guyed Suspension type tower will be used, which is approximately 50 metres high (pictured below). The total footprint area required for each tower is 80m x 50m.

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The land beneath the overhead lines can be used, as normal, by the landowners. However, Eskom require that no dwellings or vegetation / crops higher than four metres be established within the servitude.

The proposed route corridors are:

¾ Proposed Southern Corridor: 2 x 400kV Transmission power lines o 2 x 400kV Transmission power lines from Thuyspunt to the newly proposed Port Elizabeth Transmission Substation o 2 x 400kV Transmission power lines from the newly proposed Port Elizabeth Transmission Substation to Eskom’s existing Grassridge Transmission Substation o 2 x 400kV Transmission powerlines from the Grassridge Substation to the Dedisa Transmission Substation

¾ Proposed Northern Corridor:: 3 x 400kV Transmission power lines o 3 x 400kV Transmission power line from Thuyspunt past Uitenhage to Eskom’s existing Grassridge Transmission Substation

¾ Proposed new Port Elizabeth Transmission Substation location o The proposed new Port Elizabeth Transmission Substation study area site is located north-east of Port Elizabeth, between Blue Horizon Bay: o The minimum size (footprint) of the proposed Port Elizabeth Transmission Substation site is 320m x 230m, which needs to accommodate four (4) 400kV Transmission power lines exiting the proposed substation; three (3) 400/132kV transformer bays; and eight (8) 132kV feeder bays.

¾ Proposed upgrade of Eskom’s existing Grassridge and Dedisa Transmission Substations o The associated infrastructures to integrate the proposed new substation into Eskom’s electricity Transmission grid (including the construction of service/access roads, the construction of a communication tower at the substation site, etc).

ROUTE DESCRIPTION

A Northern Corridor with three 400kV lines and a Southern Corridor with two 400kV lines linking into the High Voltage (HV) Yard to the north of the power station are proposed. All lines end at the Grassridge Substation and two 400kV lines will link the Grassridge and Dedisa Substations. The proposed Northern Corridor will be approximately 180km in length, and the proposed Southern Corridor will be approximately 138km long.

The power lines in the Northern Corridor are proposed to be operated independently of those in the Southern Corridor. The two corridors are not alternatives for one another, and for this reason two separate applications for environmental authorisation for the two corridors have been lodged with the determining authority. Two separate and independently operated power line corridors are proposed as a risk aversion factor, i.e. in order to guarantee the electricity supply from the proposed Thuyspunt Nuclear Power Station; should the power lines in one of the corridors become non-operational, the electricity supply from the proposed power station would be guaranteed. Descriptions for both corridors are included here for continuity purposes.

Southern Corridor

The Southern Corridor leaves the Thyspunt power station HV yard to the north of the transverse dunes. The corridor heads north-east and crosses the Farm Buffelsbosch and heads towards the Krom River. The land use in this area is predominantly farming and leisure (resorts and other tourism venues). The corridor crosses the unsurfaced road linking St. Francis Bay and Oyster Bay to the west of St. Francis Bay, and crosses the Krom River to the north-west of the town.

After crossing the R330 provincial road the corridor turns towards the north and crosses the Seekoei River. The width of the corridor includes the Geelhout and Glen Dams. The corridor crosses the R102 and N2 highway to the east of Humansdorp and crosses the Farm Melkhoutbosch and Sunnyside Dam. The Farm Rooihoek is then crossed as well as the Kabeljous River. Here the N2 and R102 are located within the corridor. The Northern and Southern Corridors partly overlap in this area.

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The Southern Corridor then crosses the Farms Papiesfontein and Vlakte heading towards the Gamtoos River Valley. In this area, dominated by farming activities, the Farms Vlakte, Mauritskraal, Die Woud, Brakfontein and Strandfontein are crossed. The corridor widens in this area to accommodate more route options. Several power lines are already present in this area.

The corridor then continues south of the N2 and R102 past the town of Thornhill, encompassing the farms Etosha, De Duine and Matjiesfontein. This area is heavily vegetated with dune vegetation closer to the coast. Activities in this area range from cattle (dairy) farming to game farming. The corridor crosses the Farms Retreat and Yellowwoods and then traverses the Woodridge College and Van Stadens River Gorge. The Van Stadens Flower Reserve is also included within the corridor in this area.

Here a portion of the corridor extends to the south towards Blue Horizon Bay, an area which is dominated by cattle (dairy) farming. This section is to accommodate a potential site for a proposed substation. At this stage the substation is proposed to be located adjacent to the proposed municipal substation although the option remains open to move the substation further up into the Southern Corridor.

The corridor continues in a northerly direction towards Uitenhage, crossing the N2 highway and the R102 in the vicinity of the farm Geduldrivier. The corridor crosses Lady’s Slipper and Fitches Corner. The corridor heads north-east towards Rocklands crossing several small holdings, and running roughly parallel to the R334 provincial road. At Rocklands various options are present. The corridor splits and heads either in a northerly or easterly direction towards the southern end of Uitenhage (Alternative 1 and Alternative 2, refer to map).

The options are to place two lines in the corridor heading north and none in the easterly option or vice versa (i.e. place two in an easterly direction and none going north). The other option is to place one line in each of the arms heading towards the Northern Corridor.

The corridor which heads north (Alternative 1) crosses small holdings and several chicken farms to the north of Rocklands. Much more natural thicket vegetation is present when nearing the Elands River and the land use is thought to be game farming and conservation. The corridor crosses a portion of the Groendal Wilderness Area near the Elands River and heads towards Kruisrivier where the Southern Corridor meets up with the Northern Corridor. The joint Northern and Southern Corridor passes across rangeland to the west of the R335, near the farm Welbedachtsfontein, The Corridor crosses the R335 provincial road and brick works and feeds into the Grassridge Substation.

From Rocklands the eastern arm of the Southern Corridor (Alternative 2) crosses small holdings and then traverses vacant rangeland to the south and west of KwaNobuhle. The corridor crosses the Brak River in fairly incised terrain. It traverses the southern part of KwaNobuhle before crossing a vacant area to the east of KwaNobuhle. The corridor crosses the sewage works and a marshy area to the south-west of Despatch, traversing a number of industrial warehousing areas. After crossing the R368 and R75 roads, the corridor passes across Manor Heights in Despatch as well as the Volkswagen Factory in the Uitenhage industrial area. The corridor crosses the Swartkops River, the railway line and the R333 provincial road to the east of Uitenhage and then shifts in an easterly direction across Scheepers Hoogte and the Meadows.

The corridor then crosses a largely undeveloped area, mainly farmlands traversing rising ground to the north of the R333. It crosses the Farms Meadows and Florida. The corridor then crosses the R334 (M20) road to the west of Motherwell and runs to the north of the town. The corridor traverses natural rangeland, joining the Northern Corridor around the R335 at the various brick works and across the Farm Welbedachtsfontein. The corridor runs eastwards towards the R335 to the Grassridge Substation.

East of the Grassridge Substation the corridor runs eastwards across largely natural thicket vegetation on the farm Brak River. It turns east to cross the railway line to the south-west of the Grassridge siding. The corridor terminates at the Dedisa Substation, which is located to the north of the R334 / R102.

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Northern Corridor

The Northern Corridor exits the HV yard to the north of the transverse dunes and moves in a northerly direction towards Humansdorp. The corridor crosses the unsurfaced road between Oyster Bay and Humansdorp in the vicinity of the Farm Kleinrivier. The corridor crosses the steeply incised Krom River valley at the Farm Elandsjagt (downstream of the Impofu Dam) and then crosses the Geelhoutboom River. It crosses the R102 to the west of Humansdorp and then the Orange Grove Dam on the Seekoei River. The corridor crosses the Farm Geelhoutboom and then crosses the western portion of Kruisfontein settlement.

The corridor then crosses the N2 and the traverses some hilly ground to the north of the highway on the farms Kruisfontein and Swartbosch. The corridor then crosses the Rondebos River and the R330 and R332 provincial roads. The Northern Corridor splits into two for a short distance to provide more route options. The southern section of this split meets the Southern Corridor and some overlap thus exists. This section cross runs east, crossing the farms Misgund and The Backbone across gently undulating agricultural land before descending into the Gamtoos River Valley. The northern section of the split follows the R330, crossing a range of hills and the Diep River over the Farm Zuurbron. The corridor encompasses the steep southern sides of the Gamtoos River valley and the Hankey Pass. It then curves down to join the southern section crossing agricultural lands towards the Gamtoos River Valley.

The two sections meet near the Gamtoos River Valley where the corridor crosses the river in the Mondplaas Area and curves to the north east, climbing out of the valley. The corridor crosses the Farms Spitzbak estate, Vlakte, Loerie Rivier Vlakte, an area of largely natural thicket vegetation. The corridor crosses the Loeriespruit and the Farm Loerie River, and includes the town of Loerie. The corridor then crosses over the Loerie Dam and climbs into steeply incised and hillier terrain across the Farms Outspan, Geelhoutboom, Loerie Rivier Hoogte.

The corridor then passes through Sypherfontein and the Longmore Forest Plantation heading east towards Uitenhage. Running east, the corridor traverses mostly forestry land, crossing the Bulk River in the vicinity of the Bulk River Dam and the farm Peerboom. The corridor crosses the Elands River valley, passing through the farm Wincanton Estate and the southern tip of the Groendal Wilderness Area in the area where the Southern and Northern Corridors meet. The corridor crosses the Swartkops River Valley to the west of Kruisrivier, traversing the farm Springfield.

At Kruisrivier, the corridor curves to the east, traversing hilly and largely natural ground to the north of the suburbs of Rosedale and Levyvale which lie partly within the corridor. It crosses the R75 provincial road to the north of Uitenhage and then passes across rangeland to the east of the R75, crossing the farms of Sandfontein, Amanzi, Longwood, Alwynhoek and Welbedachtsfontein, crossing the Coega River. The corridor crosses the R335 provincial road and brick works and feeds into the Grassridge Substation.

o Timeframe Depending on the issuing date of the approval or Environmental Authorisation (EA), should a positive EA be issued by DEAT, and to address the increasing demand for electricity, it is proposed that Eskom will commence with construction in March 2010. The construction period for the various proposed 400kV transmission power lines and proposed new substation are estimated to be 18 to 24 months in total. This includes the clearing of the servitude, construction of the towers, stringing of the conductors and switch-on of the newly proposed transmission substation. Currently it is proposed that construction start at Thuyspunt, progressing towards Port Elizabeth / Grassridge / Dedisa, in a continuation construction period.

o Rehabilitation of servitude after construction As part of the EIA, a construction Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will be established which will, amongst other requirements, detail the rehabilitation of any disturbed areas resulting from construction works. The appointed Eskom Environmental Control Officer on site will ensure that all disturbed areas are stabilised as soon as possible after construction and the area rehabilitated as close to the original condition as possible, as per the EMP. Rehabilitated areas that are susceptible to erosion due to their position in the landscape will be adequately protected by soil conservation measures. The Environmental Control Officer will monitor the re-vegetated areas until the vegetation is stabilised. This monitoring, on average, occurs at three-monthly intervals for the first twelve months, and once a year thereafter, and may only halt once the vegetation has been stabilised.

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o Employment opportunities during construction As the construction of transmission power lines is highly skilled, and mainly constructed by the utilisation of machinery, it is not envisaged that additional labour force will be required for this proposed project. However, as part of Eskom’s Social Responsibility Programme, the appointed construction company will be required to make use of local labour as and when required.

o Health (possible impacts of electro-magnetic fields – EMFs) Eskom power lines are designed and built to comply with the Occupational Health and Safety Act No 85 of 1993. As long as activities under the power line comply with the servitude conditions, they are therefore safe to undertake. EMF effects decrease as distance from the power line increases and any living quarters outside the servitude will not be affected by the power line since radiation from the power line is nil at the edge of the servitude.

Methodology

Two eThembeni staff members inspected the proposed power line servitudes and substation location from 9 to 12 September 2008 and 10 to 13 February 2009. We completed a controlled-exclusive surface survey, where ‘sufficient information exists on an area to make solid and defensible assumptions and judgements about where [heritage resource] sites may and may not be’ and ‘an inspection of the surface of the ground, wherever this surface is visible, is made, with no substantial attempt to clear brush, turf, deadfall, leaves or other material that may cover the surface and with no attempt to look beneath the surface beyond the inspection of rodent burrows, cut banks and other exposures that are observed by accident’ (King 19782).

We attended a meeting of project subject specialists in Rivonia on 18 February 2009 and presented our preliminary findings. Since this meeting the client has produced a revised map of the proposed project area, with power line servitudes reduced to two kilometres wide in general.

We consulted various provincial databases, including historical, archaeological and geological sources and will provide a general history on request. We assessed the value and significance of heritage resources, as defined in the Heritage Resources Act 1999 and the criteria contained in Appendix A. Culturally significant landscapes were assessed according to the criteria in Appendix B.

The client has provided maps of the area, submitted to SAHRA separately. Geographic coordinates were obtained with a handheld Garmin GPS72 global positioning unit. Photographs were taken with a Nikon Coolpix S200 digital camera. A statement of independence and a summary of our ability to undertake this heritage impact assessment are available on request.

The assumptions and limitations of this heritage impact assessment are as follows:

• We have assumed that the description of the proposed project, provided by SiVEST Environmental Division, is accurate. • The survey has taken place at a broad landscape level to identify potential problem areas in terms of heritage resources that should be avoided when determining the preferred power line servitudes. Time and financial constraints have not allowed for a comprehensive ‘walk-through’ of the entire five kilometre wide servitude. • We did not examine the proposed location of the Thuyspunt power station, which has been the subject of an earlier heritage study. • We have assumed that the public consultation process undertaken as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment is sufficient and adequate and does not require repetition as part of the heritage impact assessment. • Soil surface visibility was moderate overall. • No subsurface investigation (including excavations or sampling) were undertaken, since a permit from SAHRA is required to disturb a heritage resource. Accordingly, subsurface heritage resources might be present and we remind the client that the Act requires that a developer cease all work

2 King, T. F. 1989. The archaeological survey: methods and uses. Quoted in Canter, L. W. 1996. Environmental impact assessment. Second Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. eThembeni Cultural Heritage for SiVEST Environmental Division Page 12 HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THUYSPUNT NUCLEAR 400kV INTEGRATION PROJECT: SOUTHERN CORRIDOR

immediately and notify SAHRA should any heritage resources, as defined in the Act, be discovered during the course of development activities.

The following rating system was applied to evaluate the potential impact on the receiving environment and includes an objective evaluation of the mitigation of the impact. In assessing the significance of each issue the following criteria (including an allocated point system) is used (see Table 1 for definitions):

Extent (distribution) National Regional Local Site 4 3 2 1 Duration (Time Permanent Long-term Medium-term Short-term Period of Impact) 4 3 2 1 Intensity Very High High Moderate Low 4 3 2 1 Probability of Definite Highly Probable Possible Improbable occurrence 4 3 2 1

Table 1: Criteria for the classification of environmental impacts3 CATEGORY DESCRIPTION OF DEFINITION Nature A brief written statement of the environmental aspect being impacted upon by a particular action or activity. Extent (Scale) The area over which the impact will be expressed. Typically, the severity and significance of an impact have different scales and as such bracketing ranges are often required. This is often useful during the detailed assessment phase of a project in terms of further defining the determined significance or intensity of an impact. For example, high at a local scale, but low at a regional scale. Site Within the construction site. Local Within a radius of 2 km of the construction site Regional Provincial (and parts of neighbouring provinces). National The whole of South Africa. Duration Indicates what the lifetime of the impact will be. Short-term The impact will either disappear with mitigation or will be mitigated through natural process in a span shorter than the construction phase Medium-term The impact will last for the period of the construction phase, where after it will be entirely negated Long-term The impact will continue or last for the entire operational life of the development, but will be mitigated by direct human action or by natural processes thereafter Permanent The only class of impact which will be non-transitory. Mitigation either by man or natural process will not occur in such a way or in such a time span that the impact can be considered transient Intensity Describes whether an impact is destructive or benign. Low Impact affects the environment in such a way that natural, cultural and social functions and processes are not affected Medium Effected environment is altered, but natural, cultural and social functions and processes continue albeit in a modified way High Natural, cultural and social functions and processes are altered to extent that they temporarily cease Very high Natural, cultural and social functions and processes are altered to extent that they permanently cease Probability Describes the likelihood of an impact actually occurring. Improbable Likelihood of the impact materialising is very low Possible The impact may occur Highly probable Most likely that the impact will occur Definite Impact will certainly occur

3 Criteria for the classification of impacts are as per the EIA Regulations Guideline Document, published by the National Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism in April 1998. eThembeni Cultural Heritage for SiVEST Environmental Division Page 13 HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THUYSPUNT NUCLEAR 400kV INTEGRATION PROJECT: SOUTHERN CORRIDOR

Significance:

Significance is determined through a synthesis of impact characteristics. Significance is an indication of the importance of the impact in terms of both physical extent and time scale, and therefore indicates the level of mitigation required. The total number of points scored for each impact indicates the level of significance of the impact.

Table 2: Criteria for the rating of classified environmental impacts Significance Using the scoring in Table 1, the significance of impacts is rated as follows.

Low impact (4-7 points) A low impact has no permanent impact of significance. Mitigation measures are feasible and are readily instituted as part of a standing design, construction or operating procedure Medium impact (7-10 points) Mitigation is possible with additional design and construction inputs High impact (10-13 points) The design of the site may be affected. Mitigation and possible remediation are needed during the construction and/or operational phases. The effects of the impact may affect the broader environment Very high impact (13-16 Permanent and important impacts. The design of the site may be points) affected. Intensive remediation is needed during construction and/or operational phases. Any activity which results in a “very high impact” is likely to be a fatal flaw.

Status Denotes the perceived effect of the impact on the affected area.

Positive (+) Beneficial impact. Negative (-) Deleterious or adverse impact. Neutral Impact is neither beneficial nor adverse.

It is important to note that the status of an impact is assigned based on the status quo – i.e. should the project not proceed. Therefore not all negative impacts are equally significant.

The suitability and feasibility of all proposed mitigation measures should be included in the assessment of significant impacts. This will be achieved through the comparison of the significance of the impact before and after the proposed mitigation measure is implemented.

Cumulative impacts related to heritage impacts were also evaluated and assessed.

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Observations and recommendations

No development activities associated with the proposed project had begun at the time of our site visit, in accordance with provincial and national heritage legislation.

We had to take the following factors into consideration in undertaking this heritage impact assessment:

o The constraints of fieldwork and a desktop study of a five kilometre wide servitude over 140 kilometres; o The fact that both the northern and southern corridors will definitely be utilised and that the only mitigation option is that of routing the power lines differently within the five kilometre wide servitudes; o The linear nature of the project where, apart from the proposed substation location, tower positions can be altered to avoid direct impacts on heritage resources; o All categories of heritage resource (with the possible exception of sites associated with slavery and movable objects) occur throughout the proposed development area. o Electronic databases of heritage resources do not exist for the study area, and paper versions are extremely limited. Furthermore, it is not possible to record all heritage resources in five kilometre wide corridors over hundreds of kilometres within the time and financial constraints posed by this project. Accordingly, we believe that mapping certain easily identifiable resources (such as farmhouses older than sixty years, or cemeteries) and omitting others is misleading at best. The creation of a map of heritage resources for the study area would be a meaningless exercise with no practical value for Eskom planners. Our fieldwork has allowed us to formulate two general guidelines, with more specific recommendations for each heritage resource category where applicable.

⇒ Places, buildings, structures and equipment

Numerous such resources are present within the proposed development area. A heritage practitioner should complete a ‘walk-through’ of the substation location, the final selected power line servitudes and all other activity areas (access roads, construction camps, etc.) prior to the start of any construction activities.

Rating matrix for impacts on places, buildings, structures and equipment Before mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 1 Duration 4 Intensity 4 Probability of occurrence 1 Total 12 This is rated as a High Negative Impact before the implementation of mitigation and management measures Mitigation and management measures • Apply for permit, etc. After mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 1 Duration 1 Intensity 1 Probability of occurrence 1 Total 4 This is rated as a Low Negative Impact after the implementation of mitigation and management measures

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⇒ Places to which oral traditions are attached or which are associated with living heritage

Various places associated with living heritage occur within the proposed development area. We have assumed that compensation for the loss of agricultural and grazing land (if any) will be addressed during the public participation process. A heritage practitioner should complete a ‘walk-through’ of the substation location, the final selected power line servitudes and all other activity areas (access roads, construction camps, etc.) prior to the start of any construction activities. Furthermore, the impact on and proposed mitigation for places associated with oral history and / or living heritage should be discussed with representatives of the Gamtkwa KhoiSan Council4.

Rating matrix for impacts on places to which oral traditions are attached or which are associated with living heritage places Before mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 2 Duration 4 Intensity 3 Probability of occurrence 3 Total 12 This is rated as a Medium Negative Impact before the implementation of mitigation and management measures Mitigation and management measures • Apply for permit, etc. After mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 2 Duration 1 Intensity 1 Probability of occurrence 1 Total 5 This is rated as a Low Negative Impact after the implementation of mitigation and management measures

4 Contact Kobus Reichert , the Heritage Representative of the Gamtkwa KhoiSan Council on 072 800 6322. eThembeni Cultural Heritage for SiVEST Environmental Division Page 16 HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THUYSPUNT NUCLEAR 400kV INTEGRATION PROJECT: SOUTHERN CORRIDOR

⇒ Historical settlements and townscapes

Various such resources are located within the proposed development area, including villages and towns. A heritage practitioner should complete a ‘walk-through’ of the substation location, the final selected power line servitudes and all other activity areas (access roads, construction camps, etc.) prior to the start of any construction activities.

Rating matrix for impacts on historical settlements and townscapes Before mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 2 Duration 4 Intensity 4 Probability of occurrence 2 Total 12 This is rated as a Medium Negative Impact before the implementation of mitigation and management measures Mitigation and management measures • Apply for permit, etc. After mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 2 Duration 1 Intensity 1 Probability of occurrence 1 Total 5 This is rated as a Low Negative Impact after the implementation of mitigation and management measures

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⇒ Landscapes and natural features

The proposed power line servitudes traverse extensive areas of agriculture, small towns and villages, state forest, wilderness areas and nature reserves. In the vicinity of Port Elizabeth the landscape is characterised by urban and peri-urban residential, industrial and commercial development. The visual impacts of the power line towers on this landscape will be moderate to high and permanent (lasting for the duration of the lifetime of the line) and cannot be mitigated at site level.

The proposed substation is located in a predominantly agricultural landscape, but could be adjacent to an existing municipal substation. The visual impacts of the power line towers on this landscape will be moderate to high and permanent (lasting for the duration of the lifetime of the line), with various options for visual mitigation.

It is very important to note that the greatest impact on landscapes and natural features is created by access roads and other construction and maintenance infrastructure, which alter the landscape permanently and irreversibly (see following photographs taken in the study area).

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Accordingly, power line routes should be chosen to minimise the requirements for new infrastructure. A heritage practitioner should complete a ‘walk-through’ of the substation location, the final selected power line servitudes and all other activity areas (access roads, construction camps, etc.) prior to the start of any construction activities.

Rating matrix for impacts on landscapes and natural features Before mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 3 Duration 4 Intensity 3 Probability of occurrence 4 Total 14 This is rated as a Very High Negative Impact before the implementation of mitigation and management measures Mitigation and management measures • Apply for permit, etc. After mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 3 Duration 4 Intensity 2 Probability of occurrence 4 Total 13 This is rated as a Very High Negative Impact after the implementation of mitigation and management measures

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⇒ Geological sites of scientific or cultural importance

Various such resources could be present within the proposed development area. A heritage practitioner should complete a ‘walk-through’ of the power station and substation locations, as well as the final selected power line servitudes and all other activity areas (access roads, construction camps, etc.) prior to the start of any construction activities.

Rating matrix for impacts on geological sites of scientific or cultural importance Before mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 1 Duration 4 Intensity 3 Probability of occurrence 2 Total 10 This is rated as a High Negative Impact before the implementation of mitigation and management measures Mitigation and management measures • Apply for permit, etc. After mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 1 Duration 1 Intensity 1 Probability of occurrence 2 Total 5 This is rated as a Low Negative Impact after the implementation of mitigation and management measures

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⇒ Archaeological and palaeontological sites

Various such resources could be present within the proposed development area. The area closest to the proposed power station location, in particular, is an area of high archaeological significance that has been the focus of research projects over the past three decades5. A heritage practitioner should complete a ‘walk- through’ of the substation location, the final selected power line servitudes and all other activity areas (access roads, construction camps, etc.) prior to the start of any construction activities. Furthermore, the impact on and proposed mitigation for archaeological sites should be discussed with representatives of the Gamtkwa KhoiSan Council.

Rating matrix for impacts on archaeological and palaeontological sites Before mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 1 Duration 4 Intensity 4 Probability of occurrence 2 Total 11 This is rated as a High Negative Impact before the implementation of mitigation and management measures Mitigation and management measures • Apply for permit, etc. After mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 1 Duration 1 Intensity 1 Probability of occurrence 2 Total 5 This is rated as a Low Negative Impact after the implementation of mitigation and management measures

5 Refer to Appendix F, as well as Binneman, J. 2001. An introduction to the Later Stone Age research project along the south-eastern Cape coast. Southern African Field Archaeology 10: 75-87; Binneman, J. 2004/2005. Archaeological research along the south-eastern Cape coast Part 1: open-air shell middens. Southern African Field Archaeology 13 & 14: 49-77; Binneman, J. 2006/2007. Archaeological research along the south-eastern Cape coast Part 2, caves and shelters: Kabeljous River Shelter 1 and associated stone tool industries. Southern African Field Archaeology 15 & 16: 57-74. eThembeni Cultural Heritage for SiVEST Environmental Division Page 21 HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THUYSPUNT NUCLEAR 400kV INTEGRATION PROJECT: SOUTHERN CORRIDOR

⇒ Graves and burial grounds

Ancestral graves and burial grounds might occur within the proposed development area, within and close to homestead precincts. Most of these will be known to residents and identified during the public participation process, which will ensure their protection against damage during construction. However, it is possible that older graves, not known to current residents, are present.

Accordingly, a heritage practitioner should complete a ‘walk-through’ of the substation location, the final selected power line servitudes and all other activity areas (access roads, construction camps, etc.) prior to the start of any construction activities.

Rating matrix for impacts on graves and burial grounds Before mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 1 Duration 4 Intensity 4 Probability of occurrence 2 Total 11 This is rated as a High Negative Impact before the implementation of mitigation and management measures Mitigation and management measures • Apply for permit, etc. After mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 1 Duration 1 Intensity 1 Probability of occurrence 2 Total 5 This is rated as a Low Negative Impact after the implementation of mitigation and management measures

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⇒ Sites of significance relating to the history of slavery in South Africa

No such resources were identified within the proposed development area, but it is possible that sites are present. Accordingly, a heritage practitioner should complete a ‘walk-through’ of the substation location, the final selected power line servitudes and all other activity areas (access roads, construction camps, etc.) prior to the start of any construction activities.

Rating matrix for impacts on sites of significance relating to the history of slavery in South Africa Before mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 1 Duration 4 Intensity 4 Probability of occurrence 1 Total 10 This is rated as a High Negative Impact before the implementation of mitigation and management measures Mitigation and management measures • Apply for permit, etc. After mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 1 Duration 1 Intensity 1 Probability of occurrence 1 Total 4 This is rated as a Low Negative Impact after the implementation of mitigation and management measures

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⇒ Movable objects excluding any object made by a living person

No such resources were identified within the proposed development area, but it is possible that objects are present. A heritage practitioner should complete a ‘walk-through’ of the substation location, the final selected power line servitudes and all other activity areas (access roads, construction camps, etc.) prior to the start of any construction activities.

Rating matrix for impacts on movable objects excluding any object made by a living person Before mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 1 Duration 4 Intensity 4 Probability of occurrence 1 Total 10 This is rated as a High Negative Impact before the implementation of mitigation and management measures Mitigation and management measures • Apply for permit, etc. After mitigation Criteria Rating Extent 1 Duration 1 Intensity 1 Probability of occurrence 1 Total 4 This is rated as a Low Negative Impact after the implementation of mitigation and management measures

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Summary of findings in terms of the Heritage Resources Act 1999 Section 38(3)

(a) the identification and mapping of all heritage resources in the area affected

Incomplete.

(b) an assessment of the significance of such resources in terms of the heritage assessment criteria set out in regulations

Unknown.

(d) an evaluation of the impact of the development on heritage resources relative to the sustainable social and economic benefits to be derived from the development

Unknown.

(e) the results of consultation with communities affected by the proposed development and other interested parties regarding the impact of the development on heritage resources

The client has undertaken such consultation in terms of statutory requirements and retains the relevant documentation.

(f) if heritage resources will be adversely affected by the proposed development, the consideration of alternatives

Various heritage resources are present within the proposed development area. A heritage practitioner should complete a ‘walk-through’ of the power station and substation locations, as well as the final selected power line servitudes and all other activity areas (access roads, construction camps, etc.) prior to the start of any construction activities.

(g) plans for mitigation of any adverse effects during and after completion of the proposed development

If permission is granted for development to proceed, the client is reminded that the Act requires that a developer cease all work immediately and notify SAHRA should any heritage resources, as defined in the Act, be discovered during the course of development activities.

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Conclusion

The primary areas of concern in this study are the impacts on archaeological sites and the landscape at the proposed substation site, and impacts on the landscape traversed by the proposed power lines. The presence of two power lines within a five kilometre wide servitude will have a high negative visual impact on conservation and wilderness areas, and the impact will last until the power lines are decommissioned and removed. However, the greatest impact on landscapes and natural features is created by access roads and other construction and maintenance infrastructure, which alter the landscape permanently and irreversibly.

Our findings are as follows:

o Power line routes should be chosen to minimise the requirements for new infrastructure. o A heritage practitioner should complete a ‘walk-through’ of the substation location, the final selected power line servitudes and all other activity areas (access roads, construction camps, etc.) prior to the start of any construction activities.

We recommend that the development proceed with the proposed heritage mitigation and have submitted this report to SAHRA in fulfilment of the requirements of the Heritage Resources Act. According to Section 38(4) of the Act:

The report shall be considered timeously by the Council which shall, after consultation with the person proposing the development, decide - (a) whether or not the development may proceed; (b) any limitations or conditions are to be applied to the development; (c) what general protections in terms of this Act apply, and what formal protections may be applied to such heritage resources; (d) whether compensatory action shall be required in respect of any heritage resources damaged or destroyed as a result of the development; and (e) whether the appointment of specialists is required as a condition of approval of the proposal.

The relevant SAHRA personnel are Dr Antonieta Jerardino (telephone 021 462 4502) and Mr Thanduxolo Lungile (telephone 043 722 1740/2/6).

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APPENDIX A

SIGNIFICANCE AND VALUE OF HERITAGE RESOURCE SITES

The following guidelines for determining site significance were developed by the South African Heritage Resources Agency in 2003. We use them in conjunction with tables of our own formulation (see that for the Southern African Iron Age, below) when considering intrinsic site significance and significance relative to development activities, as well as when recommending mitigatory action.

Type of Resource Place Structure Archaeological Site Palaeontological Site Geological Feature Grave

Type of Significance 1. Historical Value

It is important in the community, or pattern of history - Importance in the evolution of cultural landscapes and settlement patterns - Importance in exhibiting density, richness or diversity of cultural features illustrating the human occupation and evolution of the nation, Province, region or locality. - Importance for association with events, developments or cultural phases that have had a significant role in the human occupation and evolution of the nation, Province, region or community. - Importance as an example for technical, creative, design or artistic excellence, innovation or achievement in a particular period

It has strong or special association with the life or work of a person, group or organisation of importance in history - Importance for close associations with individuals, groups or organisations whose life, works or activities have been significant within the history of the nation, Province, region or community.

It has significance relating to the history of slavery - Importance for a direct link to the history of slavery in South Africa.

2. Aesthetic Value It is important in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics valued by a community or cultural group - Importance to a community for aesthetic characteristics held in high esteem or otherwise valued by the community. - Importance for its creative, design or artistic excellence, innovation or achievement. - Importance for its contribution to the aesthetic values of the setting demonstrated by a landmark quality or having impact on important vistas or otherwise contributing to the identified aesthetic qualities of the cultural environs or the natural landscape within which it is located. - In the case of an historic precinct, importance for the aesthetic character created by the individual components which collectively form a significant streetscape, townscape or cultural environment.

3. Scientific Value It has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of natural or cultural heritage - Importance for information contributing to a wider understanding of natural or cultural history by virtue of its use as a research site, teaching site, type locality, reference or benchmark site. - Importance for information contributing to a wider understanding of the origin of the universe or of the development of the earth. - Importance for information contributing to a wider understanding of the origin of life; the development of plant or animal species, or the biological or cultural development of hominid or human species. - Importance for its potential to yield information contributing to a wider understanding of the history of human occupation of the nation, Province, region or locality.

It is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period - Importance for its technical innovation or achievement.

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4. Social Value It has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons - Importance as a place highly valued by a community or cultural group for reasons of social, cultural, religious, spiritual, symbolic, aesthetic or educational associations. - Importance in contributing to a community’s sense of place.

Degrees of Significance Rarity

It possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of natural or cultural heritage - Importance for rare, endangered or uncommon structures, landscapes or phenomena.

Representivity

It is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of natural or cultural places or objects Importance in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a range of landscapes or environments, the attributes of which identify it as being characteristic of its class. Importance in demonstrating the principal characteristics of human activities (including way of life, philosophy, custom, process, land-use, function, design or technique) in the environment of the nation, Province, region or locality.

Sphere of Significance High Medium Low International National Provincial Regional Local Specific Community

What other similar sites may be compared to this site?

......

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Southern African Iron Age

Significance - low - medium - high

Unique or type site Yes

Formal protection Yes

Spatial patterning ?Yes ?Yes ?Yes

Degree of disturbance 75 – 100% 25 – 74% 0 – 24%

Organic remains (list types) 0 – 5 / m² 6 – 10 / m² 11 + / m²

Inorganic remains (list types) 0 – 5 / m² 6 – 10 / m² 11 + / m²

Ancestral graves Present

Horizontal extent of site < 100m² 101 – 1000m² 1000 + m²

Depth of deposit < 20cm 21 – 50cm 51 + cm

Spiritual association Yes

Oral history association Yes

¾ Research potential High ¾ Educational potential High

Please note that this table is a tool to be used by qualified cultural heritage managers who are also experienced site assessors.

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APPENDIX C

THE MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

The Cultural Landscape Foundation6 defines cultural landscapes as follows:

A cultural landscape is a geographic area that includes resources and natural resources associated with a historic event, activity, or person. Sometimes cultural landscapes are the result of one person or group of people acting upon the land. Other times they are the result of an idea one person or a group had and then created at that time. Cultural landscapes can range from thousands of acres of rural lands to a small homestead with a front yard of less than one acre. They include grand estates, farmland, public gardens and parks, college campuses, cemeteries, scenic highways and even industrial sites.

Four general types of Cultural Landscapes, not mutually exclusive, are: o Historic Sites o Historic Designed Landscapes o Historic Vernacular Landscapes o Ethnographic Landscapes

Cultural Landscapes can: o Be man-made expressions of visual and spatial relationships. o Serve as texts and narratives of cultures. o Be valuable expressions of regional identity. o Be works of art that are part of our national heritage. o Exist in relationship to their ecological contexts.

What are cultural landscapes? by Alice E. Ingerson, Institute for Cultural Landscape Studies7

Virtually all landscapes have cultural associations, because virtually all landscapes have been affected in some way by human action or perception. Therefore, the Institute for Cultural Landscape Studies does not use the phrase "cultural landscape" to mean a special type of landscape. Instead, we use "cultural landscape" to mean a way of seeing landscapes that emphasizes the interaction between human beings and nature over time. ICLS also works with many other organizations, some of which have contrasting or even conflicting definitions of "cultural landscape": individual, special, aesthetic, collective, representative, useful, cultural, related to the arts (consciously designed objects), ideas of enduring value related to the everyday beliefs and practices of a group of people, the work of landscape architects or garden designers, scenery portrayed in a painting or photograph, or that is seen as worth painting or photographing, the land that can be seen from a single vantage point (usually larger than a "site", smaller than a "region"), "nearly everything we see when we go outdoors" — Peirce Lewis 1979

6 Though professional techniques for identifying, documenting, and managing cultural landscapes have evolved rapidly in the past 30 years, the results of the professionals’ work often fails to reach the general public. Consequently, many of the places in which we live, work, and play often change considerably—sometimes over years and sometimes overnight! The Cultural Landscape Foundation is the only not-for-profit foundation in America dedicated to increasing the public’s awareness of the importance and irreplaceable legacy of cultural landscapes. Through education, technical assistance, and outreach, the Cultural Landscape Foundation aims to broaden the support and understanding for cultural landscapes nationwide in hopes of saving our priceless heritage for future generations. The CLF achieves this mission by: (1) heightening the awareness of those who impact cultural landscapes; (2) assisting those groups and organizations who are working to increase the appreciation and recognition of cultural landscapes; and, (3) developing educational tools for young people to better connect them to their cultural landscape environs. 7 From the website of the Institute for Cultural Landscape Studies of the Arnold Arboretum (http://www.icls.harvard.edu), © The President and Fellows of Harvard College. The Institute for Cultural Landscape Studies was formed in 1997 to support the emerging community of professionals and volunteers who manage and interpret landscapes with a significant history of human use, particularly in the northeastern United States. These practitioners work with a wide variety of places, from historic gardens and public parks to urban streetscapes, broad agricultural or industrial regions, and conservation or ecological reserves. These landscapes are neither static nor self-contained. Managing them requires active experimentation and continuous learning, to understand how past events and decisions produced today’s landscapes, and how today’s decisions and events are already producing tomorrow’s landscapes. The Institute for Cultural Landscape Studies worked with nonprofit organizations, public agencies, and colleges and universities to capture place-based knowledge about cultural landscapes, and to respond to emerging issues. eThembeni Cultural Heritage for SiVEST Environmental Division Page 30 HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THUYSPUNT NUCLEAR 400kV INTEGRATION PROJECT: SOUTHERN CORRIDOR

The National Park Service and the National Register of Historic Places, as well as organizations that look to these agencies for management models and standards, use the operational definition of "cultural landscape" from the 1996 Secretary of the Interior's . . . Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes: a geographic area (including both cultural and natural resources and the wildlife or domestic animals therein), associated with a historic event, activity, or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values.

Historic landscapes, unlike works of art, have to function as contemporary environments — we have literally to enter and become involved with them. — Catherine Howett 1987

Much public discussion about cultural landscapes is about preserving special or historic places. Yet the definition of "special" varies over time, among different cultures, and in different places. A landscape valued by one group may be simply invisible, or even offensive, to another. Next to an official historic district may be a neighborhood that is not eligible for any special treatment but has deep meaning and associations for the people who live there. Mobile homes may be critical to a farm economy, though they jar the sensibilities of visitors expecting to see only white clapboard houses and wooded hillsides from a "scenic overlook" in a state forest. The historic district and the ordinary neighborhood, working farms and protected forests, are all cultural landscapes.

Even when landscape preservation standards are broadened to include a wide range of landscape types, strict preservation is not always an appropriate stance. Designers and communities may also choose to transform existing landscapes or create new ones. Managing cultural landscapes thus involves planning for positive change as well as preventing negative change.

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