DOCSLIB.ORG

Queen Victoria, Gladstone and the Viceroyalty of India, 1893-1894

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Queen Victoria, Gladstone and the Viceroyalty of India, 1893-1894 Queen Victoria, Gladstone and the Viceroyalty of India, 1893-1894 It is a well-known fact that the victory of the Liberals in the elections of 1892 and the formation of the new administration under William Gladstone was a most disagreeable event for Queen Victoria. The relations between Queen and Prime Minister never rose above the cold formality that officialdom necessitated and, on more than one occasion, sharp exchanges of views between the two were to take place.1 Surpris- ingly little is known, however, of the last major disagreement which occurred just before Gladstone resigned the premiership in March 1894. It concerned a subject which had been the cause of the Queen's dis- pleasure in the previous year and had involved the Foreign Secretary, Lord Rosebery, and the Secretary of State for India, Lord Kimberley, as well.2 When the Conservative government of Lord Salisbury dissolved Parliament in June 1892, the Viceroy of India, Lord Lansdowne, who had been the Conservative appointee in 1889, was still due to serve almost another year before his term of office would end. At the first signs of the impending change of government at home, therefore, Lansdowne, whose political sympathies lay with the Conservatives, sounded the India Office about his desire to complete the full term even if the Liberals came into office.3 When it was quite certain, in mid-July, that there would be a Liberal government under Gladstone, Lansdowne expressed his profound regret to the out-going Secretary of State for India, Lord Cross, at what he described as 'a very serious misfortune' 1 The subject has been most recently treated by P. Stansky, Ambitions and Strategies. The struggle for leadership of the Liberal Party in the 1890's Oxford, 1964, and R. R. James, Lord Rosebery, London, 1962. 2 There is a fleeting reference to the problem of finding a successor to Lansdowne in most of the biographies and memoirs of the time, but only in G. E. Buckle's Letters of Queen Victoria, Third Series, London, 1926-32, is there any appreciation at all of the entire question. 3 Landsdowne to Arthur Godley (Permanent Under-Secretary at the India Office), 17 July 1892, Copy L[ansdowne] P[apers], MSS. Eur. D.558/VIII/IV, India Office Library, Commonwealth Relations Office, London. 175 176 J. CHANDBAN for India.4 But, although Cross's resignation was a 'most painful subject' to him, Lansdowne was much relieved to find that he was to be suc- ceeded by Kimberley with whom he had 'always been on good terms'.5 The new government did not, of course, make any attempt to recall Lansdowne in order to send one of its own men, and relations between the Viceroy and Kimberley were established on a fairly cordial footing. However, as early as October 1892, the new Secretary of State for India was deeply disturbed by the apparently energetic frontier policy of the Indian government and took the first opportunity to deprive it of one of its more expansionist supporters. The term of office of the Commander- in-Chief in India, General Roberts, had come to an end and Lansdowne had asked for it to be renewed; but Kimberley was determined that Roberts should not remain any longer in India as he was 'the powerful representative of a forward policy which has gone very far already and if it goes on, may involve us in serious dangers'. Kimberley suspected that Roberts had 'got command of the Indian frontier policy and carries the F.O. (Indian) and Lansdowne too much with him' and quietly asked the Secretary for War, Henry Campbell-Bannerman, to find 'some good military reason ... for not complying with his [Lansdowne's] request'.6 Later in the year, Kimberley again expressed his fears of the Indian government's frontier policy privately to Campbell-Bannerman and hoped that 'if we are in office when Lans- downe's term is over we can select a Viceroy, who is not a Jingo' and would be 'strong enough to counteract' the advocates of a forward policy at Calcutta.7 By mid-1893, there appears to have been some discussion among the leading members of the Cabinet about a possible successor to Lans- downe and on 3 August Gladstone wrote to Rosebery, who was about to go away to Homburg for a much needed rest after the troublesome Siam crisis had cooled down, that Lord Cromer, the British Consul- General in Egypt, was 'in the prospective' for the Indian appointment. As Gladstone put it, there seemed to be 'real difficulties about anybody else'.8 There is no evidence as to how Cromer's name came to be considered but, if he was Gladstone's own choice, it is quite likely that moving Cromer from Egypt to India was viewed by the veteran leader as a first step in reaching a settlement of the Egyptian question between Britain and France. However, even at this early stage, the Queen had already been in touch with the only member of the Cabinet who found favour with her, Rosebery, in order to urge the appointment of the 4 Lansdowne to Cross, 19 July 1892, Cfross] P[apers], MSS. Eur. E.243/32, India Office Library, Commonwealth Relations Office, London. 5 Lansdowne to Cross, 16 August 1892, CP, MSS. Eur. E.243/32. 6 Kimberley to Campbell-Bannerman, Private, 7 October 1892, C[ampbell]- B[annerman] P[apers], Add. MSS. 41221, British Museum, London. 7 Kimberley to Campbell-Bannerman, undated, (probably December 1892), C-B P, Add. MSS. 41221. 8 Gladstone to Rosebery, 3 August 1893, Copy G[ladstone] P[apers], Add. MSS. 44290, British Museum, London. VICTORIA, GLADSTONE & THE INDIAN VICEROY ALTY, 1893-4 177 First Lord of the Admiralty, Lord Spencer. Indeed, on 4 August, Rosebery reported to the Queen that he had had a confidential con- versation with Spencer who would 'in all probability refuse the Vice- royalty'. While Rosebery admitted that Spencer 'would be incomparably the best Viceroy available' his going away would be 'irreparable to his colleagues'. Apparently, Rosebery and the Queen had also dis- cussed the possible appointment of the Lord Chancellor, Lord Herschell, for Rosebery stated in the same letter that there was no hope of his accepting.9 On 8 August the Cabinet had a preliminary discussion of the subject at the invitation of Kimberley and various names were presumably mentioned as possible successors to Lansdowne.10 It was at this point that the Queen, obviously disturbed by the difficulty of finding a suitable candidate, appears to have made the somewhat startling proposal to Rosebery that he might himself consider taking up the attractive and prestigious post in India.11 The Foreign Secretary, who had reluctantly joined the Cabinet after being persuaded by, among others, the Prince of Wales, replied from Homburg, however, that although he was 'grati- fied' by the royal suggestion it was 'not difficult for him to abandon any idea of relinquishing his present post'. He declared that he took 'the strongest possible dislike to the office of Viceroy when he perceived its character in India' and, in any event, it 'was not likely' that he would have been offered the post.12 Kimberley had, in the meantime, made some progress in finding a candidate for, on 9 August, he informed Gladstone that both Godley and Sir Donald Stewart, a member of the India Council and former Commander-in-Chief of India, spoke well of Sir Henry Norman, the Governor of Queensland.13 Most of Norman's experience had been in the army in India, where he had risen to become the military member of the council of the Governor-General but had resigned in 1877 because of his disagreement with Lord Lytton's forward policy. He returned to England and became a member of the Council of India until 1883. Then he was appointed Governor of Jamaica where he served for five years before accepting the Governorship of Queensland.14 9 Rosebery to the Queen, 4 August 1893, [G. E. Buckle, ed., The L]etters of] Q[ueen] Victoria, Third Series, Vol. Ill, London, 1932], p. 294. Gladstone to the Queen, 4 August 1893, R[oyal] A[rchives], Windsor Castle, D.42/122. Material from the Royal Archives is quoted by gracious permis- sion of Her Majesty the Queen. I would also like to acknowledge my gratitude to the Registrar and her staff for their assistance. 11 The evidence is not altogether conclusive in this respect as the Queen's letter to Rosebery could not be traced. The following is, however, suggestive: 'Kimberley came in something like despair about a Viceroy. I said, "You know, if I am fit and if there is no one else, I would go rather than see the place jobbed away". K. "Nonsense, if you go, the Government will go too." I. "Then let us all take cabins".' Cited in The marquess of Crewe, Lord Rosebery, London, 1931, II, 434. 12 Rosebery (Homburg) to the Queen, 9 August 1893, RA, N.48/232. 13 Kimberley to Gladstone, 9 August 1893, GP, Add. MSS. 44229. 14 Dictionary of National Biography, Supplement, January 1901-December 1911, ed. Sir Sydney Lee, London, 1951, p. 23. 178 J. CHANDBAN His name had obviously been raised at the Cabinet on 8 August and was not Kimberley's own choice as he told Gladstone that he would have preferred some eminent politician from home.13 Consequently, Rosebery, who had missed the Cabinet, did not have any real cause for concern though he had written to Gladstone on 10 August that he would 'earnestly deprecate any idea of appointing Lord Cromer' as it would 'be scarcely possible to continue any policy in Egypt' without him.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Oath Ceremonies in Spain and New Spain in the 18Th Century: a Comparative Study of Rituals and Iconography* Historia Crítica, No
    Historia Crítica ISSN: 0121-1617 Departamento de Historia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de los Andes Rodríguez Moya, Inmaculada Oath Ceremonies in Spain and New Spain in the 18th century: A Comparative Study of Rituals and Iconography* Historia Crítica, no. 66, 2017, October-December, pp. 3-24 Departamento de Historia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de los Andes DOI: https://doi.org/10.7440/histcrit66.2017.01 Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=81154857002 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative 3 Oath Ceremonies in Spain and New Spain in the 18th Century: A Comparative Study of Rituals and Iconography❧ Inmaculada Rodríguez Moya Universitat Jaume I, Spain doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.7440/histcrit66.2017.01 Reception date: March 02, 2016/Acceptance: September 23, 2016/ Modification: October 13, 2016 How to cite: Rodríguez Moya, Inmaculada. “Oath Ceremonies in Spain and New Spain in the 18th century: A Comparative Study of Rituals and Iconography”. Historia Crítica n. ° 66 (2017): 3-24, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.7440/histcrit66.2017.01 Abstract: This paper will focus on a comparative study of the royal oath ceremonies in Spain and New Spain starting with the 16th century, when the ritual was established, to later consider some examples from the 18th century. A process of consolidating a Latin American and Hispanic identity began in the 17th century and was reflected in religious and political festivals everywhere.
    [Show full text]
  • The CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST
    The CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST Published by THE OTTAWA FIELD-NATURALISTS’ CLUB, Ottawa Canada Linda J. Gormezano © A black and white version of this photo appears on the cover of Volume 122, Number 4 (Oct–Dec 2008) of the Journal and is referred to in the text of Rockwell, Gormezano and Hedman 122:323-326. Grizzly Bears, Ursus arctos, in Wapusk National Park, Northeastern Manitoba ROBERT ROCKWELL 1,3 , L INDA GORMEZANO 1, and DARYLL HEDMAN 2 1Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79 th Street, New York, New York 10024 USA 2Manitoba Conservation, Thompson, Manitoba R8N 1X4 Canada 3Corresponding author: Robert Rockwell e-mail: [email protected] Rockwell, Robert, Linda Gormezano, and Daryll Hedman. 2008. Grizzly Bears, Ursus arctos, in Wapusk National Park, northeastern Manitoba. Canadian Field-Naturalist 122(4): 323-326. We report on nine sightings of Grizzly Bears ( Ursus arctos ) in northeastern Manitoba in what is now Wapusk National Park. Although biological research in the region has been conducted regularly since 1965, all sightings have been made since 1996. The Grizzly Bears were seen either along rivers known to harbor fish or in an area known for berries . Key Words: Grizzly Bear, Ursus arctos , Wapusk National Park, Manitoba, Canada. Grizzly Bears ( Ursus arctos ) are reported to have been absent from Manitoba historically at least through 1989 (Banfield 1959, 1974; Harington et al. 1962; Banci 1991, McLellan And Bianci 1999). Some recent accounts and range maps have included Manitoba in the Grizzly Bear’s regular range (e.g., Schwartz et al. 2003), while others indicate that the regular range ends north of the Manitoba border but list rare, extra-limital observations for at least two sites along the Hudson Bay coast of Manitoba (e.g., Ross 2002*).
    [Show full text]
  • The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions
    Center for Basque Studies Basque Classics Series, No. 6 The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions by Philippe Veyrin Translated by Andrew Brown Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada This book was published with generous financial support obtained by the Association of Friends of the Center for Basque Studies from the Provincial Government of Bizkaia. Basque Classics Series, No. 6 Series Editors: William A. Douglass, Gregorio Monreal, and Pello Salaburu Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2011 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Cover and series design © 2011 by Jose Luis Agote Cover illustration: Xiberoko maskaradak (Maskaradak of Zuberoa), drawing by Paul-Adolph Kaufman, 1906 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Veyrin, Philippe, 1900-1962. [Basques de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre. English] The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre : their history and their traditions / by Philippe Veyrin ; with an introduction by Sandra Ott ; translated by Andrew Brown. p. cm. Translation of: Les Basques, de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “Classic book on the Basques of Iparralde (French Basque Country) originally published in 1942, treating Basque history and culture in the region”--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-877802-99-7 (hardcover) 1. Pays Basque (France)--Description and travel. 2. Pays Basque (France)-- History. I. Title. DC611.B313V513 2011 944’.716--dc22 2011001810 Contents List of Illustrations..................................................... vii Note on Basque Orthography.........................................
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Welles Family in England
    HISTORY OFHE T WELLES F AMILY IN E NGLAND; WITH T HEIR DERIVATION IN THIS COUNTRY FROM GOVERNOR THOMAS WELLES, OF CONNECTICUT. By A LBERT WELLES, PRESIDENT O P THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OP HERALDRY AND GENBALOGICAL REGISTRY OP NEW YORK. (ASSISTED B Y H. H. CLEMENTS, ESQ.) BJHttl)n a account of tljt Wu\\t% JFamtlg fn fHassssacIjusrtta, By H ENRY WINTHROP SARGENT, OP B OSTON. BOSTON: P RESS OF JOHN WILSON AND SON. 1874. II )2 < 7-'/ < INTRODUCTION. ^/^Sn i Chronology, so in Genealogy there are certain landmarks. Thus,n i France, to trace back to Charlemagne is the desideratum ; in England, to the Norman Con quest; and in the New England States, to the Puri tans, or first settlement of the country. The origin of but few nations or individuals can be precisely traced or ascertained. " The lapse of ages is inces santly thickening the veil which is spread over remote objects and events. The light becomes fainter as we proceed, the objects more obscure and uncertain, until Time at length spreads her sable mantle over them, and we behold them no more." Its i stated, among the librarians and officers of historical institutions in the Eastern States, that not two per cent of the inquirers succeed in establishing the connection between their ancestors here and the family abroad. Most of the emigrants 2 I NTROD UCTION. fled f rom religious persecution, and, instead of pro mulgating their derivation or history, rather sup pressed all knowledge of it, so that their descendants had no direct traditions. On this account it be comes almost necessary to give the descendants separately of each of the original emigrants to this country, with a general account of the family abroad, as far as it can be learned from history, without trusting too much to tradition, which however is often the only source of information on these matters.
    [Show full text]
  • New Spain and Early Independent Mexico Manuscripts New Spain Finding Aid Prepared by David M
    New Spain and Early Independent Mexico manuscripts New Spain Finding aid prepared by David M. Szewczyk. Last updated on January 24, 2011. PACSCL 2010.12.20 New Spain and Early Independent Mexico manuscripts Table of Contents Summary Information...................................................................................................................................3 Biography/History.........................................................................................................................................3 Scope and Contents.......................................................................................................................................6 Administrative Information...........................................................................................................................7 Collection Inventory..................................................................................................................................... 9 - Page 2 - New Spain and Early Independent Mexico manuscripts Summary Information Repository PACSCL Title New Spain and Early Independent Mexico manuscripts Call number New Spain Date [inclusive] 1519-1855 Extent 5.8 linear feet Language Spanish Cite as: [title and date of item], [Call-number], New Spain and Early Independent Mexico manuscripts, 1519-1855, Rosenbach Museum and Library. Biography/History Dr. Rosenbach and the Rosenbach Museum and Library During the first half of this century, Dr. Abraham S. W. Rosenbach reigned supreme as our nations greatest bookseller.
    [Show full text]
  • Antonio De Mendoza; First Viceroy of Mexico. the Tinker Pamphlet
    .4. DOCUMENT RESUME ED 114 227 RC 008' 850- AUTHOR Miller, Hubert J. TITLE Antonio de Mendola; First Viceroy of Mexico. The Tinker Pamphlet Series for the Teaching of.Mexican American Heritage. TB 73 NOTE 70p.; For related documents, see RC 008 851-853 AVAtLABL ROM' Mr. Al Ramirez, P.O. Box 471, Edinburg, Texas.78539 ($1.00) EDRS PRICE. MF-$0.76 Plus Postage. HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTO ji5*Administrator Background; American Indians; - *Biographies; Colonialism; Cultiral Education; Curriculum Enrichment; Curriculum Guides; Elementary Secondary Education; *Mexican.AmerieHistory; *Mexicaps; Resource Materials; Sociocultural Patterns; Vocabulait; *Western Civiliiation IDENTIFIERS *Mendoza (Antonio de) ABSTRACT .0 As Mexico's first viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza.s most noteworthy achievement was his laYing the basis of colonial government in New Spain which continued, with modifications, for 300. years. Although he was lenient in dealing with the shortcomingi of .his Indian and Spanish subjects; he took a'firm stand in dealing with the rebellious Indians in the Mixton War and the Cortes faction which threatened the Viceregal rule. His pridary concern was to keep New Spain for the crown while protecting the Indians from w#nt.and . inhumanity. Focusing o$ the institutions he founded and 'developed, this booklet provides a study of early Spanish colonial institutions. Although the biographical account is of secondary importance, the. description .of Hispanic colonial institutions arelPable'in presenting the Spaniards. colonization after the cconquest -ctica. applicAtion of the, material at both the elementary and 'se levels can be utilized in stimulating student discussionsa on the Merits and demerits of 2 colonial powers- -the English a the Spaniards.
    [Show full text]
  • Iron Man of Laos Prince Phetsarath Ratanavongsa the Cornell University Southeast Asia Program
    * fll!!I ''{f'':" ' J.,, .,.,Pc, IRON MAN OF LAOS PRINCE PHETSARATH RATANAVONGSA THE CORNELL UNIVERSITY SOUTHEAST ASIA PROGRAM The Southeast Asia Program was organized at Cornell University in the Department of Far Eastern Studies in 1950. It is a teaching and research program of interdisciplinary studies in the humanities, social sciences, and some natural sciences. It deals with Southeast Asia as a region, and with the individual countries of the area: Brunei, Burma, Indonesia, Kampuchea, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The activities of the Program are carried on both at Cornell and in Southeast Asia. They include an undergraduate and graduate curriculum at Cornell which provides instruction by specialists in Southeast Asian cultural history and present-day affairs and offers intensive training in each of the major languages of the area. The Program sponsors group research projects on Thailand, on Indonesia, on the Philippines, and on linguistic studies of the languages of the area. At the same time, individual staff and students of the Program have done field research in every Southeast Asian country. A list of publications relating to Southeast Asia which may be obtained on prepaid order directly from the Program is given at the end of this volume. Information on Program staff, fellowships, requirements for degrees, and current course offerings is obtainable· from the Director, Southeast Asia Program, 120 Uris Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853. 11 IRON MAN OF LAOS PRINCE PHETSARATH RATANAVONGSA by "3349" Trc1nslated by .John B. �1urdoch F.di ted by · David K. \-vyatt Data Paper: Number 110 -Southeast Asia Program Department of Asian Studies Cornell University, Ithaca, New York .November 197·8 Price: $5.00 111 CORNELL UNIVERSITY SOUTHEAST ASIA PROGRAM 1978 International Standard Book Number 0-87727-110-0 iv C.ONTENTS FOREWORD • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .
    [Show full text]
  • French Arctic Initiative 2015-2020 2 French Arctic Initiative 2015 - 2020 Science Plan 2015-2020 of the French Arctic Initiative
    Science plan French Arctic Initiative 2015-2020 2 French Arctic Initiative 2015 - 2020 Science plan 2015-2020 of the French Arctic Initiative Synthesis of the science plan from: the colloquium at the Collège de France June, 3-5 2013 the day at the Institut Océanographique June, 6 2013 the meetings of the Scientific Committee in 2013/2014 and intereactions between scientists collaborators in 2013/2014 This document is the result of the work of the Scientific Committee of the French Arctic Initiative: Francis Albarède, Marcel Babin (President), Sylvie Beyries, Jérôme Chappellaz, Philippe Ciais, François Costard, Louis Fortier, Jérôme Gaillardet, Jean-Claude Gascard, David Grémillet, Marie-Noëlle Houssais, Erica Key, Kathy Law, Yvon Le Maho, Nicole Papineau, Cécile Pelaudeix, Frédérique Rémy, Michèle Therrien and Jean-Louis Tison. The following ex officio members also contributed: Denis-Didier Rousseau (Scientific Director of the Arctic Initiative) and Julie Sansoulet (coordinator). Lead authors of the various section are Sylvie Beyries (7), François Costard (5), Jérôme Gaillardet (8), Jean-Claude Gascard (11), David Grémillet (6), Marie-Noëlle Houssais (1, 2, 3), Loïc Labrousse (4), Kathy Law (9, 12), Cécile Pélaudeix (10), Frédérique Rémy (2) and Michèle Therrien (7). Marcel Babin, with the help of Julie Sansoulet, managed the editing of this document. Several other researchers contributed to writing this document, including Chantal Claud, Florent Dominé, Émilie Gauthier, Gerhard Krinner, Hans-Werner Jacobi, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Jean-Christophe Raut, David Salas Y Mélia, Yvette Vaguet and Nigel Gilles Yoccoz. Catherine Brown translated this document in English. Dominique Armand helped in editing this manuscript. French Arctic Initiative 2015 - 2020 3 4 French Arctic Initiative 2015 - 2020 Table of contents Introduction ...........................................................................................................................p.
    [Show full text]
  • BOOK BANKRUPTCY of EMPIRE.Pdf
    1 Below is the index of this book by Carlos Marichal and published by Cambridge University Press in 2007. You may visualize the Introduction and chapters 1 and 2. For the rest of the text we recommend you contact Cambridge University Press web site for acquisition in the paperback edition. BANKRUPTCY OF EMPIRE: MEXICAN SILVER AND THE WARS BETWEEN SPAIN, BRITAIN AND FRANCE, 1760-1810 Acknowledgements Introduction: Chapter 1: Resurgence of the Spanish Empire: Bourbon Mexico as Submetropolis, 1763-1800 Chapter 2: An Imperial Tax State: The Fiscal Rigors of Colonialism Chapter 3: Imperial Wars and Loans from New Spain, 1780-1800 Chapter 4: The Royal Church and the Finances of the Viceroyalty Chapter 5: Napoleon and Mexican Silver, 1805-1808 Chapter 6: Between Spain and America: the Royal Treasury and the Gordon/Murphy Consortium, 1806-1808 2 Chapter 7: Mexican Silver for the Cadiz Parliament and the War against Napoleon, 1808-1811 Chapter 8: The Rebellion of 1810, Colonial Debts and Bankruptcy of New Spain Conclusions: The Financial Collapse of Viceroyalty and Monarchy Appendix: Several Tables List of Loans from Colonial Mexico for the Spanish Crown, 1780-1815 List of Loans taken by Spain from Holland with guarantees of payments in Mexican Silver, 1780-1804 Bibliography 3 INTRODUCTION From before the time of Gibbon, historians with a global perspective have been discussing the rise and fall of empires. Today political scientists frequently speak of hegemonic states. If we review some of the best-known studies conducted over the last forty-odd years, it is possible to identify a variety of theoretical approaches adopted by those working on the history of imperial or hegemonic states.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4. Power with a Name: the Rulers of the March
    210 Power with a Name: the rulers of the March Introduction: ‘public’ power in late-Carolingian Catalonia Ideology: power with a name In the figures of Guifré and Ansulf we have men who held what institutional historians might consider a public authority, delegated from the count as seen in his patronage which gave these men their beneficia or castles. Their authority has titles whose etymology is one of this delegation: the vicarii , local substitutes for the count, and further up, viscounts, deputies for the count; even the counts themselves derived their title from a long-notional companionship with the distant king. These are ideas of power external to the March itself, imported with the Franks, if not, as in a few cases like the vague office of saio or the Code-backed one of judge, with the Visigoths. 1 They are structures which the historian of other areas coming to Catalonia will recognise; and so did the kings, for they appeared in royal documents. 2 They provide a template of administration for the area. 3 All the same one is entitled to ask what it was that they meant, in this local environment where the king was absent. Until 878 at least, the kings of the Franks had chosen the counts of the March, albeit from a decreasing pool of possible candidates. With the council of Troyes in 878 and Guifré the Hairy’s succession with his brother Miró to the 1 See Chapter 2 above, pp. 107-113. 2 E. g. Cat. Car. II ap. X. 3 On the personnel of Catalan authority, see P.
    [Show full text]
  • Land-Surveying Politics and the Archive of Mendozaʼs America
    +HDOLQJ3RZHU /DQG6XUYH\LQJ3ROLWLFVDQGWKH$UFKLYHRI 0HQGR]D·V$PHULFD Nino Vallen )UHLH8QLYHUVLWlW%HUOLQ$OHPDQLD Resumen: Durante las últimas dos décadas, el archivo colonial se ha percibido principal- mente como un medio que servía a la administración imperial para controlar sus territorios y someter a sus habitantes. Este ensayo trata de cuestionar esta comprensión de la relación entre el conocimiento y la experiencia práctica en la elaboración de la política colonial. Centrándonos en la participación del primer virrey de la Nueva España, don Antonio de Mendoza, en la agrimensura, se analiza cómo sus ideales y aspiraciones políticas influyeron el desarrollo del archivo colonial y virreinal y cómo estas, a lo largo del tiempo, causaron un conflicto entre él, el monarca y sus consejeros. Palabras clave: Archivo, agrimensura, conocimiento, experiencia, nobleza, administración imperial, Nueva España, siglo xvi. Abstract: During the last two decades, the colonial archive has been perceived as a means for the imperial administration to control its overseas territories and to subjugate its inhabi- tants. This essay questions such an understanding of the relationship between knowledge and practical experience in the making of colonial policy. Focusing on the surveying activities of New Spain’s first viceroy, Don Antonio de Mendoza, an analysis is made of how his political ideals and aspirations influenced the development of the colonial and viceregal archive, and how these, eventually, would lead to a conflict between him, the monarch, and his advisers. Keywords: Archive, surveying, knowledge, experience, nobility, imperial administration, New Spain, 16th century. Introduction In 1550, the viceroy of New Spain – Don Antonio de Mendoza – criticized the Crown’s inability to manage its American affairs.
    [Show full text]
  • National Administrative Department of Statistics
    NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS Methodology for the Codification of the Political- Administrative Division of Colombia -DIVIPOLA- 0 NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS JORGE BUSTAMANTE ROLDÁN Director CHRISTIAN JARAMILLO HERRERA Deputy Director MARIO CHAMIE MAZZILLO General Secretary Technical Directors NELCY ARAQUE GARCIA Regulation, Planning, Standardization and Normalization EDUARDO EFRAÍN FREIRE DELGADO Methodology and Statistical Production LILIANA ACEVEDO ARENAS Census and Demography MIGUEL ÁNGEL CÁRDENAS CONTRERAS Geostatistics ANA VICTORIA VEGA ACEVEDO Synthesis and National Accounts CAROLINA GUTIÉRREZ HERNÁNDEZ Diffusion, Marketing and Statistical Culture National Administrative Department of Statistics – DANE MIGUEL ÁNGEL CÁRDENAS CONTRERAS Geostatistics Division Geostatistical Research and Development Coordination (DIG) DANE Cesar Alberto Maldonado Maya Olga Marina López Salinas Proofreading in Spanish: Alba Lucía Núñez Benítez Translation: Juan Belisario González Sánchez Proofreading in English: Ximena Díaz Gómez CONTENTS Page PRESENTATION 6 INTRODUCTION 7 1. BACKGROUND 8 1.1. Evolution of the Political-Administrative Division of Colombia 8 1.2. Evolution of the Codification of the Political-Administrative Division of Colombia 12 2. DESIGN OF DIVIPOLA 15 2.1. Thematic/methodological design 15 2.1.1. Information needs 15 2.1.2. Objectives 15 2.1.3. Scope 15 2.1.4. Reference framework 16 2.1.5. Nomenclatures and Classifications used 22 2.1.6. Methodology 24 2.2 DIVIPOLA elaboration design 27 2.2.1. Collection or compilation of information 28 2.3. IT Design 28 2.3.1. DIVIPOLA Administration Module 28 2.4. Design of Quality Control Methods and Mechanisms 32 2.4.1. Quality Control Mechanism 32 2.5. Products Delivery and Diffusion 33 2.5.1.
    [Show full text]