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Silvopasture ANGOR UNIVERSITY Pagella, Tim; Whistance, Lindsay The Agroforestry Handbook PRIFYSGOL BANGOR / B Published: 05/07/2019 Cyswllt i'r cyhoeddiad / Link to publication Dyfyniad o'r fersiwn a gyhoeddwyd / Citation for published version (APA): Pagella, T., & Whistance, L. (2019). Silvopasture. In B. Raskin, & S. Osborn (Eds.), The Agroforestry Handbook: Agroforestry for the UK (1 ed., pp. 45-59). Soil Association Limited. Hawliau Cyffredinol / General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. 09. Oct. 2021 THE AGROFORESTRY HANDBOOK Agroforestry for the UK THE AGROFORESTRY HANDBOOK Agroforestry for the UK Edited by Ben Raskin and Simone Osborn 1st Edition (June 2019) The Agroforestry Handbook: Agroforestry for the UK 1st Edition (June 2019) is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Photographs are copyrighted as labelled. Published by: Soil Association Limited, Spear House, 51 Victoria Street, Bristol BS1 6AD The Soil Association is a charity registered in England and Wales number 206862 and in Scotland number SC039168. Case Studies by the Woodland Trust. The Woodland Trust is a charity registered in England and Wales number 294344 and in Scotland number SCO38885. Front cover illustration: Andrew Evans Design and layout: evansgraphic.co.uk ISBN: XXX FSC logo here Printed on FSC 100% recycled paper. Individual copies: £20 + post and packaging Trade and bulk orders (5 copies of more): £14 + post and packaging Disclaimer Preface The information provided within this handbook is for general The principles behind Agroforestry are not new, they have informational purposes only. While the authors and publishers been practiced for as long as humans have been farming. have made every effort to ensure that the information in Realising the full potential of integrating commercially this book was correct at the time of publication, there are no managed trees into farming systems is however still a long representations or warranties, express or implied, about the way off. This book introduces the theory of agroforestry. We completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability or availability look at practical management and design considerations. with respect to the information, products, services, or related Where the information is available we have provided graphics contained in this handbook for any purpose. Any use information on markets and pricing. There are countless of this information is at your own risk. opportunities to grow a range of tree crops for human and animal consumption, for animal welfare and soil health, for building, and even woody products to replace plastics. The potential benefits are clear both to individual farms and to the wider environment, for instance by sequestering carbon and reducing flood risk. The Agroforestry journey is just beginning. A few pioneering farmers are planting commercial systems, and some are already seeing concrete commercial and environmental benefits, but trees grow slowly and we will learn more as these systems mature. The authors are leading researchers and practitioners with decades of experience in agroforestry from around the world, including research here in the UK. We hope this handbook will give farmers and advisors the confidence and inspiration to start planting. The Soil Association and the Woodland Trust are delighted to be able to support the Farm Woodland Forum who are the leading UK Agroforestry body. Join them for further information and support on all things agroforestry. Helen Chesshire - The Woodland Trust, Ben Raskin - Soil Association. Contents Chapter 1 What is Agroforestry Chapter 3 Silvopasture 10 What is agroforestry? 45 What is silvopasture? 11 What are the types of agroforestry? 46 How can silvopasture benefit my farming system? 12 Silvopastoral agroforestry 51 Different types of silvopasture system 15 Silvoarable agroforestry 53 Designing for livestock benefits 16 Agrosilvopastoral systems 56 CASE STUDY: Trees mean better business 17 Hedgerows, shelterbelts and riparian buffer strips 57 Maximising the value of the trees 18 Forest farming, Homegardens, 18 Why Agroforestry? Chapter 4 Silvoarable Chapter 2 Agroforestry systems design 61 What is silvoarable? 64 Types of silvoarable systems 19 Introduction and aims 69 CASE STUDY: Whitehall Farm - Planting to improve economic returns 20 Introduction to agroforestry design 70 Maximising the arable benefits 21 The key elements of agroforestry design 74 Maximising the value of the trees 22 The Purpose of your agroforestry project or intervention 23 Advice 23 Measures of success 27 Agroecology Chapter 5 Hedges, windbreaks, riparian 28 Starting points 30 Adaptive management 80 Site selection, design and establishmentSite selection and design 32 Layout and establishment 35 Practical considerations when designing specific agroforestry systems in the UK 81 Hedges 36 Practical design example silvopastoral 83 Hedgerows; the management cycle and planning 38 Practical design example silvoarable 84 Hedgerows for woodfuel 40 Practical design example walnut trial 85 Introducing a coppice cycle to hedges 42 Woodland/forest systems including forest gardens 86 Managing hedgerows for other products 43 Hedgerow/buffer strip systems 88 Windbreaks 43 Landscape, estates and partnerships 89 Windbreaks – management for protection and production 43 Observation on wildlife 90 Riparian buffers 91 Management of riparian buffers –management for protection and production 92 CASE STUDY: Trees enhance flock health and field drainage 93 Legal and other considerations Chapter 1 The Economic Case for Agroforestry Chapter 1 What is Agroforestry? Dr. Paul Burgess, Cranfield University Chapter 6 The economic case for agroforestry 95 Introduction Agriculture and forestry have often been treated as separate and distinct 97 Implications of agroforestry design on farm economics disciplines in colleges, universities and handbooks on farm management. 98 The economic case for agroforestry However on the ground, most farmers manage land that combines 99 Whole farm budgeting for profit from agroforestry agricultural production with trees that stand individually or in groups too 106 Agroforestry fixed costs, labour, and machinery budgeting small to be classified as woodland. In 2017, the Forestry Commission1 108 Gross margin analysis of agroforestry estimated there were 742,000 hectares (ha) of trees that weren’t in 109 Silvoarable gross margins woodlands in Great Britain (in other words less than 0.1 ha). That is 112 Silvohorticulture gross margins about 3.3% of the area of Great Britain, similar to the area of barley 115 Lowland silvopasture gross margins grown in the UK. 118 Forecasting agroforestry outputs and costs 118 Impact on outputs from tree and crop competition Intensive arable and livestock systems can produce high yields per unit area 125 Cash flow forecasting for agroforestry and labour, but they can also have negative environmental effects. The 126 Land tenure increased uptake of agroforestry in the UK can offer productivity, climate 130 Government Support for Agroforestry change, water management, biodiversity and landscape, and welfare benefits. 131 Agroforestry for carbon capture 132 Market opportunities – direct outputs from the tree component of Productivity: providing shelter for appropriately placed trees can help agroforestry systems livestock can increase daily liveweight minimise the leaching of nitrate. 133 Market considerations gain, and windbreaks in arable 134 Tree establishment, maintenance and management systems can reduce soil erosion. Biodiversity and landscape 137 Tree growth rate yield and products Trees can provide additional sources enhancement: across Europe, 139 Tree species selection of on-farm revenue such as agroforestry on farmland has been woodfuel, timber, fruit, or nuts. shown to significantly increase the 142 References diversity of species, and there is 148 Authors Tacking climate change: trees can increasing evidence that many people 150 Acknowledgements moderate the local climate and the favour mosaic landscapes. additional storage of carbon (above- ground and below-ground) can Animal welfare: reduced temperature contribute to national greenhouse extremes and a greater variety of gas targets2. within-field habitats can reduce animal stress and allow more natural Water management: including trees animal behaviour. can help slow the flow of run-off from farms thereby moderating downstream flood flows and reducing soil erosion. The deep roots of 8 9 Chapter 1 Chapter 1 What is Agroforestry? What is Agroforestry? As part of a recent agroforestry research project called AGFORWARD, What is agroforestry? Rosa Mosquera-Losada et al.
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