DOCSLIB.ORG

INSECT ECONOMY and MARKETING: How Much and in What Way Could Insects Be Shown in Packaging?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
INSECT ECONOMY and MARKETING: How Much and in What Way Could Insects Be Shown in Packaging? INSECT ECONOMY AND MARKETING: How much and in what way could insects be shown in packaging? SAARA-MARIA KAUPPI Master's Thesis Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture Department of Design Creative Sustainability 2016 INSECT ECONOMY AND MARKETING: How much and in what way could insects be shown in packaging? SAARA-MARIA KAUPPI Master's Thesis Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture Department of Design Creative Sustainability 2016 2 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ith this thesis process, I had an amazing opportunity to engage myself with a topic that is rather new in Finland and has the full potential to be helpful for the whole insect industry. In the beginning of the year 2016, I moved from Helsinki to Seinäjoki to concentrate on this thesis. I was lucky to be part of a group of students from Helsinki University in Seinäjoki, who were also working with edible insects and starting Wtheir own business. We lived together, grew edible insects in our kitchen and discussed about insects every day. This made it easier for me to understand insects and think about them as part of our food chain. I am grateful to University Consortium of Seinäjoki for study facilities and encouragement that helped me along the way. When planning this research, the outcome of this thesis was not in sight. One of the major struggles in this thesis process was to trust in the process itself. Working with students and their lecturer at Lahti Institute of Design made the outcome even more interesting. I was very pleased about the results and the attitude students showed during this process. They were enthusiastic to be part of this research and introduced their packaging mock-ups with pride. As well as contributing to this research, they gained important material for their portfolios. I was also happily surprised that this topic gained media attention from YLE and Ilkka. Edible insects interest people despite the fact they are still perceived as strange. People are aware of their ecological benefits and have expressed interest in tasting them. All kinds of media coverage is good for the public discussion, and when the idea is planted in the heads of many, entomophagy will spread and gain a new audience, and possibly become mainstream in the future. 4 5 ABSTRACT griculture, especially meat production, has a significant impact on the environment. In the future, the challenges are the growing population and its sustainable food production. In 2013, United Nations’ Agriculture and Food Organisation published a report that suggests entomophagy – the eating of insects – has the potential to become one of the most sustainable protein sources in the future. Currently, approximately two billion people eat insects as part of their daily diet, but Afor us Westeners, insect eating feels unusual. However, the existing trend of healthy diet in the West can facilitate the adoption of insect products. Insect products are already available in foreign markets and when the EU legal restrictions are removed, the markets will open in Fin-land. The aim of this study is to find ways to market insect products to Western – especially Finnish – consumers, through packaging design. This study is based on a literature analysis and packaging test for consumer behaviour. The literature analysis explains the reasons for entomophagy, origins of disgust reactions, as well as the basis for packaging design and consumer behaviour. The literature indicates that Western consumers most likely adopt insect eating if the insects are served in a processed form, such as powder, or used as an additional ingredient in familiar foods. Currently, one of the most popular in-sect products is a protein bar. Therefore, its packaging was selected as the test product. The question of whether images of insects should be shown in packaging is answered in this thesis. The results of the consumer behaviour test indicate that impressions on insect products vary between consumers, for example, women and men scored differently. Graphic design elements such colour and typography had an impact on respondents’ selections and in some cases colour had an even bigger role than the insect. It is important for the future research to recognise that insects as food ingredients can be illustrated in multiple ways. The results of this study show that abstract representations of insects generally cause less repulsion than realistic images. The packaging test has been made in collaboration with second-year INSECT ECONOMY AND MARKETING: packaging and branding students at Lahti Institute of Design. The findings How much and in what way could of this study can have strategic relevance for brand managers targeting insects be shown in packaging? prospective consumers. This thesis is also useful for packaging designers who design new insect product packaging for Western and especially Finnish Master's thesis by markets. SAARA-MARIA KAUPPI Aalto University Keywords: packaging design, entomophagy, edible insects, sustainability, Helsinki, 2016 consumer behaviour Copyright Saara-Maria Kauppi 6 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 10 5. CASE STUDY: INSECT PROTEIN BAR PACKAGE TEST 44 1.1. Why eat insects? 12 5.1. The design problem 46 1.2. Objectives and research question 17 5.2. Briefing 47 1.3. Methodologies 17 5.3. Selection criteria of the packages 48 5.4. Survey 48 2. WHY NOT EAT INSECTS? 18 5.5. Hypothesis 48 5.6. Package testing 49 2.1. Western perception on insects 20 2.2. Emotion called disgust 20 6. RESULTS 52 2.2.1. What triggers disgust 20 2.2.2. Disgust and cultures 21 6.1. Quantitative data 54 2.2.3. Emotion versus sense 21 6.2. Respondents’ comments 54 6.3. Test results 66 3. DIFFUSION OF ENTOMOPHAGY 24 6.4. Evaluation of the research question 69 6.5. Final thoughts 73 3.1. Diffusion of innovations theory 26 3.2. Diffusion of insects 27 3.3. Case: How sushi went global 32 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 76 8. APPENDIX 82 4. PACKAGING DESIGN AND EDIBLE INSECTS 34 4.1. Packaging in supermarket environment 37 4.2. Packaging design key elements 38 4.3. Packaging and emotions 40 4.4. Consumer behaviour research 40 4.5. Packaging design and research challenges 41 8 9 1INTRODUCTION 10 11 1.1. WHY EAT INSECTS? WHAT IS ENTOMOPHAGY? he global population is growing rapidly. According to Entomophagy – insect eating – has been practised since Palaeolithic times, and FAO, the population will reach over 9 billion by 2050. The today one out of four people worldwide eat insects; the only exception is the big question in the near future is food security, how to feed Western countries. Some studies show that the attitude towards insects changed the growing population and provide enough food for all. after the rise of agriculture in the West and entomophagy started to decline. FAO has suggested insects as one solution to the global Insects were no longer seen as part of daily nutrition but more like pests that food crisis. There are many advantages to insects as a one needs to get rid of. At the moment, entomophagy is still practised in many protein source, such as their high feed-to-meat conversion countries around the world, predominantly in parts of Asia, Africa, Australia rate and their low water consumption. The only thing that and Latin America. It is part of various cultural cuisines and supplements the prevents people eating insects around the world today is our Western perception daily diets of two billion people. (van Huis et al., 2013) Tof insects being unsuitable for food. (van Huis et al., 2013) Currently insects play a role as novelty food in Western countries. Insect eating has captured media attention and there is an emerging trend of insect tasting, luxury brands adding extra flavours of insects to their products and small businesses emerging making, for example, insect protein bars and insect flour. Entomophagy is slowly becoming normalised also in the West as people travel more, are more open to new experiences and therefore want to try out new sorts of food. Image 1 SCARCITY OF AGRICULTURAL LAND AND GROWING POPULATION In the year 2050, the global population is predicted to be 9 billion. Having 2 billion more mouths to feed than now creates massive challenges in food production. According to FAO, agriculture is currently using 70% of cultivated land, but it is estimated that using that alone would not be enough to feed the whole population. In order to feed the whole population, the amount of agricultural land has to be doubled. New ideas for global food security need to be taken seriously. Yet there is not much more land that could be used, without utilising the rest of the natural rainforests, natural forests and recreational land. Cutting down forests for food is highly questionable since it is a great Image 1. East-West dichotom. East described as blue and includes the countries that practise risk for global biodiversity, and for example, rainforests have a great ability to insect eating. West is illustrated as red, where insect eating is not widely spread activity. absorb carbon, helping to mitigate climate change (WWF 2008). This means that there is a need to look at the challenges from a new perspective in order to find innovative solutions for food security. (van Huis et al., 2013) The other problem in population growth is growing middleclass. FAO’s studies show that usually when people get wealthier they would like to include more meat to their diets (van Huis 2013). Research reveals that meat consumption per capita would rise from 41kg to 52kg by 2050, and from 30kg to 44 kg in developing countries (FAO 2009). The future of global agriculture looks alarming if these projections are accurate.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Are Biologicals Smart Mole Cricket Control?
    Are biologicals smart mole cricket control? by HOWARD FRANK / University of Florida ost turf managers try to control mole faster than the biopesticides, but the biopesticides cricket pests with a bait, or granules or affect a narrower range of non-target organisms and liquid containing something that kills are more environmentally acceptable. The "biora- them. That "something" may be chemi- tional" chemicals are somewhere in between, be- M cause they tend to work more slowly than the tradi- cal materials (a chemical pesticide) or living biologi- cal materials (a biopesticide). tional chemicals, and to have less effect on animals Some of the newer chemical materials, called other than insects. "biorationals," are synthetic chemicals that, for ex- Natives not pests ample, mimic the action of insects' growth hor- The 10 mole cricket species in the U.S. and its mones to interfere with development. territories (including Puerto Rico and the Virgin Is- The biological materials may be insect-killing ne- lands) differ in appearance, distribution, behavior matodes (now available commercially) or fungal or and pest status. bacterial pathogens (being tested experimentally). In fact, the native mole crickets are not pests. These products can be placed exactly where they Our pest mole crickets are immigrant species. are needed. In general, the chemical pesticides work The three species that arouse the ire of turf man- agers in the southeastern states all belong Natural enemies to the genus Scapteriscus. They came from Introducing the specialist natural ene- South America, arriving at the turn of the mies from South America to the southeast- century in ships' ballast.
    [Show full text]
  • Instrumental and Sensory Texture Attributes of High‐Protein Nutrition Bars Formulated with Extruded Milk Protein Concentrate Justin C
    Food Science and Human Nutrition Publications Food Science and Human Nutrition 5-2016 Instrumental and Sensory Texture Attributes of High‐Protein Nutrition Bars Formulated with Extruded Milk Protein Concentrate Justin C. Banach Iowa State University Stephanie Clark Iowa State University, [email protected] Buddhi P. Lamsal Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/fshn_ag_pubs Part of the Food Chemistry Commons, Food Processing Commons, Human and Clinical Nutrition Commons, and the Molecular, Genetic, and Biochemical Nutrition Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ fshn_ag_pubs/203. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Food Science and Human Nutrition at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Food Science and Human Nutrition Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Instrumental and Sensory Texture Attributes of High‐Protein Nutrition Bars Formulated with Extruded Milk Protein Concentrate Abstract Previous instrumental study of high‐protein nutrition (HPN) bars formulated with extruded milk protein concentrate (MPC) indicated slower hardening compared to bars formulated with unmodified MPC. However, hardness, and its change during storage, insufficiently characterizes HPN bar texture. In this study, MPC80 was extruded at 2 different conditions and model HPN bars were prepared. A trained sensory panel and instrumental techniques were used to measure HPN bar firmness, crumbliness, fracturability, hardness, cohesiveness, and other attributes to characterize texture change during storage.
    [Show full text]
  • Consumer Acceptance of Edible Insects a Value Proposition Development for the Case of an Entomology-Based Venture
    Consumer acceptance of edible insects A value proposition development for the case of an entomology-based venture Laura Capponi - 911204155030 Supervisor: Valentina Materia Co-supervisor: Anita Linnemann Management Studies Group Food Quality and Design Group Wageningen University, January 2016 1 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. 5 List of Figures........................................................................................................................................ 7 List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... 8 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Background and selected problem .............................................................................................................................. 9 1.2 The case of Jumping Jack Snacks ............................................................................................................................... 11 2. Literature .......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mole Crickets Scapteriscus Spp
    Mole Crickets Scapteriscus spp. Southern mole cricket, Scapteriscus borellii Tawny mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus DESCRIPTION OF INSECT All stages live in the soil and are rarely see on the surface. Immature stage Nymphs of both species are similar in appearance to adults, but lack wings. Nymphs proceed through 8-10 instars ranging in size from 0.2 to 1.25 inches in length. Each instar is progressively larger with wing buds apparent on later instars. Color varies from gray to brown. Pronotum (large shield behind head) with distinctive mottling or spots, depending on species and location. Mature stage Adults are somewhat cylindrically shaped, light colored crickets 1.26 to 1.38 inches in length. Adults have two pairs of wings, but only fly at night during two brief flight periods in fall and early spring. Spring flights are generally more extensive than fall flights. Damaging stage(s) Both nymphs and adults cause damage Predictive models (degree day, plant phenology, threat temperatures, other) Eggs being to hatch at threat temperatures of 65° F and higher (spring/early summer in most locations). Egg-laying and hatch timing are affected by soil moisture. Threat temperatures can be used to trigger preventive treatments. See the article, “Threat temperatures” for more information. Preventive treatments should be applied prior to egg-hatch (early June) or at the time of peak hatch (last week of June, first week of July in most years and locations). Weekly soap flushes in June and early July is the best method to determine when hatch is occurring, and the best time to treat.
    [Show full text]
  • Household Insects of the Rocky Mountain States
    Household Insects of the Rocky Mountain States Bulletin 557A January 1994 Colorado State University, University of Wyoming, Montana State University Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Milan Rewerts, interim director of Cooperative Extension, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. Cooperative Extension programs are available to all without discrimination. No endorsement of products named is intended nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned. FOREWORD This publication provides information on the identification, general biology and management of insects associated with homes in the Rocky Mountain/High Plains region. Records from Colorado, Wyoming and Montana were used as primary reference for the species to include. Mention of more specific localities (e.g., extreme southwestern Colorado, Front Range) is provided when the insects show more restricted distribution. Line drawings are provided to assist in identification. In addition, there are several lists based on habits (e.g., flying), size, and distribution in the home. These are found in tables and appendices throughout this manual. Control strategies are the choice of the home dweller. Often simple practices can be effective, once the biology and habits of the insect are understood. Many of the insects found in homes are merely casual invaders that do not reproduce nor pose a threat to humans, stored food or furnishings. These may often originate from conditions that exist outside the dwelling. Other insects found in homes may be controlled by sanitation and household maintenance, such as altering potential breeding areas (e.g., leaky faucets, spilled food, effective screening).
    [Show full text]
  • Visual Distance Discrimination Between Stationary Targets in Praying Mantis: an Index of the Use of Motion Parallax
    The Journal of Experimental Biology 198, 2127–2137 (1995) 2127 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1995 VISUAL DISTANCE DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN STATIONARY TARGETS IN PRAYING MANTIS: AN INDEX OF THE USE OF MOTION PARALLAX MICHAEL POTESER AND KARL KRAL* Institut für Zoologie, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria Accepted 7 June 1995 Summary 1. When larvae of the praying mantis Polyspilota sp. and It is supposed that the distance measurement involves the Tenodera sinensis want to leave an exposed position and larger and faster retinal image shifts that near, as opposed can choose to move between stationary objects at different to more distant, objects evoke. distances, they usually choose the nearest. Their ability to 4. Mantid larvae can distinguish a black-and-white select the nearest object is greatest when the background rectangle in the foreground from a black-and-white striped has horizontal stripes and is least when it has vertical background, even when both are similar with respect to stripes. Object preference is based on a successive distance luminance, contrast and texture. The ability to distinguish comparison, which may involve content-related memory between figures and background could be explained by processes. motion parallaxes, i.e. by the fact that during peering 2. Mantid larvae can determine the absolute distance to movements the nearer object moves faster and by a larger a stationary object. Vertical contrasting borders play an angle than the background structure. important role in this process. 5. From birth onwards, even when the eyes have yet to 3. Side-to-side head movements (peering) are directly develop foveal specialization, mantids are capable of this involved in the distance measurement, as shown (i) by the visually controlled behaviour.
    [Show full text]
  • Wax, Wings, and Swarms: Insects and Their Products As Art Media
    Wax, Wings, and Swarms: Insects and their Products as Art Media Barrett Anthony Klein Pupating Lab Biology Department, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601 email: [email protected] When citing this paper, please use the following: Klein BA. Submitted. Wax, Wings, and Swarms: Insects and their Products as Art Media. Annu. Rev. Entom. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020821-060803 Keywords art, cochineal, cultural entomology, ethnoentomology, insect media art, silk 1 Abstract Every facet of human culture is in some way affected by our abundant, diverse insect neighbors. Our relationship with insects has been on display throughout the history of art, sometimes explicitly, but frequently in inconspicuous ways. This is because artists can depict insects overtly, but they can also allude to insects conceptually, or use insect products in a purely utilitarian manner. Insects themselves can serve as art media, and artists have explored or exploited insects for their products (silk, wax, honey, propolis, carmine, shellac, nest paper), body parts (e.g., wings), and whole bodies (dead, alive, individually, or as collectives). This review surveys insects and their products used as media in the visual arts, and considers the untapped potential for artistic exploration of media derived from insects. The history, value, and ethics of “insect media art” are topics relevant at a time when the natural world is at unprecedented risk. INTRODUCTION The value of studying cultural entomology and insect art No review of human culture would be complete without art, and no review of art would be complete without the inclusion of insects. Cultural entomology, a field of study formalized in 1980 (43), and ambitiously reviewed 35 years ago by Charles Hogue (44), clearly illustrates that artists have an inordinate fondness for insects.
    [Show full text]
  • 20 17 Category Insight
    20 CATEGORY 17 INSIGHT Bars: Big Impact in a Small Package With 25% growth expected in the next five years, it’s no surprise that snack bars are a huge area of focus for product developers. The reasons for the popularity track perfectly with consumers’ overall needs and interests: convenience, portability and nutrition-focused. The variety of forms and tastes truly spans the spectrum. Meanwhile developers are innovating and expanding their toolbox daily. Let’s take a global look at bars, from new forms like bites to opportunities within functional ingredients, reduced sugar, savory spins and plant proteins. 1900 Averill Road, Geneva, IL 60134 630.578.8600 | www.fona.com Global Launches Other European markets such as the Global snack bar UK, Turkey, Sweden, Norway, as well introductions rose as Russia, aren’t currently on the bar bandwagon. This lack of saturation 5% in one year could mean huge opportunity, since alone (2015-2016). consumers worldwide demand healthier, more nutrient-dense, portable snack foods. Global bar introductions rose 5% from 2015 to 2016. The category Snack bars are is expected to reach $8.2 billion expected to see by 2021, equaling a five-year-gain of 23%. In the US, sales increased 23% growth over 24% from 2011-2016 to $6.7 billion. the next 5 years. Across the Atlantic, we see France with a 325% increase in launches over this time period, Italy with 496% and the Czech Republic tallying a huge 1,640% increase. 1900 Averill Road, Geneva, IL 60134 630.578.8600 | www.fona.com Flavors While highlighting health attributes is important for bar brands, it always come back to taste.
    [Show full text]
  • Statecraft and Insect Oeconomies in the Global French Enlightenment (1670-1815)
    Statecraft and Insect Oeconomies in the Global French Enlightenment (1670-1815) Pierre-Etienne Stockland Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2018 © 2017 Etienne Stockland All rights reserved ABSTRACT Statecraft and Insect Oeconomies in the Global French Enlightenment (1670-1815) Pierre-Etienne Stockland Naturalists, state administrators and farmers in France and its colonies developed a myriad set of techniques over the course of the long eighteenth century to manage the circulation of useful and harmful insects. The development of normative protocols for classifying, depicting and observing insects provided a set of common tools and techniques for identifying and tracking useful and harmful insects across great distances. Administrative techniques for containing the movement of harmful insects such as quarantine, grain processing and fumigation developed at the intersection of science and statecraft, through the collaborative efforts of diplomats, state administrators, naturalists and chemical practitioners. The introduction of insectivorous animals into French colonies besieged by harmful insects was envisioned as strategy for restoring providential balance within environments suffering from human-induced disequilibria. Naturalists, administrators, and agricultural improvers also collaborated in projects to maximize the production of useful substances secreted by insects, namely silk, dyes and medicines. A study of
    [Show full text]
  • Mole Cricket: Scapteriscus Vicinus Shortwinged Mole Cricket: Scapteriscus Abbreviatus
    Tawny Mole Cricket: Scapteriscus vicinus Shortwinged Mole Cricket: Scapteriscus abbreviatus Biology & Lifecycle: Adults and larger nymphs chew on stems of seedlings and smaller plants at the soil surface. The tawny mole cricket has one generation each year and overwinters as adults, which lay eggs in April through early June. Nymphs grow slowly through the summer months and start becoming adults in September. The shortwinged mole cricket is almost restricted to coastal areas. Most eggs are laid in late spring through early summer. Females of both species lay clutches of eggs in underground egg chambers. Environmental Factors: Tawny and shortwinged mole crickets are present year-around, with adults and large nymphs overwintering but inactivated by cold temperatures and drought (they burrow deeper underground). Irrigation during drought allows them to be active. Flooding forces them to migrate to higher ground. Adult: Adults are large, about 1¼ inches, with wings longer than body (tawny mole cricket (Figure 3)) or very much shorter than body (shortwinged mole cricket (Figure 1)). Both adults and nymphs have enlarged and toothed forelegs for digging; expanded femurs (base of the hind legs) for jumping, although only nymphs jump. All species have soft bodies, with the middle body section protected by a hardened cover (pronotum). Immature: Nymphs range from less than 1/8 inch at hatching to about 1 inch several months later, resembling the adults but without trace of wings in the first 4 instars and with small wing buds in later instars. The number of molts varies from 6 to 9 (Figure 5). Host range: Both species attack seedlings of eggplant, sweet pepper, tobacco, tomato and cabbage.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Health Foods Market Trends 2021 Market Overview Market Overview
    GLOBAL HEALTH FOODS MARKET TRENDS 2021 MARKET OVERVIEW MARKET OVERVIEW Health and Wellness Food Market 2020-2024 • During 2020 to 2024, global health and wellness food market is expected to grow by USD 235.94 million with a CAGR of 6% during the forecast period • Increasing adoption of healthy eating habits, awareness on the importance of organic food, and increasing food sensitivities increase the market growth Sources: Research and Market, 2020a, & Technavio, 2020 MARKET OVERVIEW Market Insight: Superfoods • The popularity of 'superfoods', such as super fruits and super grains, has increased significantly over recent years as consumers are prone towards natural and wholesome ingredients • Consumers are curious in identifying the ingredients present in the food and beverages they consume, thus triggering the demand for clean-label ingredients • This is due to concerns about the long-term effects of the ingredients used in food and beverages, in terms of nutrition content and its impact on well-being • New product launches with a strong positioning for superfoods can be expected to continue • Global Superfoods market is segmented by type: Fruits and Vegetables Grains and Cereals Herbs and Roots Source: Mordor Intelligence, 2019a MARKET OVERVIEW Market Insight: Functional Food • Global functional food market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.78% during the forecast period 2020-2025 • Functional food offers specific health benefits such as, improved mental energy, better bone and heart health, immune system strengthening, cholesterol
    [Show full text]
  • Insect-Musicians and Cricket Champions of China
    Insect-Musicians and Cricket Champions of China BY BERTHOLD LAUFER Curator op Anthropology 12 Plates in Photogravure Anthropology Leaflet 22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CHICAGO 1927 The Anthropological Leaflets of Field Museum are designed to give brief, non-technical accounts of some of the more interesting beliefs, habits and customs of the races whose life is illustrated in the Museum's exhibits. LIST OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL LEAFLETS ISSUED TO DATE 1. The Chinese Gateway $ .10 2. The Philippine Forge Group 10 3. The Japanese Collections 25 4. New Guinea Masks 25 5. The Thunder Ceremony of the Pawnee 25 6. The Sacrifice to the Morning Star by the Skidi Pawnee 10 7. Purification of the Sacred Bundles, a Ceremony of the Pawnee 10 8. Annual Ceremony of the Pawnee Medicine Men . .10 9. The Use of Sago in New Guinea 10 10. Use of Human Skulls and Bones in Tibet 10 11. The Japanese New Year's Festival, Games and Pastimes 25 12. Japanese Costume 25 13. Gods and Heroes of Japan 25 14. Japanese Temples and Houses 25 15. Use of Tobacco among North American Indians . .25 16. Use of Tobacco in Mexico and South America . .25 17. Use of Tobacco in New Guinea 10 18. Tobacco and Its Use in Asia 25 19. Introduction of Tobacco into Europe 25 20. The Japanese Sword and Its Decoration 25 in 21. Ivory China , 75 22. Insect-Musicians and Cricket Champions of China . .50 23. Ostrich Egg-shell Cups of Mesopotamia and the Ostrich in Ancient and Modem Times ... .50 24.
    [Show full text]