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Re: Outputs from GNS Science Hydrogeology Research Programmes Letter Report No: CR 2017/224 LR Project No: 630HG107-00 24 November 2017 Wairakei Research Centre 114 Karetoto Road RD 4 Taupo 3384 Private Bag 2000 Taupo Mail Centre Taupo 3352 New Zealand T +64-7-374 8211 F +64-7-374 8199 Dear Stakeholder www.gns.cri.nz Re: Outputs from GNS Science Hydrogeology Research programmes This document reports on GNS Science’s hydrogeology-related research outputs for the period July 2016 to October 2017. If you are interested in finding out more about these research topics and potential applications, please get in touch with the relevant contact person provided. The aim of our hydrogeological research is to answer the high-level question: How can we improve the sustainable management of, and economic returns from, New Zealand’s groundwater resources? We hope you will find this information useful. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you would like to give us feedback or comments. Yours sincerely Magali Moreau Stewart Cameron Groundwater Geochemist Head of Department Hydrogeology On behalf of contributing authors: Abigail Lovett Alexander Kmoch Brioch Hemmings Conny Tschritter Catherine Moore Chris Daughney Heather Martindale Jeremy White Johannes Kaiser Liz Keller Matt Knowling Mike Friedel Mike Stewart Mike Toews Paul White Rachel Franzblau Richard Levy Rob van der Raaij Rogier Westerhoff Simon Cox Troy Baisden Uwe Morgenstern Zara Rawlinson Page 1 of 26 Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited Our hydrogeology research activities are undertaken as part of seven different research programmes, funded by the Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment (MBIE), including the Strategic Science Investment Fund (SSIF): • Groundwater Resources of New Zealand (GWR): This programme aims to: understand the hydrogeological and structural characteristics of New Zealand’s aquifers; determine fluxes of water and key substances in, through, and out of these aquifers; develop and apply isotopic tools and biogeochemical tracers; determine impacts of pressures (e.g., human activities and climate change) on groundwater resources; and to assist stakeholders to improve social, cultural, environmental and economic outcomes. Duration: 2011-2024. Contact: Abigail Lovett, [email protected]. • National Groundwater Monitoring Programme (NGMP): This programme provides a national perspective on groundwater quality, defines “baseline” groundwater quality, associates groundwater quality with certain causes such as anthropogenic influence, and provides best-practice methods for sampling and monitoring as well as groundwater quality data interpretation. The NGMP consists of three components: operations (collaboration with all New Zealand regional authorities); research and database. Duration: national coverage for the network was attained in 1998; research activities started in 2002. This programme was part of GWR up to 2016 and is now part of GNS Science’s Nationally Significant Databases and Collections. Contact: Magali Moreau, [email protected]. • Smart Models for Aquifer Managements (SAM): This programme develops effective and streamlined groundwater surface water flow and transport models, at local (well or spring) to large (catchment or regional)-scales. The SAM programme also provides methods for identifying optimal data acquisition efforts for multi-scale predictions. The resulting models are suitable for quantification of uncertainty and run sufficiently quickly to support a comprehensive risk-based evaluation of design or policy alternatives. These models can be rapidly built and therefore cost less to deploy than is the current norm; thus, providing more widespread model based support for any model budget. This programme is a collaborative initiative between GNS Science (Lead), National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), the Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), the University of Waikato, Victoria University, Market Economics, Greater Wellington Regional Council, Waikato Regional Council and Environment Southland. Duration: 2015-2018. Contact: Catherine Moore, [email protected]. • Te Pūnaha Hihiko – Vision Mātauranga (VM): o Incorporating environmental and indigenous knowledge for future management of freshwater resources in the Piako Catchment (VM-P): This project is a collaboration with Hauraki iwi Ngāti Hauā to collate freshwater scientific, mātauranga-a-iwi and policy knowledge about the Piako River catchment and make it available within an interactive user-focussed tool. The information will enable Ngāti Hauā to more readily make informed decisions about freshwater resource management in the Piako Catchment for both the health of the environment and the iwi. As part of the project, there will be hands-on marae-based workshops to share knowledge, and to facilitate learning through experience. Duration: 2017-2019. Contact: Zara Rawlinson, [email protected]. Page 2 of 26 GNS Science This o Identification of ‘kaitiaki’ flow regimes for the Awahou Stream (VM-K): programme is a collaboration with Rotorua iwi Ngāti Rangiwewehi to identify ‘kaitiaki’ flow regimes for Awahou Stream near Rotorua. This is a new water management concept for spring-fed catchments that will bring together science and mātauranga (traditional knowledge). One of the outputs will be a water resources capability plan, which will be promulgated to other iwi and water suppliers and is expected to help other iwi with their water resources capability development. Duration: 2017-2019. Contact: Paul White, [email protected]. • Measuring groundwater denitrification (MGD): This project will develop and validate a new method for quantifying denitrification in groundwater systems, based on measurement of “excess” nitrogen gas (N2). The project is funded by the “Innovative and Resilient Land and Water Use” theme of the Our Land and Water, National Science Challenge. All groundwaters contain dissolved gases derived from the atmosphere during recharge, including N2. In addition to the dissolved atmospheric N2, groundwaters can also contain excess N2 that accumulated from denitrification reactions. The dissolved atmospheric N2, at the time the water entered the groundwater system, can be established by the measurement of noble gases that are part of the atmosphere, usually argon (Ar) and neon (Ne). This enables differentiation of the excess N2 produced via denitrification reactions from atmospherically derived dissolved N2. The project will develop a method to measure Ne in addition to our existing Ar and N2 techniques, and use the measurement of the three gases to measure excess N2 in pilot studies. the neon method will also increase the accuracy of sulphur hexachloride (SF6) dating through better constraining excess air which impacts the water ages derived from the SF6 tracer. Duration: 2016-2018. Contact: Heather Martindale, [email protected]. • National Hydrology Programme (NHP): This programme aims to improve national- scale hydrological knowledge across the New Zealand landscape with a combination of data on surface water, soil, geology and groundwater. Case studies areas includes catchments located in the Gisborne, Horizons and Southland regions. This programme brings together NIWA (leading organisation), Landcare Research and GNS Science. In the NHP, GNS Science will further develop their models of groundwater flow, groundwater age, and hydraulic properties of the subsurface. Duration: 2016-2023. Contact: Rogier Westerhoff, [email protected]. • Smart Aquifer Characterisation (SAC): This programme aimed to develop a suite of innovative methods for characterising New Zealand’s groundwater systems faster and/or less expensively than using traditional methods. Duration: 2011-2017, completed in September 2017. Contact: Stewart Cameron, [email protected]. In addition, GNS Science received funding from regional councils and from NIWA’s “Waterscape” programme that allows us to contribute our groundwater science to water resource characterisation and management. Below our above-listed main research question, our programmes are structured into five second-level questions, each of which is addressed through specific activities. Our research questions (RQs) relate to priority research areas (Appendix 1) defined by the New Zealand Groundwater Forum (Envirolink 2017). For your convenience, all outputs are listed in Table 1.1, clicking on individual outputs or questions will bring you directly to the relevant content. Envirolink. 2017. Regional Groundwater Forum. 2017 Special Interest Group Workshop – Regional Groundwater Forum. [accessed 2017 Nov 23]. http://www.envirolink.govt.nz/assets/Envirolink/2.- Groundwater-Forum.pdf. Page 3 of 26 GNS Science Table 1.1 GNS Science Hydrogeology RQs and science outputs. (In the electronic version of this report, click on each question or output to link to it) Hydrogeology Research output Why it’s important Department RQs (July 2016 to October 2017) Second step toward a seamless, nationally 1.1 Mapping New Zealand Hydrogeological consistent, map and classification of Systems. New Zealand aquifers. Defensible groundwater catchment 1.2 Uncertainty quantification around Lake Rotorua boundaries supporting freshwater groundwater catchment boundaries. management policies. Fundamental to understanding the 3D 1.3 Upper Waikato River catchment 3D geological distribution of our aquifers and supporting model. groundwater flow model development. The 3D relationship between geology and 1.4 Geomorphic model for the Wairau Plains. ground morphology is relevant
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