DOCSLIB.ORG

Finnish Agriculture and Rural Industries 2015

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Finnish Agriculture and Rural Industries 2015 Finnish Agriculture and Rural Industries Rural and 2015 Agriculture Finnish luke.fi Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Natural resources and Viikinkaari 4 bioeconomy FI-00790 Helsinki studies 26/2015 FINLAND Finnish Agriculture and Rural Industries 2015 Jyrki Niemi and Jaana Ahlstedt (eds.) Natural resources and bioeconomy studies 26/2015 Finnish Agriculture and Rural Industries 2015 Edited by Jyrki Niemi and Jaana Ahlstedt Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki 2015 Report drawn up by Ahlstedt Jaana layout, editor Jansik Csaba chapter 2.5 Knuuttila Marja chapter 1.1 Koikkalainen Kauko chapter 5 Koivisto Anu chapter 2.3 Latukka Arto chapter 4.2 Liesivaara Petri chapter 2.2, 3 Miettinen Antti chapter 5 Niemi Jarkko chapter 2.4 Niemi Jyrki chapter 2.1, 2.5, 3, editor Pyysiäinen Jarkko chapter 6 Rantala Olli chapter 4.1 Rantamäki-Lahtinen Leena chapter 1.2 Sulkava Mika chapter 4.2 Tauriainen Jukka chapter 4.1 Toikkanen Heini chapter 2.5 Väre Minna chapter 1.3 Wuori Olli chapter 6 ISBN: 978-952-326-028-3 (Online) ISBN: 978-952-326-029-0 (Printed) ISSN 2342-7639 (Online) ISSN 2342-7647 (Printed) URN: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-326-028-3 Copyright: Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Authors: Jaana Ahlstedt, Csaba Jansik, Marja Knuuttila, Kauko Koikkalainen, Anu Koivisto, Arto Latukka, Petri Liesivaara, Antti Miettinen, Jarkko Niemi, Jyrki Niemi, Jarkko Pyysiäinen, Olli Rantala, Leena Rantamäki-Lahtinen, Mika Sulkava, Jukka Tauriainen, Heini Toikkanen, Minna Väre, Olli Wuori Publisher: Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki 2015 Year of publication: 2015 Cover photo: Markku Vuorikari Foreword This is the 37th time that the annual review of Finnish agriculture and rural industries is published. The first review was published in 1979 by the Agricultural Economics Research Institute of Finland, which in 2001 was merged into MTT Agrifood Research Finland. Since the beginning of 2015, MTT has been part of the Natural Resources Institute Finland, having merged with the Finnish Forest Research Institute, the Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute and the statistical services of the Information Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Due to the merger, this review is released in the publication series of the Natural Resources Institute Finland. As in the previous years, the review presents the current outlook for the sectors covered and the most recent research data in a single volume. It provides comprehensive information on the operating environment in agriculture and the food sector, the development of the agricultural and food markets, agricultural policy, the economic situation in agriculture, interaction between rural areas and the environment, and the socio-economic development of rural areas. The publication’s special theme is foreign trade in food and other agricultural products, since the growing deficit in Finland’s food trade has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Concerns over the modest growth rate of Finland’s food exports have been frequently expressed in public debate. Export promotion has therefore been set as an important goal. Thematic articles explore reasons that explain, on the one hand, why Finland’s food exports have grown slowly and, on the other, why imported food has gained a significant foothold in the Finnish food market. Other topics include the ongoing free trade negotiations between the EU and the US, and the related opportunities and problems from the food sector’s perspective. I hope our readers in and outside Finland will find this report useful. Helsinki, 27 April 2015 Jyrki Niemi Professor Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Economics and society Contents 1. Operating environment of agriculture ............................................................ 5 1.1. Agriculture and the food sector in the national economy ........................ 5 1.2. Rural enterprises .................................................................................... 9 1.3. Finnish farm ........................................................................................... 13 2. Agricultural and food market ......................................................................... 22 2.1. Trends on the world market .................................................................... 22 2.2. Arable crops ........................................................................................... 24 2.3. Horticultural production ........................................................................ 29 2.4. Livestock production .............................................................................. 34 2.5. Food market ........................................................................................... 39 3. Agricultural policy ......................................................................................... 49 3.1. Common agricultural policy of the EU .................................................. 49 3.2. EU support payments in Finland ............................................................ 52 3.3. National aid ........................................................................................... 55 3.4. Structural support for agriculture and farm relief services ........................ 57 4. The economic situation of agriculture ............................................................ 60 4.1. Development of results and profitability in agriculture and horticulture .. 60 4.2. Economic development of Finnish agriculture and horticulture .............. 66 5. Agriculture and the environment ................................................................... 69 5.1. Environmental impacts of agriculture ..................................................... 69 5.2. Agri-environmental regulation ................................................................ 72 5.3. New plans for water management ........................................................... 74 5.4. Main topics and future perspectives ........................................................ 75 6. Socioeconomic development of the Finnish countryside ................................ 80 Appendices ......................................................................................................... 91 Special topics Retailer brands speed up food imports from Germany ........................................ 18 A boost to Finland’s food exports ....................................................................... 46 Agriculture a source of contention in the EU–US free trade negotiations ............ 58 Nitrates Decree revised to improve the protection of waters and air .................... 78 1. OPERATING ENVIRONMENT OF AGRICULTURE 1.1. Agriculture and the food Share of foodstuffs and non-alcoholic bever- ages in consumer expenditure of households, %. sector in the national economy 2012 2013 Belgium 12.7 12.9 In Finland, the total annual consump- Denmark 11.2 11.2 tion expenditure on food and beverages is Estonia 19.9 20.7 €23.2 billion. Food and non-alcoholic bev- Finland 12.3 12.8 erages consumed at home account for a lit- France 13.3 13.4 tle over half of this, €13.6 billion. Germany 10.1 10.4 5 Greece 17.4 17.2 As living standards have risen, the Italy 14.3 14.4 share of food and non-alcoholic beverages Norway 11.9 11.7 consumed at home in the total consump- Portugal 17.4 18.0 tion expenditure of Finnish households has Sweden 12.4 12.4 decreased to about the same level as in the United Kingdom 9.0 9.1 old EU countries. In 2013, this share was Source: Eurostat National accounts. 12.8%, slightly up from the previous year. When alcoholic beverages and eating Agriculture and horticulture out are also included, food accounts for 21.9% of household consumption expend- According to national accounts, agricul- iture. The share of eating out is 5.9%, a tural and horticultural output was €6.9 bil- little lower than in the old EU countries lion in 2013, when €2 billion of produc- (7.2%). tion aid is included. Output grew by 1.9% The total value of annual cash flows from €6.8 billion in the previous year. in the food sector is around €27.2 billion Intermediate products accounted for when food exports and agricultural sup- about half of agricultural output in 2013, port, in addition to the total public and amounting to €3.6 billion. This represents private consumption expenditure, are an increase of 3.9% from the previous year. taken into account. This is just over 10% The main intermediate products are ferti- of Finland’s GDP. lisers, feedstuffs, electricity, transport fuels and various services that support produc- tion. Consumer expenditure on foodstuffs and bev- The value added produced by horti- erages, € million. culture and forestry was €3.3 billion, and its impact on Finnish GDP was roughly 2012 2013 % change the same as in the previous year, 1.9%. In addition to weather conditions during Total 22,354 23,214 4 the growing season, fluctuations in prod- Foodstuffs* 11,618 12,349 6 uct and input prices influence the financial Non-alcoholic beverages* 1,214 1,214 0 out-turn of these sectors more than before. Alcoholic beverages* 3,414 3,415 0 Agriculture is very capital-intensive Catering services because of the machinery, buildings and (eating out) 6,108 6,236 2 fields needed in production. Investments *Food consumed at home accounted for nearly 40% of the value Source: Statistics Finland, National accounts. added. In 2013, the share of agriculture in Maatalous Tuoteverot (alv, alkoholi, makeis, the total investments of the national energia
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nordic Agriculture Air and Climate
    TemaNord 2015:570 TemaNord TemaNord 2015:570 TemaNord Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K www.norden.org Nordic agriculture air and climate Baseline and system analysis report Nordic agriculture air and climate This report constitutes the main outputs of the project “Pathways to a Nordic food system that contributes to reduced emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants.” The overall goals are to present the baseline data regarding the Nordic agricultural sector, its greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions, the regulatory framework and support systems, and conflicts of interest. The report aims to describe pathways to a Nordic food system that contributes to achieving the climate target of below 2 (or 1.5) degrees of warming and the air pollution target of zero exceedance of critical loads and critical levels regarding ammonia emissions. The Nordic region has diverse geological and climatic conditions that make certain types of agricultural production more vulnerable than others. The policy recommendations aim to serve as input to different policies at EU, Nordic and national level. TemaNord 2015:670 ISBN 978-92-893-4319-0 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-4321-3 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-4320-6 (EPUB) ISSN 0908-6692 TN2015570 omslag.indd 1 21-07-2015 12:31:29 Nordic agriculture air and climate Baseline and system analysis report Anne Antman, Stein Brubæk, Bente Hessellund Andersen, Kajsa Lindqvist, Miriam Markus-Johansson, Jacob Sørensen and Jenny Teerikangas TemaNord 2015:570 Nordic agriculture air and climate Baseline and system analysis report Anne Antman, Stein Brubæk, Bente Hessellund Andersen, Kajsa Lindqvist, Miriam Markus-Johansson, Jacob Sørensen and Jenny Teerikangas ISBN 978-92-893-4319-0 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-4321-3 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-4320-6 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2015-570 TemaNord 2015:570 ISSN 0908-6692 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2015 Layout: Hanne Lebech Cover photo: Jacob Sørensen Print: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk Printed in Denmark This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers.
    [Show full text]
  • Finnish Agriculture and Food Sector 2016/17
    Natural resources and bioeconomy studies 49/2017 Finnish agriculture and food sector 2016/17 Jyrki Niemi and Minna Väre (eds.) Natural resources and bioeconomy studies 49/2017 Finnish agriculture and food sector 2016/17 Jyrki Niemi and Minna Väre (eds.) Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki 2017 Report drawn up by: Jansik Csaba chapters 1.3, 1.4 Karhula Timo chapters 2.2, 2.4, 3 Knuuttila Marja chapters 1.1, 1.2 Koikkalainen Kauko chapter 5 Koivisto Anu chapter 2.3 Latukka Arto chapter 4.3 Miettinen Antti chapter 5 Mäkilä Outi layout Niemi Jarkko chapter 2.4 Niemi Jyrki chapters 2.1, 3, editor Rantala Olli chapter 4.2 Sulkava Mika chapter 4.3 Tauriainen Jukka chapter 4.2 Valtiala Juho chapters 2.1, 3 Väre Minna chapter 4.1, editor ISBN: 978-952-326-444-1 (Print) ISBN: 978-952-326-445-8 (Online) ISSN 2342-7647 (Print) ISSN 2342-7639 (Online) URN: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-326-445-8 Copyright: Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Authors: Jyrki Niemi and Minna Väre (eds.) Publisher: Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki 2017 Year of publication: 2017 Cover photo: Ulla Jauhiainen/Luke Printed at and publication sold by: Juvenes Print, http://luke.juvenesprint.fi Natural resources and bioeconomy studies 49/2017 Foreword The annual review of agriculture and the food industry in Finland presents a current outlook for the sectors covered and the most recent research data in a single volume. It provides comprehensive information on the operating environment in agriculture and the food sector, the development of the agricultural and food markets, agricultural pol- icy, the structural development and economic situation in agriculture, and the interac- tion between agriculture and the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • No 67.1 67.1
    Economic, social and institutional factors in the growth of agri-food sector nono 67.1 in Europe WarsawWarsaw 2013 Economic, social and institutional factors in the growth of agri-food sector in Europe Economic, social and institutional factors in the growth of agri-food sector in Europe Scientific editors: prof. dr hab. Andrzej Kowalski dr inż. Paweł Chmieliński dr Marek Wigier Warsaw 2013 Competitiveness of the Polish food economy in the conditions of globalization and European integration dr hab. Renata Grochowska, prof. of the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics – National Research Institute dr in. Zbigniew Floriaczyk, Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics – National Research Institute Leszek lipski AKME Projekty Sp. z o.o. Contact Language Services. 3-1 Instytut Ekonomiki Rolnictwa i Gospodarki ywnociowej – Pastwowy Instytut Badawczy ul. witokrzyska 20, 00-002 Warszawa tel.: (22) 50 54 444 faks: (22) 50 54 636 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.ierigz.waw.pl Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Institutional restrictions concerning growth and development of P olish farms .......... 11 1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 11 1.2. Changes in the structure of farms before 2004 and after 2004 ..................................... 13 1.3. Projection of farm income for 2013 .............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Health, Wealth and the Environment: the Impacts of the CUSTA, GATT
    Health, wealth and the environment: the impacts of the CUSTA, GATT and NAFTA on Canadian food security Toronto Food Policy Council Discussion Paper Series Discussion Paper #2August, 1994 This is a work in progress. The Toronto Food Policy Council is interested in discussing the issues and strategies presented here as part of its on-going efforts to improve the food and agriculture system in Canada, and to help create food security. Please forward any comments, and requests for additional copies, to the Toronto Food Policy Council, 277 Victoria St., Room 203, Toronto, ON M5B 1W1 Table of Contents SUMMARY .................................................. 3 PART I ..................................................... 4 Introduction .............................................. 4 Food security defined ........................................ 4 PART II ..................................................... 5 Food vulnerability .......................................... 5 PART III .................................................... 7 The principles and conditions underlying the development of food security and how trade arrangements contravene these principles ................ 7 Wealth ............................................. 7 Environmental sustainability ............................... 11 The Health of Communities ................................ 13 Some specific implications of these general contraventions ................. 14 Conclusion ............................................... 15 PART IV ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • FAO State of Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture in Finland
    FAO State of Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture in Finland Irina Herzon, Tanja Rajala, Petri Heinimaa, Traci Birge, Elina Kiviharju, Marjo Keskitalo, Juha Kantanen, Juha Helenius 1 Title of publication: FAO State of Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture in Finland Publisher: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 11/2014 ISBN 978-952-453-874-9 (PDF) ISSN 1797-397X (PDF) 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE COUNTRY AND TO THE ROLE OF BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE .................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 2: DRIVERS OF CHANGE ...................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3: THE STATE AND TRENDS OF BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE.... 43 CHAPTER 4: THE STATE OF USE OF BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ............. 75 CHAPTER 5: THE STATE OF INTERVENTIONS ON CONSERVATION AND USE OF BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE .................................................................. 104 CHAPTER 6: FUTURE AGENDAS FOR CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE .................................................................. 141 3 Abbreviation: AnGR Animal Genetic Resources AqGR Aquatic Genetic Resources CAP Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CWR Crop Wild Relative EAFRD European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development EU European Union FGR Forest Genetic Resources FSC Forest Stewardship Council GBIF Global
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Agriculture and Forestry
    Chapter 2 Agriculture and forestry Co-Chairmen: M.L. Parry (UK), G.V. Mendzhulin (USSR), S. Sinha (India) Lead author: M.L. Parry, UK Section authors: Agriculture M.L. Parry, UK Forestry P.N. Duinker, Canada Associate authors: Direct effects on agriculture J.I.L. Morison, UK Effects on pests J.H. Porter, UK Effects on prices and trade J. Reilly, USA Effects on sea-level L.J. Wright, UK Data Collection L.J. Wright, UK Expert Contributors B. Acock (USA); M. Beran (UK); M. Boko (Benin); D. Bond Canada); W. Degefu (Ethiopia); T. Farago (Hungary); J. Hales (Australia); M. Harwell (USA); J. Hayes (USA); R. Heathcote (Australia); T. Keane (Ireland); L. Kettunen (Finland); J. Kindler (Poland); R. Kintanar (Philippines); D. Linforth (Australia); J. Lomas (Israel); A. Magalhaes (Brazil); G. Mendzhulin (USSR); P. Mosley (New Zealand); J. Muller (East Germany); N. Nicholls (Australia); Nguyen Hu Ninh (Vietnam); L. Ogallo (Kenya); J. Oguntoyinbo (Nigeria); S. Panturat (Thailand); B. Pittock (Australia); P. Ramirez (Costa Rica); J. Reilly (USA); V. Richter (Czechoslovakia); C. Rosenzweig (USA); J. Salinger (New Zealand); A Sastri (India); S. Sinha (India); O. Sirotenko (USSR); B. Smit (Canada); Z. Uchijima (Japan); J. Williams (UK); M. Yoshino (Japan); Jia-cheng Zhang (China) Contents 1 Introduction 2-1 1.1 Objectives and approach 2-1 1.2 Assumptions 2-1 1.2.1 Climatic scenarios 2-1 1.2.2 Assumptions concerning technology and management 2-1 2 Potential impacts on agriculture and land use 2-1 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Critical types of climatic change 2-2 2.2.1 Climatic extremes 2-2 2.2.2 Warming in high latitudes 2-2 2.2.3 Poleward advance of monsoon rainfall 2-2 2.2.4 Reduced soil water availability 2-2 2.3 Present-day vulnerability to climate 2-3 2.4 Regions of risk 2-3 2.5 Critical vulnerabilities in food trade 2-3 2.6 Potential effects on agriculture and land use 2-4 2.6.1 Types of effect 2-4 2.6.2 'Direct' effects of elevated C02 and other greenhouse gases ...
    [Show full text]
  • UNECE Seed Potato Meeting Oulu 8.9.2015
    UNECE Seed potato Meeting Oulu 8.9.2015 Photo: photo archive of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Photo:photo archive of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 1 9.9.2015 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Marja Savonmäki The venue of the meeting is Oulu, beautiful city located in the region of Northern Ostrobothnia. Oulu has about 191,000 residents and is the fifth largest city in Finland. Photo: © Oulun kaupunki Photo: photo archive of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 9.9.2015 2 This is Finland: -Population of Finland: 5,479,018 -Two official languages (Finnish and Swedish) -Finland joined the European Union 1995 -Long country extending about 1100 kilometres from south to the north - Finland- a land of four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter -each season is different in Finland! - Contrast between summer and winter is huge 9.9.2015 3 White summer nights: - Because of the northern location there is daylight in summertime around the clock across the whole Finland Photo : photo archive of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 9.9.2015 4 - Lapland, north of the Arctic Circle, has "nightless nights" in the middle of the summer (starts end of May and continues to mid-July) Winter: -In the middle of winter daytime is very short. In the south of the country daylight in December lasts only for 6 hours. In northern Lapland a period of darkness prevails at that time, with the sun not rising above the horizon at all 9.9.2015 5 -During January and February there is almost always snow in northern and eastern Finland (there can be even up to one metre of snow in northern Finland) Photo: photo archive of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Photo: photo archive of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Photo: photo archive of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 9.9.2015 6 -Finland is the most forested country in EU with 71 per cent of the land area covered with forest Photo: photo archive of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 9.9.2015 7 -Finland is the most sparsely populated country in the European Union, with only 16 inhabitants per km².
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Risk Management in Agriculture Under Climate Change”, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No
    Please cite this paper as: Antón, J. et al. (2012), “A Comparative Study of Risk Management in Agriculture under Climate Change”, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No. 58, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k94d6fx5bd8-en OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers No. 58 A Comparative Study of Risk Management in Agriculture under Climate Change Jesús Antón, Shingo Kimura, Jussi Lankoski, Andrea Cattaneo JEL Classification: D81, G22, H84, Q18, Q54 OECD FOOD, AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES WORKING PAPERS The working paper series is designed to make available to a wide readership selected studies by OECD staff or by outside consultants and are generally available only in their original language. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Comments on this series are welcome and should be sent to [email protected]. OECD FOOD, AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES WORKING PAPERS are published on www.oecd.org/agriculture © OECD 2012 Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this material should be made to: OECD Publishing, [email protected] or by fax 33 1 45 24 99 30. Abstract A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RISK MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE Jesús Antón, Shingo Kimura, Jussi Lankoski and Andrea Cattaneo OECD Climate change affects the mean and variability of weather conditions and the frequency of extreme events, which to a great extent determines the variability of production and yields.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change and Agricultural Land Use in Sweden
    Climate change and agricultural land use in Sweden A literature review Henrik Eckersten, Stig Karlsson and Bengt Torssell Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Department of Crop Production Ecology (VPE) Uppsala 2008 Climate change and agricultural land use in Sweden: A literature review Eckersten, H., Karlsson, S. & Torssell, B Report from the Department of Crop Production Ecology (VPE) • No. 7 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Uppsala 2008 ISSN 1653-5375 ISBN 978-91-85911-57-8 Editor: Birgitta Båth Preface The purpose of this literature review is to create a base of information to identify gaps of knowledge in the assessment of the effects of climate change on agriculture in Sweden, and related effects of agricultural adaptation and mitigation measures. The review is a part of a project (FANAN, Fogelfors et al. 2008) at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences aiming at making a strategic analysis of future research needs for agriculture in Sweden, and should help in answering the following questions: What are the expected impacts of climate change on agricultural production and its effects on environment, which are the suggested methods for mitigation and adaptation, and what is the scientific base on which these assessments stands? The work has been done in the following way: Literature has basically been searched for on the “Web of Science”. The review has focused on scientific literature, although the literature has also been searched on the whole “Web”, and several references have been found elsewhere in a non-systematic way. The limited number of researchers involved and time available for the study allowed only a few topics to be thoroughly examined.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Agriculture: Constraints and Responses to Global Climate Change
    AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE IN FINLAND Voi 511996): 229-234. Northern agriculture: constraints and responses to global climate change Timo J.N. Mela Agricultural Research Centre ofFinland, Institute of Crop and Soil Science, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland In the northern circumpolar zone, the area between the 600°Cd and 1200°Cd isopleths of effective temperature sum above 5°C, the annual receipt of solar energy is limitedby the low angle of radiation arriving at the earth’s surface. This is the primary cause of the climatic constraints observed in the zone, such as low temperatures, a short growing season, frosts during the growing season, long and cold winters and thick snow cover. In Finland, the length of the growing season varies from 180 days in the south (60°N) to 120 days in the north (70°N). Consequently, the growing time for crops from sowing to ripening is also short, which limits their ability to produce high yields. The most advanced forms of farming in the high-latitude zone are encountered towards the south in Northern Europe, central Siberia and the prairies of Canada, i.e. mainly in the phytogeographical hemiboreal zone where the effective temperature sum is higher than 1200°Cd. Conditions for agri- culture then deteriorate gradually further north with the cooling of the climate, and this is reflected as an increase in cattle rearing at the expense of grain cultivation. In northern Europe farming is prac- tised as far north as to the Arctic Circle, at about 66°N latitude. In North America, fields extend to about 55°N, In Asia, there are few fields north of 60°N.
    [Show full text]
  • State of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in Finland Second Finnish National Report
    State of Plant Genetic Publications of the Resources for Food Ministry of Agriculture and Agriculture in and Forestry in Finland Finland 2008 Second Finnish National Report 1/2008 Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön tilusjärjestelystrategia 2008–2013 ISBN 978-952-453-356-0 (Painettu) ISBN 978-952-453-357-7 (Verkkojulkaisu) 2/2008 Kalastusmatkailun kehittämisen valtakunnallinen toimenpideohjelma 2008–2013 ISBN 978-952-453-368-3 (Painettu) ISBN 978-952-453-369-0 (Verkkojulkaisu) 3/2008 Kansallinen metsäohjelma 2015 ISBN 978-952-453-375-1 (Painettu) ISBN 978-952-453-376-8 (Verkkojulkaisu) 3a/2008 Finlands nationella skogsprogram 2015 ISBN 978-952-453-377-5 (Tryckt)) ISBN 978-952-453-378-2 (Nätutgåva) 3b/2008 Finland’s National Forest Programme 2015 ISBN 978-952-453-379-9 (Printed version) ISBN 978-952-453-380-5 (Electronic version) 4/2008 Horisontaalisen maaseudun kehittämisohjelman jälkiarviointi ISBN 978-652-453-433-8 (Painettu) ISBN 978-952-453-434-5 (Verkkojulkaisu) ISBN 978-952-435-2 (Printed versoin) ISBN 978-952-436-9 (Electronic version) ISSN 1238-2531 (Printed versoin) www.mmm.fi ISSN 1797-397X (Electronic version) PO Box 30, FI-00023 GOVERNMENT 5 2008 State of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in Finland Second Finnish National Report Maa- ja metsätalousministeriö 5/2008 Title of publication: State of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in Finland Second Finnish National Report Publisher: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Editors (compilers): Merja Veteläinen Mårten Huldén Tuula Pehu Cover photos: ”Elvi”
    [Show full text]
  • Change on Finnish Agriculture
    AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE IN FINLAND Voi 5 <1996): 377-385. Potential economic effects of climate change on Finnish agriculture Lauri Kettunen Agricultural Economics Research Institute, P.O. Box 3, FIN-00411 Helsinki In the assessment of the economic effects of climate change, changes in returns and costs have to be taken into consideration. Changes in returns are mainly caused by changes in the yield level. Costs are determined by various factors. Harvesting conditions may improve as the temperatures are high- er. However, an increasing need for disease and pest control results in higher costs. Various extensive have that rising temperatures with the C0 fertilizing crop poten- studies indicated 2 effect increase the tial in Finland. From the economic point of view an increase in yield level is highly significant, because the increase in costs remains quite small, A 10% increase in the yield level raises the farm income by about 6%. Because agriculture is supported in many ways either directly or indirectly, the rise in income level may be offset by lowering the support. Consequently, farmers may not benefit from an increase in the yield level, but the benefit will go to the state economy. However, an increase in the yield level resulting from rising temperatures is advantageous to the national economy, regardless of whether the benefit goes to the farmers or to the state. Key words: policy changes, welfare effects In addition to changes in quantity, economic Introduction analysis requires an analysis of changes in the prices of the output and in the costs of produc- The economic effects of climate change result tion.
    [Show full text]