Appréciation Des Risques Alimentaires Liés Aux Campylobacters Application Au Couple Poulet / Campylobacter Jejuni

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Appréciation Des Risques Alimentaires Liés Aux Campylobacters Application Au Couple Poulet / Campylobacter Jejuni Appréciation des risques alimentaires liés aux campylobacters Application au couple poulet / Campylobacter jejuni - 1 - Coordination rédactionnelle Francis Mégraud Coralie Bultel Coordination éditoriale Coralie Bultel Ann’Laure Flavigny Carole Thomann - 2 - Composition du groupe de travail PRESIDENT Francis MEGRAUD Centre National de Référence des campylobacters Laboratoire de Bactériologie Hôpital Pellegrin de Bordeaux MEMBRES Jean-Baptiste DENIS Unité Biométrie et Intelligence Artificielle INRA de Jouy en Josas Gwennola ERMEL UMR 6026, Equipe Osmorégulation chez les bactéries Université de Rennes Michel FEDERIGHI UMR SECALIM n°1014 INRA Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes Anne GALLAY Département des Maladies Infectieuses Institut de Veille Sanitaire – Saint Maurice Isabelle KEMPF Unité Mycoplasmologie - Bactériologie Afssa de Ploufragan Alexandre LECLERCQ Unité de Sécurité Alimentaire Institut Pasteur de Lille Philippe WEBER Laboratoire Bio-VSM – Vaires-sur-Marnes AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE SECURITE SANITAIRE DES ALIMENTS Coralie BULTEL Unité d’évaluation des risques biologiques Direction de l’évaluation des risques sanitaires et nutritionnels Afssa – Maisons-Alfort Muriel ELIASZEWICZ Unité d’évaluation des risques biologiques Direction de l’évaluation des risques sanitaires et nutritionnels Afssa – Maisons-Alfort Ann’Laure FLAVIGNY Unité d’évaluation des risques biologiques Direction de l’évaluation des risques sanitaires et nutritionnels Afssa – Maisons-Alfort - 3 - Cécile LAHELLEC Direction générale Afssa – Maisons-Alfort DIRECTION GENERALE DE L’ALIMENTATION Pierre-Alexandre BELOEIL Direction générale de l’alimentation Françoise KREMER Direction générale de l’alimentation DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA CONCURRENCE, CONSOMMATION ET DE LA REPRESSION DES FRAUDES Nathalie QUELQUEJEU Direction générale de la concurrence, consommation et de la répression des fraudes DIRECTION GENERALE DE LA SANTE Sonia TENAILLEAU Direction générale de la santé PERSONNALITES CONSULTEES PAR LE GROUPE DE TRAVAIL Claude AUBERT ITAVI - Ploufragan Christophe DESSAGNE OFIVAL – Paris Régis DEVINE OFIVAL – Paris APPUI TECHNIQUE AUPRES DU GROUPE DE TRAVAIL Ariane DUFOUR Observatoire des consommations alimentaires Direction de l’évaluation des risques nutritionnels et sanitaires Afssa- Maisons-Alfort Françoise GAUCHARD Unité d’appui épidémiologique à l’analyse des risques Direction de l’évaluation des risques nutritionnels et sanitaires Afssa- Maisons-Alfort - 4 - Sollicitation des organisations professionnelles Liste des organisations professionnelles sollicitées : Organisation Sigle Syndicat national des industriels de la nutrition animale SNIA Syndicat national des coopératives de production et d’alimentation animales SYNCOPAC Syndicat national des accouveurs SNA Fédération des Industries Avicoles FIA Syndicat National des Labels Avicoles de France SYNALAF Institut Technique de l’Aviculture ITAVI Comité Interprofessionnel de la Dinde Française CIDEF Comité Interprofessionnel de la Pintade CIP Comité national d’action et de défense des aviculteurs CNADA Confédération Française de l’Aviculture CFA Comité National d’Action et de Défense des Abattoirs et Ateliers de découpe de CNADEV Volailles, Lapins et Chevreaux Fédération Nationale des Syndicats de Commerces de gros en Produits FENSCOPA Avicoles Association Nationale des Industries Alimentaires ANIA Association de Coordination Technique pour l’Industrie Agro-alimentaire ACTIA Fédération des entreprises du Commerce et de la Distribution FCD Société nationale des groupements techniques vétérinaires SNGTV Fédération nationale des groupements de défense sanitaire du bétail FNGDS Centre d’information des viandes CIV Fédération française des industriels charcutiers, traiteurs, transformateurs de FICT viandes Syndicat national de l’industrie des viandes SNIV Office National Interprofessionnel des Viandes, de l'Élevage et de l'Aviculture OFIVAL - 5 - Liste des abréviations : Sigle Signification ADN Acide désoxyribonucléique AESA Autorité européenne de sécurité alimentaire AFLP Amplified fragment length polymorphism AQR Appréciation quantitative des risques CEN Comité européen de normalisation CES Comité d’experts spécialisé CNR Centre national de référence DALY Diseability adjusted life year DFI Département fédéral de l’intérieur DGAl Direction générale de l’alimentation DOM/TOM Départements d’outre-mer/Territoires d’outre-mer ELFA Enzyme linked fluorescent assay ELISA Enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay ESB Encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine FAO Food and agricultural organization FSO Food standard objective GMS Grandes et moyennes surfaces HACCP Hazard analysis critical control point IAA Industries agro-alimentaires IC Intervalle de confiance INCA Individuelle nationale de consommation alimentaire InVS Institut de veille sanitaire ISO International organization for standardization MLST Multi locus sequence typing OMS Organisation mondiale de la santé PCR Polymerase chain reaction PCS Professions - catégories socioprofessionnelles PHLS Public health laboratory service RAPD Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA RFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphism SECODIP Société d'études de la consommation, de la distribution et de la publicité SGB Syndrome de Guillain-Barré TIAC Toxi-infection alimentaire collective TSP Trisodium phosphate UFC Unités formant colonie UV Ultra violets VIH Virus de l’immunodéficience humaine VNC Viable non cultivable - 6 - Résumé du rapport Contexte Les campylobacters sont considérés comme la principale cause bactérienne de gastro- entérites dans le monde, dans les pays développés comme dans les pays en développement. Un regain d'intérêt est apparu ces dernières années pour ces infections, ceci pour les raisons suivantes : • une augmentation importante de l'incidence des infections entériques à Campylobacter dans les pays développés, augmentation qui semble indépendante de l’amélioration des systèmes de surveillance et des méthodes de recherche (ainsi au Danemark, le nombre de cas déclarés est passé de 20 pour 100 000 en 1992 à 83 pour 100 000 en 2000), • l’existence de conséquences graves au travers de complications telles que le syndrome de Guillain Barré (moins de 1% des cas de campylobactérioses), • une augmentation importante de la résistance des campylobacters aux fluoroquinolones cette dernière décennie, sans que l'on puisse incriminer plus l'utilisation animale ou humaine de ces antibiotiques. Cette évolution semble toutefois stable depuis 1998. La conséquence de ces observations est un regain d'intérêt des pouvoirs publics pour ces infections, et le lancement de réflexions nationales et internationales à ce sujet (création de groupes de travail, mise en place de systèmes de surveillance, etc.). Dans le même temps, l’importance de cette infection en France est méconnue et mériterait d’être mieux appréciée, notamment au regard des aspects suivants : • il n’existe pas à l’heure actuelle de critères microbiologiques réglementaires nationaux concernant la présence de Campylobacter dans les aliments. Une réflexion étant en cours sur l’établissement de ces critères au niveau européen et l’actualisation des critères pour les denrées animales au niveau national, la nécessité d’informations concernant ce micro-organisme apparaît d’autant plus primordiale, • la surveillance de l’infection n’est que partielle : la campylobactériose n’est pas une maladie à déclaration obligatoire, et le système de surveillance français repose sur le Centre National de Référence situé à Bordeaux. Celui-ci qui ne surveillait ces infections depuis 1986 qu'au travers d'un réseau de laboratoires hospitaliers volontaires, a toutefois élargi la surveillance en 2002 aux laboratoires privés d'analyse médicale. Une étude cas- témoin des facteurs de risque de l'infection, diligentée par l'Institut de Veille Sanitaire, a également été initiée en septembre 2002. Le manque de données concernant Campylobacter en France a ainsi été à l’origine de la création d’un groupe de travail en juin 2001 à l’Afssa, l’objectif général étant d’initier une réflexion sur les risques alimentaires liés aux Campylobacter spp. en France. La démarche suivie par le groupe est une démarche d’appréciation quantitative des risques, basée sur la méthodologie du Codex Alimentarius. Cette démarche impose le choix d’un couple « matrice alimentaire-danger1 ». C’est pourquoi le groupe a centré sa réflexion sur les infections sporadiques liées au poulet (aliment apparaissant le plus souvent en cause dans ces infections) porteur de l’espèce Campylobacter jejuni pour les raisons suivantes : - l’existence d’un lien de causalité fort entre les cas sporadiques de campylobactérioses humaines et la consommation de viande de poulet ; - la disponibilité d’informations relatives à Campylobacter jejuni (espèce essentiellement en cause dans les infections humaines), la plus importante pour cette denrée alimentaire. 1 Danger « agent biologique, chimique ou physique, présent dans un aliment ou état de cet aliment pouvant entraîner un effet néfaste pour la santé » (Codex Alimentarius) - 7 - Le groupe a tenté de mener cette démarche sur l’intégralité de la chaîne alimentaire, depuis l’élevage jusqu’à la consommation à domicile. Cette démarche a donc permis de : - réaliser un état des lieux des connaissances et des manques de données relatif à ce micro-organisme et à ses conséquences en médecine humaine, - apprécier l’exposition du consommateur en mettant en évidence la prévalence de cette contamination chez les poulets, l’état et la dynamique de cette contamination
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