tony fernandez training:

stage, allow students to maintain light contact with the pool bottom. pool the Mastering neutral buoyancy: At the early-learning N Early Transition to e teaching u tips t the 54 undersea ral Buoy a journalsecondquarter 2011

n cy the 55 undersea in Instruction Instruction in journalsecondquarter 2011 training: teaching tips

contact retains fractionized contact. It is learn they usually only need to do this more readily to many different orienta- not kneeling, but not having to focus on when vertical, as when kneeling upright. tions in the water. hovering (at first) that simplifies the skill. Mask clearing while horizontal is also When a skill and a position are fre- This minimal-contact-without-kneeling different. PADI’s Guide to Teaching Con- quently associated – like kneeling and approach enhances transfer because the fined Water Dive 1, Mask Clearing (p. 14), clearing a mask – the brain associates one transition from this buoyancy state to mid says, “Stress proper head positioning (look with the other, and students may feel a water neutral is a smaller step. up, or down with purge valve) and contin- need to get into that position to perform The difference in the two approaches uously exhaling through the nose.” The the skill. If it becomes a habit through becomes unmistakable when teaching purpose of looking up is to ensure that the repetition, it may take a lot of training to some skills, such as both methods of reg- contact between the bottom skirt of the undo that association. A better approach ulator recovery. With the sweep method, mask and the skin is at its lowest point, but is to avoid the association. Regardless of leaning to the right while horizontal kneeling students may not need to raise what position students initially learn a skill, requires a different body movement from their chins much at all because they’re nat- you enhance transfer by very soon – dur- leaning to the right while vertical. The urally in this position already. Students ing the same pool session – having them effect of gravity on the regulator position who can clear their masks while kneeling practice the skills in a variety of situations: also differs, so the hose and second stage may have difficulty doing it swimming if other positions, neutrally buoyant, swim- Mask clearing is another basic skill Discover end up in different places relative to the they never learned to tip their heads back. ming, hovering, etc. Scuba Diving participants will learn. diver’s center line. With the reach method, In contrast, a student who learns the skill the difference is even more apparent. In a in a horizontal position, or who transitions Common Objections vertical position, gravity pulls the top of to doing it horizontally quickly, must mas- When instructors have discussed the prac- the cylinder down and away on the diver’s ter this technique to be successful. tice of teaching skills with students in a back, which does not happen when in a horizontal posture in online forums, they horizontal swimming position. Conversely, Law of Exercise have heard objections from people who when leaning forward in a horizontal posi- Thorndyke’s law of exercise states that have not experienced training done in tion, the second stage hose tends to end up rehearsal or repetitive practice when cou- this way and who have trouble imagin- behind the student’s right ear. Vertical stu- pled with positive feedback enhances skill ing it. They assume that it will take too dents (as when kneeling) often struggle to acquisition. The technique used when long to get students ready to learn, stu- After mastering mask removal and replacement find the regulator hose over their shoulder students develop skills can establish last- dents will be uncomfortable and unable to while kneeling, your students can progress to per- forming these skills while horizontal. and therefore need to lift and tilt the cylin- ing behavior patterns – favorable ones or concentrate on the task, the skills will be der. In a more natural swimming position, unfavorable ones. If training emphasizes more difficult to perform, and the instruc- the hose is usually easily reached. It’s still a upright body postures, that behavior pat- tor will not be in a position to control the good idea to teach lifting the cylinder with tern of performance will be favored. If student in case of a problem. n the June 2010 edition of Scuba in mid water while neutrally buoyant. One while kneeling should be able to remove the left hand, but students who practice training includes horizontal posture so the Those who teach this way, however, have Diving magazine, H. Kelly Leven- of the most common elements in their and replace that mask in the fourth con- the skill in a normal swimming position vertical isn’t favored, then skills transfer found that these concerns seldom mani- dorf argues “Our students should instruction is limiting – or even elimi- fined water dive while in the horizontal fest themselves in actual practice. Because clear their masks while they’re nating – the common practice of having position associated with normal diving they used to teach students on their knees, demonstrating neutral buoy- students learn and perform skills while practice. Doing so requires a series of steps they are in a good position to compare the ancy, just as they’ll ultimately do firmly planted on their knees, whether that wean the student from the need to processes and outcomes of both methods. Iwhile diving in the open water.” Although in confined water or open water training “go vertical.” In education terms, students They make these observations: some instructors strive for this goal and dives. need to transfer the skills they learned • Training takes about the same take careful steps to achieve it, some do The primary purpose of teaching in a vertical position to performance in amount of time whether kneeling not. If having students perform key skills students while on their knees is fraction- a horizontal position, and the instructor or neutrally buoyant with light bot- safely and confidently while neutrally alization. It allows them to focus on the ideally provides the opportunities for this tom contact. buoyant is a goal, instructors should be specific task at hand. Students learn basic to happen so this transfer happens more • Students become comfortable concerned with finding the best ways for skills more easily if they learn them with- efficiently. quickly with a neutrally buoyant, this to happen. out distracting complications. They also Going carefully from a vertical, neg- horizontal posture and do not need This article is the result of the collabo- learn better if they start simply and then atively buoyant posture to a neutral, a long adjustment period. ration of a number of scuba professionals move to more complicated scenarios that horizontal posture through a carefully • Many skills are easier for students from around the world – people who have combine skills already learned, with each planned sequence is, indeed, how some to perform while neutrally buoyant discussed this issue through online forums learning step allowing them to transfer instructors do it, but some instructors use and horizontal than if they are done and other means of communication and old learning to new situations. The stu- a different approach. These instructors kneeling and vertical. who have field tested instructional strat- dent who has learned skills effectively and have students neutrally buoyant from the • By staying close to the student, con- egies while conducting courses. The learned to swim neutrally and in hori- beginning, even in the first confined water trol while neutrally buoyant differs instructors involved use instructional zontal trim should be able to combine dive, with their legs resting lightly on the little compared to when kneeling. approaches that, though not identical to capabilities and perform key skills while floor of the pool. They are in a position sim- one another, all have the same goal: at in neutral horizontal trim. ilar to a fin pivot, with their upper bodies One misconception many people have the end of an open water course, the student Thus, a student who begins the first con- supported by the air in their BCDs. This when first hearing of this approach is that diver will be able to perform key diving skills fined water dive doing a partial mask flood doesn’t impede learning because the light michael eric opposite: fernandez: tony it requires students to perform skills while

56 theunderseajournalsecondquarter2011 57 theunderseajournalsecondquarter2011 training: teaching tips training: gear

students will still have the desired transfer if they practiced in a variety of positions during pool/confined water. Additionally, it is rare that over the course of all the training dives that all the skills must be done kneeling.

Instructional Standards Are Met During discussions on this topic, some instructors have the misconception that this approach violates PADI standards. This isn’t the case. Standards do not usually stipulate precisely how the perfor- mance requirements for each skill must be met; they state only what the student must achieve. Instructors are free to use the most effective means they know to meet the standard. Introducing skills with students neu- trally buoyant making light contact with the bottom does not violate PADI Stan- in a full hover throughout the training. Having seen skills performed this way, dards. Introducing skills with students As stated earlier, that’s not correct. It’s not students have a clear model against which kneeling initially, but then having them reasonable to expect the students to have to pattern their own behavior. They have move quickly into practice in other posi- mastered neutral trim at the early learn- an image of what the skill should look tion, while neutrally buoyant and while ing stages. Students are generally in light like in a variety of contexts – not only swimming also does not violate PADI contact with the pool bottom while doing kneeling. standards. Additionally, according to most skills. That is all that is required to The approaches to the open water both instructor experience and existing take buoyancy from the task load. As dives vary to some extent as well, mostly learning theory, both approaches (or a their training advances, students will because of the differing conditions under hybrid of them) would be expected to progressively make less contact with the which instructors teach. Some train in allow skills to transfer to “real world” bottom. The mask skills, including the no open water dives in the ocean and must use faster and more efficiently than “just mask swim, are good examples. Students take into account tidal currents, while kneeling” training scenarios. complete the swimming portion neutrally others teach in lakes or quarries and must When a student completes Open Water in mid water. As they replace their masks, contend with poor visibility and a need Diver certification, it means that the student their buddies hold them to assure they to use some form of platform. Whenever is now a diver who can execute a dive com- maintain a proper depth. Although they practical without compromising control, fortably and safely. Such a diver should be will try to stay neutrally buoyant, most it’s best to have students demonstrate able to swim in horizontal trim with good students will let their legs drop down, all skills neutrally in horizontal trim, buoyancy control, and that diver should be usually touching the bottom lightly. even while using a platform. In suitable able to perform the basic skills taught in the In later training stages, instructors conditions, entry-level divers generally Open Water Diver class fluidly while div- demonstrate skills, such as replacing the have little trouble with this. In the few ing. The skilled instructor carefully plans mask after the no mask swim, while neu- instances when kneeling is needed for the instructional steps needed to make sure trally buoyant and in horizontal trim. open water control (surge is one example), that the diver has met that goal. Uplifting Trends BCD designs are becoming more sophisticated and often, more special- John Adsit - Boulder, Colorado, USA, Instructor James Flenner, PhD - Reno, Nevada, USA, Dr. Sam Miller III - Southern California, USA, ized. Here’s what you need to put your customers into the right one. Instructor Instructor Andy Connor - Auckland, New Zealand, Instruc- BY Daryl Carson tor and Co-Director of Tech Dive NZ Marcia Fisk Ong - Phuket, Thailand, Instruc- Peter Rothschild - Woodinville, Washington, tor and Managing Director of Gekko Scuba Divers USA, Instructor Sage Dalton - Boulder, Colorado, USA, Course CD choice plays a significant role in divers’ comfort in the est models, and this year’s crop of BCDs shows two significant Co. Ltd. Director and Director of Training, Ocean First Rob Turner - Rotterdam, Netherlands, Instructor water. It must fit well and perform as expected so they feel trends. One is the growing number of specialty designs, such as Divers Jim Garin - Knoxville, Tennessee, USA, George Watson - Nederland, Colorado, USA, secure and in control. Educating divers — especially less those meant for travel or “light-technical” applications. The sec- Instructor Joe Desimone - Jamestown, Colorado, USA, Instructor B experienced ones — about how the different BCD types function ond trend is the continued evolution of materials — everything Instructor David Herbert - Southern Oregon, USA, Karl Shreeves - Technical Development Executive, Instructor and then helping them match a suitable design with their skills from backpacks to bladders are becoming lighter and more dura- Dr. Lynn Flaherty - Woodinville, Washington, PADI Worldwide and experience, is a great way to make happy return customers. ble. Here’s what you need to know about five new BCDs and their USA, Divemaster H. Kelly Levendorf - Fort Lauderdale, Florida,

USA, Instructor tony fernandez; opposite: kaitlin dancagalli In this case, success comes with knowing how to present the lat- signature features.>>

58 theunderseajournalsecondquarter2011 59 theunderseajournalsecondquarter2011 (Mechanical Release System), which handles integrated weights, and the BPS Plus (Back Protec (Back Plus BPS the and weights, integrated handles which System), Release (Mechanical enhances performance both above and below the surface. (Also available in She Dives Dives She in available (Also surface. the below and above both performance enhances customizable fit common to hiking willbackpacks help themhow understand the Hybrid sacrifice comfort with the detachable harness and seamless shoulder straps designed straps designed to shoulder andsup withseamless harness thedetachable comfort sacrifice version.) version.) pounds in Men’s Large) for cold-water diving, yet stays streamlined when swimming. when streamlined stays yet diving, cold-water for Large) Men’s in pounds tank port and ballast weight. The rear-mount air cell provides ample lift (19.3 kilograms/42.5 tion System), a dual-position pad that can be customized for additional lumbar support. Ma fold up for easy transport. The BCD’s The fold up System for Suspension easy transport. not ensures all does this portability honeycomb construction and a back-mounted air cell. Surrounding this core is Mares’ MRS Plus bility of a classic rigid design, but folds up to be 30 percent smaller, allowing the entire BCD to training: gear Closing the Benefits: Features: res Hy res mares.com Mares’ foldable backpack is ultra lightweight and gives divers the security and sta and security the divers gives and lightweight ultra is backpack foldable Mares’ A travel-friendly BCD, the Hybrid has a unique foldable backpack with lightweight, lightweight, with backpack foldable unique a has Hybrid the BCD, travel-friendly A b S ri ale: d Familiarizing divers with the concept of load distribution, stability and and stability distribution, load of concept the with divers Familiarizing MRS P l us the 60 undersea ded to ease tank weight. A streamlined inflator provides functionality with minimal bulk. bulk. minimal with functionality provides inflator A streamlined weight. tank to ease ded counts, the Biolite should sell itself. itself. sell should Biolite the counts, Oc and security that comes with diving their own gear. When every bit of weight and space an ultra-low profileand harness back-mounted air-cellmade from BioFlex material. The well to frequent diving. All elements, from the integrated weight pockets to the harness and and harness the to pockets weight integrated the from elements, All diving. frequent to well mounted D-rings provide storage. up to three kilograms/seven pounds per side. Trim weight pockets are included on the the on included are pockets Trim weight side. per pounds kilograms/seven three to up It’s small enough to pack for nearly any traveling scenario yet gives divers the comfort tank strap. Carabiner attachment points on points the right and atank shoulder strap. attachment pair Carabiner of waist band- trim backpack can be folded for packing and Quick-Drop integrated weight pockets hold tion. The Biolite tips the scales at just 2.5 pounds kilograms/5.5 (size large) and features bladder, are shaped and sized to reduce bulk. However, the foldable backpack is well pad backpack However, and sized tothe bulk. foldable are shaped bladder, reduce Aqu excellent mobility and a low profile, both of which are preserved by the careful design of of design by thecareful both and ofa are whichpreserved low mobility profile, excellent adjustments with the diver in any orientation. The Wrapture Harness provides a cus simple but elegant design element is the pulls the top which Valve Strap, of element the Retention design but elegant simple without sacrificing creature comforts and top-quality function.The rear air cell promotes retracting band helps ensure both a streamlined profile andmore efficientdeflation. One rear air The cell system. weight II integrated SureLock System and the ness well-known the Dimension’s numerous other features. tank in toward the diver’s shoulders to improve streamlining and stability. tom-like fitand isdesigned to support the integrated weightpockets. The rear air cell’s i3 Har has Wrapture a Dimension special The the lever by i3 system. control a push-rod Lung’s i3 inflation control flatIt technology. e-valves,includes which areto connected is fitted with astrong retractorand thebackpack includes a Valve Retention Strap. Closing the Features: Benefits: journalsecondquarter 2011 e Closing the S Benefits: Features: a ni a Lung Dimension i3 Dimension Lung c BioFlex material gives this dainty air cell a good bit of brawn, so it stands up Bio One look at this travel BCD and there’s no doubt about its intended applica intended its about doubt no there’s and BCD travel this at look One The i3 inflation system is both effective and intuitive, allowing buoyancy buoyancy allowing intuitive, and effective both is system inflation i3 The

The brand-new Dimension i3 combines a back-mounted air cell and Aqua Aqua and cell air back-mounted a combines i3 Dimension brand-new The S ale: l ale: The Dimension i3 is a good choice for divers who want freedom i t The BioliteThe is a minimalist’s dream and ideal for adventure trekking. e - - - oceanicworldwide.com aqualung.com aqualung.com - - - -

kaitlin danca galli; carrie garcia (studio) the 61 undersea appeal to some divers, but it’s really meant to impress dive store owners and rental depart and rental dive to store owners but meant it’s really impress to divers, some appeal Sh pounds pounds of lift. The Zodiac is available with or without weight integration. 18 kilograms/40 and provides air cell design It has a wrap-around classic managers. ment sherwoodscuba.com likely destined for dive center rental racks. The motto here is: dive it, dunk it, forget it. forget it, dunk it, dive is: here motto The racks. rental center dive for destined likely Zodiac and the ability to put a BCD dry in the back of the car diving, butafter most are it dries in as little as five minutes after diving, a boon to dive operators constantly battling battling constantly a boon to diving, dive operators it in after as dries as fiveminutes little wet gear. It’s also highly durable, withstanding abrasions and wear as well as being com being as well as wear and abrasions withstanding durable, highly also It’s gear. wet Benefits: Features: sic design also makes it stablecomfortable, and toeffortless use in the water. journalsecondquarter 2011 exposure. Sherwood claims the TPU material will not fade or crack. The Zodiac’s clas Zodiac’s The crack. or fade not will material TPU the claims Sherwood exposure. pletely resistant to UV rays, eliminating concerns over degradation from prolonged sun sun from prolonged over degradation concerns to UV eliminating resistant rays, pletely erwoo Closing the Closing The slick TPU material used throughout the Zodiac doesn’t absorb water, so so water, absorb doesn’t Zodiac the throughout used material TPU slick The The unique (thermoplastic The TPU polyurethane) material of the Zodiac may d Zo S ale: di Some consumers may appreciate the low-maintenance of the ac quickly eliminate weight pockets, upgrade the air cell for double double for cell air the upgrade pockets, weight eliminate quickly design is built around a stainless-steel backplate. chest room is provided by the harness compared to classic classic to compared harness the by provided is room chest litres/95 19.9 a for cubic-foot ideal steel cylinder. is The donut-style air cell and has a narrow lift of pounds kilograms/40 18 ers accommodates carrying small stages. style rig even on strictly recreational dives. dives. recreational strictly on even rig style Additional streamlining. improves greatly and use single-tank shoulder straps made from five-centimetre/two-inch web five-centimetre/two-inch from made straps shoulder needed, and the combination of a stainless backplate, wide wide backplate, stainless a of combination the and needed, tanks or add D-rings. It ortanks addalso D-rings. allows divers to have a basic tec- IS for cold-water and drysuit diving when extra ballast is often often is ballast extra when diving drysuit and cold-water for modular The nylon. ballistic from made is and profile frontal bing. Integrated weight pockets make this system easy to use harness straps and beefy D-rings means this system easily easily system this means D-rings beefy and straps harness T Do T Closing the the Closing Benefits: Features: lph The narrow frontal profile of the air cell is ideal for for ideal is cell air the of profile frontal narrow The Designed as a single-tank tec rig, the JT40D deliv JT40D the rig, tec single-tank a as Designed in Te in S ale: ale: ch The modular design means divers can can divers means design modular The JT40D Te JT40D ch istsports.com - - - - -

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