Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 2015;7(4):15-27 Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport in Gdansk e-ISSN 2080-9999 ORIGINAL The efficiency of actions of goalkeepers from sports effective Authors’ Contribution: A Study Design B Data Collection teams in a game of futsal in matches C Statistical Analysis D Data Interpretation of the final tournament of the World E Manuscript Preparation F Literature Search G Funds Collection and European Championships in 2012 Mateusz OszmaniecABCDEFG, Andrzej SzwarcACDEFG Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Poland abstract Background The purpose of the study was to develop a model mapping the efficiency of actions of futsal goalkeepers based on observation of their game in eight matches of the cup finals the World and European Championships in 2012. Material/Methods Data about the game were recorded on originally developed observation sheets. Activity, effectiveness and reliability of particular offensive and defensive actions aiming at achieving objectives of the game were investigated. Results It was found that in attack futsal goalkeepers mostly perform actions whose aim is to gain the playfield with the ball by passing it with a foot from the ground and to keep the ball by receiving it from partner. In turn, in defence, they mostly prevent losing goals by pushing the ball. Conclusions The created models of players’ performance should be used to create models shaping the game of players of a lower level of proficiency in order to improve the efficiency of their games as well as to develop individual programs of training for futsal goalkeepers. Key words futsal, observation games, goalkeeper article details Article statistics Word count: 3,396; Tables: 9; Figures: 2; References: 69 Received: September 2015; Accepted: November 2015; Published: December 2015 Full-text PDF: http://www.balticsportscience.com Copyright © Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Poland Indexation: AGRO, Celdes, CNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), CNPIEC, De Gruyter - IBR (International Bibliography of Reviews of Scholarly Literature in the Humanities and Social Sciences), De Gruyter - IBZ (International Bibliography of Periodical Literature in the Humanities and Social Sciences), DOAJ, EBSCO - Central & Eastern European Academic Source, EBSCO - SPORTDiscus, EBSCO Discovery Service, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, J-Gate, Naviga (Softweco, Primo Central (ExLibris), ProQuest - Family Health, ProQuest - Health & Medical Complete, ProQuest - Illustrata: Health Sciences, ProQuest - Nursing & Allied Health Source, Summon (Serials Solutions/ProQuest, TDOne (TDNet), Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory/ulrichsweb, WorldCat (OCLC) Funding: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Conflict of interest: Authors have declared that no competing interest exists. Corresponding author: Mateusz Oszmaniec, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Chair of Team Sports, ul. Kazimierza Gorskie-go 1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland Phone number: +48 503444223; e-mail: [email protected] Open Access License: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. www.balticsportscience.com 15 Oszmaniec M, Szwarc A. The efficiency of actions of goalkeepers in futsal Balt J Health Phys Act 2015;7(4):15-27 INTRODUCTION Identification of the efficiency of action is essential in the process of ratio- nalising training in team sports games. The description and classification of actions of players’ at different positions allows increasing their effectiveness in the game through mapping actions considered to be efficient and reducing the use of inefficient ones [1, 2]. To observe the different players’ actions in team sports games, various rese- arch tools are applied, but observation sheets are specially recognised by both theoreticians and practitioners [2, 3]. Research on the efficiency of actions in football with a use of observation sheets has had a few dozen years’ tradition [2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], but they usually overlook an analysis of the efficiency of goalkeepers’ actions. Efficiency of goalkeepers’ actions was studies, among others by: Szwarc [10], Bergier [11], Bergier and Syryjczyk [12,13], Stuła [14], Kapera [15,16], Syryjczyk [17,18], Bergier and Soroka [19], Jakubiszyn and Duda [20]. They have used different test procedures that prevent detailed comparative analyses. The method proposed by Szwarc and Chamera [21], created on the basis of a praxeological theoretical interpretation, allows for a comprehensive evaluation of the efficiency of offensive and defensive actions of goalkeepers of 11-member teams. On its basis an analysis of goalkeepers’ game during the World the European Championships in 2008–2012 was car- ried out [22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. In addition, the literature survey shows that the most common direction for research on goalkeepers’ actions are analyses of the efficiency of their actions in situations of defending penalty kicks [27, 28]. Indoor soccer (futsal) significantly differs from traditional football. Differen- ces result from separate rules of the game and are determined by the com- petitive environment. Hence intensive research on knowing the game has been conducted for several years. Somatic determinants [29, 30, 31, 32, 33], physiological-motor [34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41], psychological [42, 43, 44, 45, 46] as well as technical and tactical performance [47, 48, 49, 50, 51] have already been studied. The efficiency futsal players’ game has been stu- died, among others by Silva et al. [29], Panfil and Paluszek [52], Szwarc [2], Irokawa et al. [53], Leite [54], as well as Aires [55], Da Silva et al. [56], Bu- raczewski [57], Travasson [58], Vilar [59], Gomez [60], Noel [61], Lapresa et al. [62] and Sarmento et al. [63]. A detailed survey of the literature shows that detailed models of goalkeepers’ efficient actions in the game of futsal have not been developed yet. Thus, in this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a model of an efficient ac- tion of a futsal goalkeeper based on observations of matches of the final to- urnaments of the World and European Championships in 2012. The following research questions have been posed: 1. What kinds of actions are most often performed by goalkeepers from sports efficient teams in the game of futsal in attack and in defence? 2. What is the activity, efficiency and reliability of individual and team ac- tions of top-skilled futsal goalkeepers in terms of realised by them objec- tives of the game? www.balticsportscience.com 16 Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 2015;7(4):15-27 Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport in Gdansk e-ISSN 2080-9999 MATERIAL AND METHOD This study used the method of observation. The analysis was made with a use of video footage recorded on a DVD, where during a multiple replay of a game situation the tested action was observed. Data about the game were recorded on a special originally developed observation sheet meeting scientific requ- irements (intra-rater reliability at the level of 1.00 (95% Cl 1.00-1.00) and in- ter-rater reliability – 0.99 (95% CI 0.99-1.00) [64]. The game of goalkeepers from teams competing in 8 matches of the final tournaments played from the semi-finals to the finals during the World and the European Championships in 2012 (Tab. 1). Table 1. A list of analysed matches of the World and the European Championships No. Match Stage of competition Final result of the match Examined goalkeepers 1. Italy – Spain Semi-final 1-4 S. Mammarella / J. Juanjo 2. Brazil – Columbia Semi-final 3-1 M. Tiago / J. Lozano 3. Italy – Columbia Match for the 3rd place 3-0 S. Mammarella / J. Lozano 4. Spain – Brazil Final 2-3 in extra time J. Juanjo / M. Tiago 5. Croatia – Russia Semi-final 2-4 I. Jukić / L.P. Gustawo 6. Spain – Italy Semi-final 1-0 L. Amado / S. Mammarella 7. Croatia – Italy Match for the 3rd place 1-3 I. Jukić / S. Mammarella 8. Russia – Spain Final 1-3 in extra time L. P. Gustawo / L. Amado * Items 1-4, matches of the Futsal World Championships 2012, items 5-8, matches of the Futsal European Championships 2012 Activity, effectiveness and reliability of goalkeepers’ actions in terms of ob- jectives of the game were investigated. In attacking the efficiency of actions aiming at keeping the ball, gaining the playfield with the ball, creating situ- ations to score and scoring a goal were estimated, while in defence the ef- ficiency of actions against losing a goal and against creating a situation to score was evaluated. RESULTS OFFENSIVE ACTIONS The data presented in Table 2 show that in the competition of the best futsal goalkeepers participating in the World and the European Championships in 2012 actions gaining the playfield (70% of all actions) and actions to keep the ball (24%) dominated. Actions creating situations to score and scoring a goal were much fewer (4% and 2% of all actions, respectively). www.balticsportscience.com 17 Oszmaniec M, Szwarc A. The efficiency of actions of goalkeepers in futsal Balt J Health Phys Act 2015;7(4):15-27 Table 2. A model mapping the efficiency of actions among the examined futsal goalkeepers Indicator Percentage Mean number Number of Number of Reliability of of all actions of actions in a Type of action actions efficient actions actions [%] [%] match Keeping the ball 218 212 97 24 13.63 Gaining the playfield 637 546 86 70 39.81 Creating situations to score 37 17 46 4 2.31 Scoring a goal 15 1 7 2 0.94 The examined goalkeepers were the most efficient in keeping the ball (an average of 14 actions in one match, with 97% reliability) and in gaining the playfield with the ball (an average of 40 actions in one match, with 86% relia- bility).