DOCSLIB.ORG

Prevalence, Intensity and Factors Associated with Soil

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Prevalence, Intensity and Factors Associated with Soil PREVALENCE, INTENSITY AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS INFECTION AMONG CHILDREN IN CHILILABOMBWE DISTRICT, COPPERBELT PROVINCE, ZAMBIA-CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY By Sibongile Tembo A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master of Science in Epidemiology THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA LUSAKA April, 2019 COPYRIGHT No part of this study may be reproduced or stored in any form either electronically, mechanically, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission from the author or the University of Zambia. ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that works presented in this study for the Master of Science in Epidemiology has not been presented whether wholly or in part for any other study programme and is not being submitted for any other Masters programme. The result is entirely the results of my own independent investigation. The various resources to which I am indebted have been acknowledged. Signed: ………………………………………………. Sibongile Tembo (Candidate) iii APPROVAL This dissertation of Sibongile Tembo has been approved as fulfilling the requirements for the award of Master of Science in Epidemiology by the University of Zambia. Examiner 1: Name: ……………………… Signature……………………… Date: …………………… Examiner 2: Name: ……………………… Signature……………………… Date: …………………… . Examiner 3: Name: ……………………… Signature……………………… Date: …………………… Chairperson Board of Examiners: Name: ……………………… Signature……………………… Date: ……………………. Supervisor: Ms. Jessy Zgambo Signature……………………… Date: …………………… iv ABSTRACT Soil transmitted helminths (STH) are among the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) of Poverty. They are a common type of parasitic infections in the world, caused by three main species commonly known as roundworms, whipworms and hookworms. This study investigated the prevalence, intensity and factors associated with soil transmitted helminths among children in Chililabombwe district of Zambia. The study was conducted between October and December, 2017. A cross sectional design was used, consisting of 411 guardian – child pairs. A questionnaire and checklist was used to collect data on factors associated with helminth infection. Stool samples were collected and examined for presence of parasites using formal-ether concentration and Kato Katz techniques. Geometric mean was used to report intensity of infection. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with worm infestations. An investigator led stepwise regression was used to identify factors associated with developing STH infection and level of significance was set at 0.05. Prevalence of soil transmitted helminth infection was 14.4% and the most dominant parasite was round worms (14.1%). The overall intensity of infection was light (<5000epg) with a few heavy infections (>50000epg). Factors independently associated with soil transmitted helminth infection after adjusting for other variables were residence (AOR=0.26; 95% CI [0.09-0.73]), household income (AOR=2.49; 95% CI [1.01-6.12]) and overcrowding (AOR =1.33; 95% CI [1.09-1.62]). This indicates that reinfection is common even after deworming. Hence policy makers should advocate for improved living conditions in urban areas coupled with reduced household overcrowding. Key Words: Soil transmitted helminths, Ascaris lubricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Hookworms, Intensity, Neglected tropical diseases of poverty, Zambia v DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to God Almighty for being the source of my strength throughout this programme. Thank you God for your unending love and guidance, may your name be praised. I also dedicate this work to my parents Edward Tembo and Margarete Chola Musebe for their values and morals that they handed down to me during the course of their lives. Continue resting in peace. Not forgetting my siblings and friends for the support during the course of my programme. Thank you! My love for you can never be quantified. God bless you. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research would not have been possible without the help and support of numerous people. Precisely, I would like to thank my supervisors Ms. Jessy Zgambo, Ms. Lungowe Sitali and Ms. Patricia Mubita who provided valuable guidance and mentorship throughout the course of my research. Special tributes also goes to Mr. Zimba Japhet, Dr Jeremiah Banda, Dr Chongwe, Dr Mweene, Dr Halwindi, Mr. Banda, Mr. Mumbi and the entire school of public health for providing the necessary skills to enable the success of this research project. I also wish to extend my gratitude to Ministry of Higher Education for sponsoring my Master’s Degree Programme and for providing a financial grant to support this research. Furthermore, my sincere gratitude goes to Chililabombwe District Health Office under the leadership of Dr M Chakulimba (District Health Director) for granting permission to conduct research in the district and availing the district laboratory staff, equipment and infrastructure to undertake the study. To Mrs. Mwale, Mr. Sianongo and the team, your efforts and contributions can never go without being recognized. Finally, I would say thank you to my data collectors, family and friends. Prominent among these are Mr. Mabvuto Tembo, Mr. Chella Musonda, and Mr. Francis Katayi Pande for your unwavering support rendered to me, this was emotional, financial and spiritual support. Mr. Bwalya, Mr. Chella Makumba and Mr. Kamayani Mapeesho and the MPH class of 2016 for the support and encouragements. Thank you for making my journey easy. God bless you all. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS COPYRIGHT .............................................................................................................................................. ii APPROVAL ............................................................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. v DEDICATION............................................................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................... xiii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................................ xiv DEFINITION OF TERMS ....................................................................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement .............................................................................................................................. 3 2.3 General Objectivities .......................................................................................................................... 4 2.3.1 Specific Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.4 Research Questions ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.5 Justification ......................................................................................................................................... 5 1.6 Organization of Dissertation ............................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 7 2.2 Risk Factors associated with Soil Transmitted Helminths .................................................................. 8 2.2.1 Age group and sex........................................................................................................................ 8 2.2.2 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) ..................................................................................... 9 2.2.3 Exposed bare feet ....................................................................................................................... 12 viii 2.2.4 Literacy of Parents ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.5 Climate factors ........................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.6 Urbanization and Settlement Patterns ........................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Study Design ..................................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Study Setting ....................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chililabombwe District Investment Profile
    CHILILABOMBWE DISTRICT INVESTMENT PROFILE WELCOME TO CHILILABOMBWE HOME OF THE CROAKING FROG This profile give you an insight of Chililabombwe District. It demonstrates the investment poetical of the District and the comparative advantages with other Districts in the Province. Chililabombwe is predominantly a mining town. However, the District offers a lot of other economic activities that have high potential for growth. Apart from mining, Chililabombwe has a conducive climate and suitable land for agriculture, fish farming, beekeeping and other agricultural related activities. The District also has potential for Tourism, Small-scale Mining, Infrastructure development, Trade and many others. Therefore, investing in Chililabombwe is one of the wisest business decisions you will make due to the high demand for goods and services in Chililabombwe and Congo DR. Phone: +260977316767 E-mail: [email protected] Facebook: Chililabombwe Municipal Council Sincerely, Christabel M. Mulala Chililabombwe Mayor PO Box 210023 President Avenue Chililabombwe Page | 1 Table of Contents WELCOME TO CHILILABOMBWE ................................................................................................... 1 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ 4 ABBREVIATIONS ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Report20 Uniting to End Malaria 501(C)3
    PHOTO BY PAUL ISHII ANNUAL REPORT20 Uniting to End Malaria 501(c)3. EIN: 46-1380419 No one can foresee the duration or severity of COVID’s human and economic toll. But the malaria global health community agrees it will be disastrous to neglect or underinvest in malaria during this period, and thereby squander a decade of hard won progress. By some estimates, halting malaria intervention efforts could trigger a return to one million malaria deaths per year, a devastating mortality rate unseen since 2004. To that end many of our efforts last year were to strategically advocate for continued global malaria funding, as well as supporting COVID adjustments to ensure malaria projects were not delayed. Last year we supplied Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) to over 700 Rotary-funded community health workers (CHWs) in Uganda and Zambia; altered CHW The training to incorporate appropriate social distancing; conducted several webinars specifically focused on maintaining malaria financial support despite COVID; and we provided $50,000 to the Alliance for Malaria Prevention used for COVID/malaria public education in Africa. Jeff Pritchard Board Chair While our near-term work must accommodate pandemic restrictions, we are still firmly committed to our mission, “to generate a broad international Rotary campaign for the global elimination of malaria.” During the coming twelve months we intend to: • Implement a blueprint developed in 2020 for a large long-term Road malaria program with Rotary, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and World Vision, in the most underserved regions of Zambia’s Central and Muchinga Provinces, positively impacting nearly 1.4 million residents.
    [Show full text]
  • (IBM) – Border Operations Assessment Kasumbalesa
    Technical Report: Work Plan Activity: 1.2.2 I Integrated Border Management (IBM) – Border Operations Assessment Kasumbalesa Magdeline Mabua, Transit Specialist Agnes Katsonga-Phiri, Customs Consultant Lawrence Kubanga, Monitoring & Evaluation Specialist Nomasomi Mpofu, Gender Integration Specialist Submitted by: AECOM International Development Submitted to: USAID/Southern Africa October 2011 USAID Contract No. 674-C-00-10-00075-00 DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. PO Box 602090 ● Plot 50668, Tholo Park, Fairgrounds ● Gaborone, Botswana ● Phone (267) 390 0884 ● Fax (267) 390 1027 ● [email protected] www.satradehub.org TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... 2 LIST OF ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................ 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................... 4 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 5 2. BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 5 1.0 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................... 6 4.0 SCOPE OF WORK ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Immediate Media Statement Regarding KCM
    Immediate media statement regarding KCM Vedanta Resources and Konkola Copper Mines (KCM) are aware of media reports that Zambian state owned company, ZCCM-IH, has obtained an ex-parte order against KCM. ZCCM-IH owns 20.6% of KCM and has its nominees on the company’s board. Vedanta and KCM reiterate their request for an immediate and urgent meeting with his Excellency, Edgar Lungu, President of the Republic of Zambia, to discuss the matter. Vedanta is a long-standing, loyal investor in KCM and in Zambia having invested over US$3 billion since the acquisition of the asset in 2004. The company employs nearly 13,000 people at its sites and operates clinics, hospitals and schools through its corporate social responsibility programme that amounts to over US$210 million since the acquisition. KCM has contributed c.US$1.3 billion to the Zambian Exchequer in that period and continues to be the leading Pay As You Earn contributor in the country. For the year ended 31 March 2019, Vedanta provided KCM with financial support (including funding of loan repayments) of US$419 million. These significant financial and social investments combined with exponential rises in taxes, duties, fuel and power costs have placed an enormous and unaffordable burden on the company. The most recent restrictions and duty on concentrates have negatively impacted the running of the smelter and the much-needed acid to run its operations. In addition, the Zambian government owes the company more than US$180 million in VAT refunds which has made the situation even more challenging.
    [Show full text]
  • Centre for Applied Social Sciences University of Zimbabwe
    Centre for Applied Social Sciences Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Gender Issues in Community-Based Natural Resource Management CBNRM (Cresta Lodge, Harare : 24 - 27 August 1998) Compiled by Nontokozo Nabane September 1998 University of Zimbabwe CENTRE FOR APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES * University of Zimbabwe POBoxMP 167 Mount Pleasant HARARE Zimbabwe (CASS Occasional Paper - NRM Series; CPN. 97/98) Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Gender Issues in Community-Based Natural Resource Management CBNRM (Cresta Lodge, Harare: 24 - 27 August 1998) Compiled by Nontokozo Nabane September 1998 The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of CASS or IUCN *A Member of IUCN - The World Conservation Union TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................... ii Introduction................................................................................................................... iii Conceptual Manoeuvring Using Gender as an Analytic Category in CBNRM. / SaraMvududu.............................................................................................................. 1 Gender Sensitive Development at Community Level: Experiences from Botswana, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. / Titus Moetsabi............................................................................................................. 19 Participation of Women in Vdd Resource Utilisation and Management: A case study of three villages
    [Show full text]
  • Status, Priorities and Needs for T I Bl Il T I Sustainable Soil Management In
    Status, priorities and needs for sustitaina ble so il managemen tit in Zambia SSStalin Sichinga Zamb ia Ag ricu ltu re Resea r ch Institute Introduction Zambia has an area of 750,000 km2 with about 13.9 million people and ample land resources 0ut of 9 million ha cultivable land, only 14% is cropped in any year About 55 - 60% of the land area is covered by natural forest and 6% of Zambia‘s land surface is covered by water. Agro-ecological regions and soil distribution The country is classified into three agro-ecological regions based on soil types, rainfall, and other climatic conditions Agro-Ecological Regions N Chiengi Kaputa Mpulungu W E Nchelenge Mbala Nakonde Mporokoso S Kawambwa Mungwi Isoka Scale 1: 2,500,000 Mwense Luwingu Kasama Chinsali Chilubi Mansa Chama LEGEND Samfya Milenge Mpika Regions Mwinilunga Chililabombwe Solwezi Agro-ecological Region I Chingola Mufulira Lundazi I Ka lul u shi Kitwe Ndola IIa Lufwanyama Luans hya Chavuma Serenje Mambwe Kabompo Masaiti IIb Mpongwe Zambezi Mufumbwe Chipata Kasempa Petauke Katete Chadiza III Annual rainfall is <750mm Kapiri Mposhi Mkushi Nyimba Kabwe Lukulu Kaoma Mumbwa Chibombo Kalabo Mongu Chongwe Lusaka Urban Luangwa Itezhi-Tezhi Kafue Namwala Mazabuka Senanga Monze KEY Siavonga Sesheke Gwembe Shangombo Choma District boundary e Kazungula Kalomo w g n o z a in Livingstone S 200 0 200 400 Kilometers December 2002 The region contains a diversity of soil types ranging from slightly acidic Nitosols to alkaline Luvisols with pockets of Vertisols, Arenosols, Leptosols and, Solonetz. The physical limitations of region I soils Hazards to erosion, lim ite d so il dept h in t he hills an d escarpment zones, presence of hardpans in the pan dambo areas, ppyoor workability in the cracking gy, clay soils, problems of crusting in most parts of the Southern province, low water-holding capacities and the problem of wetness in the valley dambos, plains and swamps.
    [Show full text]
  • Education Act.Pdf
    The Laws of Zambia REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA THE EDUCATION ACT CHAPTER 134 OF THE LAWS OF ZAMBIA CHAPTER 134 THE EDUCATION ACT THE EDUCATION ACT ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS PART I PRELIMINARYPART I PRELIMINARY Section 1. Short title 2. Interpretation 3. Application 4. Functions of Minister 5. Educational regions 6. Chief Education Officers PART II NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL COUNCILS OF EDUCATIONPART II NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND LOCAL COUNCILS OF EDUCATION 7. National Council of Education 8. Regional Councils of Education 9. Local Councils of Education 10. Constitution and procedure of National, Regional and Local Councils of Education Copyright Ministry of Legal Affairs, Government of the Republic of Zambia The Laws of Zambia PART III GOVERNMENT AND AIDED SCHOOLSPART III GOVERNMENT AND AIDED SCHOOLS 11. Establishment, maintenance and closure of Government schools and hostels 12. Regulations governing Government and aided schools and hostels PART IV REGISTRATION OF PRIVATE SCHOOLSPART IV REGISTRATION OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS 13. Registration and renewal of registration 14. Registration 15. Register 16. Cancellation of registration of private schools 17. Minister's determination to be final 18. Offences 18A. Publication of list of registered private schools 18B. Saving of registration of private schools 18C. Regulations PART V BOARDS OF GOVERNORSPART V BOARDS OF GOVERNORS 19. Establishment and incorporation of boards 20. Functions of boards 21. Funds of boards 22. Accounts and audit 23. Regulations PART VI GENERAL PROVISIONSPART VI GENERAL PROVISIONS Copyright Ministry of Legal Affairs, Government of the Republic of Zambia The Laws of Zambia 24. No refusal of admission on grounds of race or religion 25. Exemption of pupils from religious observances 26.
    [Show full text]
  • Rp124 Cover.Pmd
    LTC Research Paper Land Tenure, Land Markets, and Instituional Transformation in Zambia edited by Michael Roth with the assistance of Steven G. Smith University of Wisconsin-Madison 175 Science Hall 550 North Park Street Madison, WI 53706 http://www.ies.wisc.edu/ltc/ Research Paper LTC Research Paper 124, U.S. ISSN 0084-0815 originally published in October 1995 LAND TENURE, LAND MARKETS, AND INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATION IN ZAMBIA edited by Michael Roth with the assistance of Steven G. Smith All views, interpretations, recommendations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the supporting or cooperating organizations. Andy recommendations or suggestions herein doe not represent the official position of the Government of Zambia. LTC Research Paper 124 Prepared for the Land Tenure Center University of Wisconsin-Madison October 1995 Copyright ® 1995 by the authors. All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Lists of Tables and Figures vii List of Acronyms x Preface xi Chapter 1: Legal Framework and Administration of Land Policy in Zambia 1 I. Introduction 1 A. Issues 1 B. Outline of report 2 II. Colonial policy and settlement 4 III. Agrarian structure 5 IV. Arable land and crop expansion 7 V. Land tenure 14 A. Tenure on State Lands 15 B. Reserve and Trust Land administration 18 C. Urban, housing, and improvement areas 22 D. Agencies responsible for land policy 23 E. Subdivisions 24 VI.
    [Show full text]
  • 2000 Census of Population and Housing
    2000 Census of Population and Housing Published by Central Statistical Office, P. O. Box 31908, Copperbelt, Zambia. Tel: 260-01-251377/253468 Fax: 260-01-253468 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.zamstats.gov.zm September, 2004 COPYRIGHT RESERVED Extracts may be published if Sources are duly acknowledged. Preface The 2000 Census of Population and Housing was undertaken from 16th October to 15th November 2000. This was the fourth census since Independence in 1964. The other three were carried out in 1969, 1980 and 1990. The 2000 Census operations were undertaken with the use of Grade 11 pupils as enumerators, Primary School Teachers as supervisors, Professionals from within Central Statistical Office and other government departments being as Trainers and Management Staff. Professionals and Technical Staff of the Central Statistical Office were assigned more technical and professional tasks. This report presents detailed analysis of issues on evaluation of coverage and content errors; population, size, growth and composition; ethnicity and languages; economic and education characteristics; fertility; mortality and disability. The success of the Census accrues to the dedicated support and involvement of a large number of institutions and individuals. My sincere thanks go to Co-operating partners namely the British Government, the Japanese Government, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the Norwegian Government, the Dutch Government, the Finnish Government, the Danish Government, the German Government, University of Michigan, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Canadian Government for providing financial, material and technical assistance which enabled the Central Statistical Office carry out the Census.
    [Show full text]
  • Zambia Project
    STRENGTHENING EDUCATIONAL PERFORMANCE – UP (STEP-UP) ZAMBIA PROJECT QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT FY 2014 Q3: APRIL 1 – JUNE 30, 2014 Contract No. AID-611-C-12-00001 JULY 31, 2014 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Chemonics International Inc. The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. Cover photo: A Grade One learner demonstrates her literacy skills in front of provincial and district educational officers at the provincial launch of the Let’s Read Zambia campaign in Southern Province. Though she is a Grade One student, she is able to read from a Grade Two textbook. STEP-UP ZAMBIA FY2014 Q3 PROGRESS REPORT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 II. KEY ACCOMPLISHMENTS 2 A. INTEGRATE AND STRENGTHEN SYSTEMS FOR IMPROVED DECISION-MAKING (TASK 1) 6 B. PROMOTE EQUITY AS A CENTRAL THEME IN POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION (TASK 2) 9 C. INSTITUTIONALIZE THE MESVTEE’S MANAGEMENT OF HIV AND AIDS WORKPLACE POLICIES (TASK 3) 9 D. STRENGTHEN DECENTRALIZATION FOR IMPROVED LEARNER PERFORMANCE (TASK 4) 15 E. ENGAGE ZAMBIAN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE MESVTEE POLICY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS (TASK 5) 24 F. MANAGEMENT, MONITORING, AND EVALUATION 28 III. GOALS FOR NEXT QUARTER 30 ANNEX A: SUCCESS STORY 32 ANNEX B: STATUS OF M&E INDICATORS 35 ANNEX C: ACTIVE DATA MANAGEMENT COMMITTEES 39 STEP-UP ZAMBIA FY2014 Q3 PROGRESS REPORT iii
    [Show full text]
  • Zambia Country Profile Report
    TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ i LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. i COUNTRY FACT SHEET ...................................................................................................... i LIST OF ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................... ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... i 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ........................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Background ........................................................................................................................... 2 2. OVERVIEW OF ZAMBIA ............................................................................................... 4 3. ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ................................................................................................ 7 3.1 Economy ..................................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Economic Structure ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Zambia: Cholera 22 January 2008
    DREF operation n° MDRZM005 GLIDE n° EP-2009-000020-ZMB Zambia: Cholera 22 January 2008 The International Federation’s Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) is a source of un-earmarked money created by the Federation in 1985 to ensure that immediate financial support is available for Red Cross and Red Crescent response to emergencies. The DREF is a vital part of the International Federation’s disaster response system and increases the ability of national societies to respond to disasters. CHF 60,959.70 (USD 54,560 or EUR 41,295) has been allocated from the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent (IFRC)’s Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) to support Zambia Red Cross Society (ZRCS) in delivering immediate assistance to some 30,000 families. Unearmarked funds to repay DREF are encouraged. Summary: Zambia has reported an outbreak of cholera since October 2008 and reported so far is 597 confirmed cholera cases with eight deaths. The worst affected areas are Lusaka where the cases are still Zambia Red Cross Society volunteers working alongside increasing, Mpulungu, government health staff at the cholera treatment centre in Livingstone and Mazabuka Lusaka: Photo: Zambia Red Cross where the outbreak has been contained. All the deaths have been reported from Lusaka. This operation is expected to be implemented over three months, and will therefore be completed by 31 March, 2009; a Final Report will be made available three months after the end of the operation (by 30 June, 2009). <click here for the DREF budget, here for contact details, or here to view the map of the affected area> The situation Cholera cases were initially reported in early October 2008 in Mpulungu district of Northern Province, mainly emanating from the fishing camps.
    [Show full text]