Gold in Sulphide Minerals and Ore Deposits

October

2004

Issue 83 GOLD IN SULPHIDE MINERALS AND ORE DEPOSITS

Stephen E. Kesler gold, and suggest geologic environ- parts per million gold, much less than Department of Geological Sciences ments that might be favorable for as the limits indicated by the experi- University of Michigan yet undiscovered deposits. ments, indicating that much of the Ann Arbor, MI USA 48109 gold probably exsolved as the deposits Gold in Porphyry Copper Deposits cooled. Introduction Evidence that porphyry copper Just what proportion of the gold A large part of world gold produc- deposits contain visible gold is pro- was originally in solid solution in por- tion comes from porphyry copper- vided by the artisanal mines that ex- phyry copper deposits depends on the gold and Carlin-type deposits in which ploit the upper part of some deposits temperature at which the Cu-Fe sul- the metal is rarely seen. As a result, we in developing countries (Figure 1). phides were deposited. Figure 2 shows have limited information on the min- This gold, which is rarely seen by Cu and Au grades for porphyry cop- eralogical form in which gold was pre- modern miners and must be recovered per deposits along with lines indicating cipitated from solution, and this limits by special gravity circuits, is present the maximum amount of gold that our ability to understand the geochem- largely as micrometre-size grains of could have been deposited in bornite istry of gold during formation of these electrum that are concentrated at and and chalcopyrite at 700, 550 and deposits. A common solution to this near the margins of bornite and chal- 400°C. According to these relations, if quandary has been to assume that gold copyrite (Baldwin et al., 1978; Cuddy in porphyry copper and Carlin-type and Kesler, 1982; Tarkian and Koop- deposits was precipitated as native mann, 1995; Ballantyne et al., 1997; gold or electrum, just as it was in Rubin and Kyle, 1997). The close as- many greenstone and epithermal gold sociation of bornite and chalcopyrite deposits where visible gold is much with gold suggests that it was depos- more common (Cooke and Simmons, ited in solid solution in the Cu-Fe sul- 2000; Hagemann and Cassidy, 2000). phides. Growing information on the ac- Experiments in the Cu-Fe-S-Au tual mineralogical form of gold sug- system show that Cu-Fe sulphides can gests that this assumption is not al- incorporate a large amount of gold in ways correct and that gold in many solid solution (Simon et al., 2000). At deposits is largely in solid solution in any temperature, bornite hosts about other sulphide minerals. This more an order of magnitude more gold than accurate mineralogical information chalcopyrite. At 700°C, the highest provides insights into the reasons that temperature for which data are avail- porphyry copper and Carlin-type de- able, bornite can host 700 ppm gold; posits contain such large amounts of maximum gold contents drop rapidly with decreasing temperature but still amount to almost 10 ppm at 400°C. Inside this issue: The difference in gold-hosting capac- Editor’s Message 3 ity of bornite and chalcopyrite is di- Figure 1. View of the Tiogdan zone at Unesco Heritage Site—Falun Cu 10 rectly related to their copper contents, the Kingking porphyry copper deposit, which are about 64 and 34%, respec- Career Opportunity 12 Philippines, showing extensive artisanal tively (Kesler et al., 2002). SIMS analy- mine workings to recover gold. REE Short Course Report 13 ses of bornite and chalcopyrite in por- (Continued on page 4) phyry copper ores contain only a few Calendar of Events 18 2003-2004 MINERAL DEPOSITS DIVISION EXECUTIVE LIST MDD Goals and Objectives

Chairperson: Hendrik Falck The Gangue is published quarterly by the Min- C.S. Lord Northern Geoscience Centre, Box 1500, 4601-B, 52 Avenue, Yellow- eral Deposits Division of GAC and is distrib- knife, NT, X1A 2R3; Tel: (867) 669-2636; Fax: (867) 669-2725 uted to its members. The Mineral Deposits Divi- Eemail: [email protected] sion of the Geological Association of Canada is Canada’s foremost society for promoting the Past Chairperson: Moira Smith study of mineral deposits by supporting local TECK COMINCO Limited, #600 - 200 Burrard Street and national meetings, symposia, short courses Vancouver, BC V6C 3L9; Tel: (604) 640-5373; Fax: (604) 685-3069 and field trips. We sponsor the publication of Email: [email protected] research relating to ore deposits and metallog- eny, and recognize the contributions of out- Vice Chairperson: Jan Peter standing Canadian economic geologists by Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0E8; Tel: (613) annually awarding the Duncan Derry and Wil- 992-2376; Fax: (613) 996-3726 liam Harvey Gross medals and the Julian Boldy Email: [email protected] Certificate. Publication Schedule: Secretary: ‘Lyn Anglin Geological Survey of Canada, 101 - 605 Robson Street, Rm. 1401, Vancouver, SUBMISSION DATE BC V6B 5J3; Tel: (604) 666-2562; Fax: (604) 666-1124 December 15 January Email: [email protected] March 15 April June 15 July Treasurer: Jason Dunning September 15 October Expatriate Resources, Suite 475, 701 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC V6C 2B3; Tel: (604) 682-5474, ext. 225; Fax (604) 682-5404 Email: [email protected] Information for contributors:

The objective of this newsletter is primarily to Publications: Dirk Tempelman-Kluit provide a forum for members and other profes- Tempelman-Kluit Consulting, 4697 West 4th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V6R 1R6; sionals to voice new ideas, describe interesting Tel: (604) 224-5582; Fax: (604) 224-6903 mineral occurrences or expound on deposit Email: [email protected] models. Articles on ore deposits, deposit models, news events, field trips, book reviews, con- Professional Development – Field Trips: Dani Alldrick ferences, reprints of presentations to compa- BC Geological Survey, 5 - 1810 Blanshard Street, Victoria, BC V8T 4J1; nies, mining groups or conferences, or other Tel: (250) 952-0412; Fax: (250) 952-0381 material which may be of interest to the eco- Email: [email protected] nomic geology community are welcome. Manu- scripts should be submitted by email in WP or Short Course Coordinator: Steve Piercey WORD format. A printed version should be Mineral Exploration Research Centre, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Laurentian Univer- mailed or FAXed. Illustrations should be cam- sity, Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6; Tel: (705) 675-1151 ext. 2364; era-ready (ideally as CDR digital files); photos Fax: (705) 675-4898 should be of good quality. Short items dealing Email: spiercey@nickel.laurentian.ca with news events or meetings can be submitted by FAX, postal mail or email. Contributions may Medals Committee and Website Manager: Dan Marshall be edited for clarity or brevity. Dept. of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC Tel: (604) 291-5474; Fax: (604) 291-4198 For Information & Submissions: Email: [email protected] Kay Thorne—THE GANGUE NB DNR-Minerals PO Box 6000, Room 150 Check out the updated Fredericton, NB E3B 5H1 Email: [email protected] Tel: (506) 444-2309 MDD Website: Fax: (506) 453-3671 http://mdd.harbour.com/ October 2004 – Gangue No. 83 2 MDD DIRECTORS Message from the Editor • Suzanne Paradis (2002-2005) Natural Resources Canada, 9860 West Saanich Road, Room 4718, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2; Tel: (250) 363-6732; Fax: (250) 363-6565 Dear MDD Members, Email: [email protected] Well here it is almost the end of another successful year for • Cliff Stanley (2002-2005) MDD. The executive committee has been doing a great job to Department of Geology, Acadia University, ensure that the Division’s dynamic reputation is being upheld, Wolfville, NS, B4P 2R6; Tel: (902) 585-1344; Fax: with their sponsorship of numerous short courses, field trips (902) 585-1816 and special sessions at the GAC-MAC annual meeting. This Email: [email protected] involves a lot of dedication and hard work by a number of peo- • Ross Sherlock (2003-2006) ple—both on the front lines and behind the scenes. Many ESS/GSC-MRGB/CNGO, Natural Resources thanks and congratulations to those who make it happen! Canada, 626 Tumiit Building, P.O. Box 2319, It is with great pleasure that I am announcing one very impor- Iqaluit, NU; Tel (867) 979-3539; Fax: (867) 979- tant accomplishment of MDD that has recently taken place. 0708 The back issues of the GANGUE (volumes 1 through 82) are Email: [email protected] now available for your viewing pleasure on the MDD website! • Steve McCutcheon (2003-2006) For those interested, the web address is: New Brunswick Department of Natural Re- sources, P.O. Box 50, 495 Riverside Drive, http://mdd.harbour.com/gangue.htm Bathurst, NB; (506) 547-2070; Fax (506) 547- I find it rather interesting to peruse some of the older issues, 7694 just to see how much the newsletter has changed over the years. Email: [email protected] I encourage you to take the time to have a look for yourself. • Gema Olivo (2003-2006) You’ll find some very interesting articles by some very high pro- Geological Sciences, Queens University, King- file economic geologists. If you look hard enough, I’m sure ston, ON; Tel: (613) 533-6998; Fax: (613) 533- you’ll find some interesting tidbits of information (and maybe 6592 even a snicker or two) in some of the many articles. Hats off to Email: [email protected] those that were instrumental in the undertaking of this rather • Steve Rowins (2003-2006) tedious task, particularly Brian Grant who carefully scanned (at Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Uni- a very high quality I might add!) all of the hard copies that he versity of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Tel: had in his almost complete collection. Dave Lentz provided (604) 822-9561; Fax: (604) 822-6088 some of the archived digital files and Dan Marshall had the all Email: [email protected] important role of uploading each of the pdf files to the web. • Bob Cathro (2004-2007) Special mention should be given to Steve Rowins whose persis- Cathro Exploration Corporation, 3220 Dogwood tence in bringing to our attention the importance of the avail- Road, RR #1 Chemainus, BC, V0R 1K0; ability of past issues of the GANGUE, was the impetus for the Tel./Fax.: (250) 246-4738 success of this project. This has been a very important step to Email: [email protected] securing both the past and future existence of the GANGUE • Rebecca Sproule (2004-2007) newsletter. A huge thanks to those guys and anyone else who Department of Earth Sciences, Laurentian Univer- may have helped out with the project! sity, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6; Tel: (705) 675-1151, The next issue of the GANGUE is shaping up rather scantily. ext. 1325; Fax: (705) 675-4898 If anyone has an article that they would like to see published in Email: [email protected] the GANGUE, I would GREATLY appreciate hearing from • Craig Hart (2004-2007) you. Also, if you have any questions or concerns regarding the Yukon Geological Survey, Box 2703 (K-10), content or layout, I welcome your Whitehorse, YK, X1A 2C6; Tel: (867) 667-8508; comments. That’s all for now folks! Fax: (867) 393-6232 Email: [email protected] Happy Holidays to you and your families! Kay Thorne GANGUE Editor October 2004 – Gangue No. 83 3 (Continued from page 1) the main mineral was bornite that formed at 700°C, all gold would have been deposited in solid solution. In contrast, if the main mineral was chalcopyrite that formed at 400°C or less, only Ray, El Teniente and a few other deposits would have contained solid solution gold, and gold in the deposits with higher Au:Cu ratios would have been deposited as native gold or electrum. The actual situation is probably somewhere between these extremes, as indicated by a growing body of fluid inclusion measurements. Cu-Fe sulphides in many deposits in Arizona and at Butte, for instance, appear to have formed at temperatures of 300 to 450°C (Nash, 1976; Bodnar and Beane, 1980; Holick and Wood, 1999; Rusk et al., 2002). In contrast, deposits associated with more mafic intrusive rocks contain veins that formed at higher temperatures, locally greater than 600°C (Eastoe, 1978; Wil- Figure 2. Cu-Au contents of porphyry copper deposits. Lines show son et al., 1980; Harrison, 1999; Imai, 2000; Gon- maximum Au content of deposits that would contain gold completely in zalez-Partida and Levresse, 2003). At Bingham, ca- solid solution for bornite (bn) or chalcopyrite (cpy) deposited at the spe- thodoluminescence images of vein quartz suggest cified temperature. that some quartz formed at similarly high temperatures, but that Cu-Fe sulphides were deposited at temperatures of 400 to 500°C (Redmond et al., 2004). Thus, it appears likely that solid solution gold was a major part of at least some porphyry copper deposits, particularly those containing Cu-Fe sulphides that precipitated above about 550°C.

Gold in Carlin-type Deposits In contrast to the porphyry copper deposits, Carlin-type deposits are famous for having “invisible” gold that was not recovered by pans of the early prospectors. Micrometre-sized particles of gold are found in oxidized Carlin-type ores (Hochella et al., 1988), but gold in the primary sulphide ores is hosted largely by arsenian pyrite, which contain tens to thousands of parts per million gold (Bakken et al., 1989; Arehart et al., 1993; Fleet and Mumin, 1997). Similar levels of gold can substitute in arsenopyrite (Cabri et al., 2000), but it is considerably less abundant in Carlin-type deposits and therefore is not as important a host for gold. Arsenian pyrite in Carlin- type deposits commonly takes the form of overgrowths on earlier diagenetic or hydrothermal pyrite, sometimes with multiple growth zones (Figure 3). Arsenian pyrite is not confined to Carlin-type deposits. It is relatively common in some epithermal deposits related to alkaline magmatism such as Porgera and Emperor (Richards and Kerrich, 1993; Pals et al., 2003), and in some greenstone gold and massive sulphide deposits (Fleet et al., 1993; Mumin et al., 1994; McClenaghan et al., 2004 ). It is also a common constituent of basinal sedimentary rocks, especially coal, where it is an environmental threat but not a known host for gold (Kolker et al., 1998, 2001; Goldhaber et al., 2002; Rosua et al., 2003). Arsenian pyrite is probably considerably more widespread than even these observations indicate because pyrite outside Carlin-type deposits, Figure 3. Arsenian pyrite overgrowth on and especially pyrite outside ore deposits, is rarely analyzed for its trace diagenetic(?) pyrite core, Twin Creeks Carlin-type element content. deposit, Nevada.

October 2004 – Gangue No. 83 4 Microbeam (EMPA and SIMS) and laser-ablation ICP-MS analyses of arsenian pyrite from Carlin-type deposits indicate that it contains a wide range of elements, of which gold has been best characterized. In a plot of gold vs. arsenic contents, arsenian pyrite compositions form a wedge-shaped zone with an upper limit that increases in gold content with increasing arsenic content (Figure 4). A few arsenian pyrite compositions plot above the limit and contain spherical particles only a few nanometres in diameter consisting of native gold atoms that are aligned parallel to the crystal lattice of the host pyrite (Palenik et al., 2004). Most arsenian pyrites, however, plot below the limit and contain no gold minerals, even at the nanoscale resolution of high-resolution, transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images, indicating that their gold is held in the crystal lattice of the arsenian pyrite (Reich et al., 2003). It follows that this limit represents the maximum solubility of gold in arsenian pyrite in Carlin-type deposits. Figure 4. Au-As compositions of arsenian pyrites from Car- Whether or not the position of this limit varies with tempera- lin-type deposits (from Reich et al., 2004). ture is unclear because most Carlin-type deposits from which samples have been analyzed form at similar temperatures of about 200°C (Hofstra and Cline, 2000). Regardless of this uncertainty, the fact that analyses of most arsenian pyrites plot below the solubility limit indicates that most gold in Carlin-type deposits was precipitated in solid solution with arsenian pyrite and not as native gold or electrum.

Significance of Solid Solution Gold These observations show that essentially all gold in Carlin-type and much of that in porphyry copper deposits is precipitated in solid solution. In porphyry copper-gold deposits, it substitutes for Cu and highest Au contents are found in sulphides with highest Cu:Fe ratios. Hypogene chalcocite, which is found in several Au-rich porphyry copper deposits such as Batu Hijau (Garwin, 2002) contains almost an order of magnitude more gold than bornite at surface temperatures and is probably a very important host during ore deposition (Kesler et al., 2002; Garwin, 2002). In Carlin-type deposits, gold substitutes for As in arsenian pyrite or, in some cases, in arsenopyrite, whereas As substitutes for S. Ab initio calcula- tions show that the presence of a nearby As atoms makes substitution of Au for Fe more energetically favourable in the pyrite lattice (Reich et al., 2003). These relations are important to formation of gold ores because solutions do not need to be saturated with respect to elemental gold in order to deposit gold in solid solution in arsenian pyrite or Cu-Fe sulphides (Gammons and Williams- Jones, 1997; Simon et al., 1999). Instead, gold will enter the host mineral, whether Cu-Fe sulphide or arsenian pyrite, as soon as it begins to precipitate, even from solutions that would be considered “undersaturated” by those evaluating ore- forming processes in terms of their capacity to precipitate the native metal. Instead, these undersaturated solutions can continue to scavenge gold from their surroundings, whether magma or wallrock, but will deposit gold when the appropri- ate host mineral is stabilized. Thus, the key to formation of gold-rich porphyry copper and Carlin-type deposits is stabilization of their gold-hosting mineral. Conceptually, this is a big shift from our common focus trying to aid exploration by determining the processes that favour deposition of elemental gold, electrum or even tellurides. Instead, formation of Carlin-type deposits, for instance, is largely a matter of forming arsenian pyrite in a solution that contains some gold, although not enough to satu- rate the solution with elemental gold. Phase equilibria in the Cu-Fe-S system show that bornite and chalcocite, the most effective gold-hosting minerals in porphyry copper deposits, form at high temperature and relatively oxidizing conditions (Figure 5A). Less is known about the phase equilibria of arsenian pyrite, in part because it is not even clear whether it is a stable phase. However, the most likely location of a stability or metastability field for arsenian pyrite is in the area of over- lap of pyrite and native arsenic fields (Figure 5B). Viewed from the perspective of an explorationist, these phase relations provide some insights into environments that should form Carlin-type and Au-rich porphyry copper deposits. For porphyry copper deposits, the most favourable environment would be one associated with relatively hot, mafic parent intrusions and lacking late alteration overprints that (Continued on page 6)

October 2004 – Gangue No. 83 5 (Continued from page 5) would convert bornite and chalcocite to pyrite and chalcopyrite. For Carlin-type deposits, the most favourable environments are those containing the highest arsenic contents, although surprisingly little is known about the source of arsenic in Carlin-type deposits. A magmatic source appears most likely simply on the basis of the Au-As-Sb-Hg element association typical of these deposits (Stenger et al., 1998; Hofstra and Cline, 2000). If arsenic in these deposits comes from a sedimentary environment, however, the distribution of these rocks relative to Carlin-type hydrothermal systems might determine which actually deposit the most gold. Solid solution gold is present in other types of ore deposits, as well, although it has not yet become a defining characteristic of them. Deposits containing Cu-Fe sulphides that formed at high temperatures, such as O’keip-type and magmatic deposits, have elevated gold contents locally. The real potential for surprises, however, is probably in deposits containing abundant arsenopyrite. Metallurgically refractory arsenopyrite with significant gold is common in greenstone gold deposits (Armstrong, 1992; Saha and Venkatesh, 2002; Vaughn and Kyin, 2004). Gold deposits associated with reduced granitoid intrusions also contain abundant arsenopyrite locally, as well as pyrrhotite and other minerals that could host significant gold. As improvements are made in metallurgical treatment of arsenic-rich ores, these deposits could become attractive exploration targets.

Conclusions Invisible gold is a metallurgical vexation, but could be a geological blessing because it is deposited from solutions that are not saturated with respect to the native metal. Deposition of gold from unsaturated solutions allows more efficient scavenging of the metal from source rocks and increases the probability of forming large deposits. Wider recognition of this process might provide new ideas in exploration for gold-bearing deposits.

References Arehart, G.B., Chryssoulis, A.L., & Kesler, S.E., 1993. Gold and arsenic in iron sulfides from sediment-hosted disseminated Figure 5. Schematic phase relations showing: A) high- gold deposits: implications for depositional processes. Eco- temperature bornite-magnetite and chalcocite-magnetite nomic Geology, v. 88, p. 171-185. assemblages in porphyry copper deposits and B) probable Armstrong, J., 1992. Variations in silicate and sulphide mineral area of arsenian pyrite stability field occupying pyrite + chemistry between free-milling "metallic" and refractory native arsenic field (generalized from Simon et al., 1999, "invisible" gold ores, Con Mine, Yellowknife, N.W.T. Ph.D. 2000 and Reich et al., 2004). dissertation, University of Western Ontario. Baldwin, J.T., Swain, H.D., & Clark, G.H., 1978. Geology and grade distribution at the Panguna porphyry copper deposit, Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. Economic Geology, v. 73, p. 690-702. Bakken B.M., Hochella M.F., Jr., Marshall A.F., & Turner A.M., 1989. High-resolution microscopy of gold in unoxidized ore from the Carlin Mine, Nevada. Economic Geology, v. 84, p. 171-179. Ballantyne, G.H., Smith, T.W., & Redmond, P.B., 1997. Distribution and mineralogy of gold and silver in the Bingham Canyon porphyry copper deposit, Utah, in John, D.A., and Ballantyne, G.H., eds., Geology and ore deposits of the Oquirrh and Wasatch Mountains, Utah, Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook No. 29, p. 147-153. Bodnar, R.J. & Beane, R.E, 1980. Temporal and spatial variations in hydrothermal fluid characteristics during vein-filling

October 2004 – Gangue No. 83 6 in preore cover overlying deeply buried porphyry cop- Harrison, J.S., 1999. Hydrothermal alteration and fluid evo- per-type mineralization at Red Mountain, Arizona. lution of the Grasberg porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Irian Economic Geology, v. 75, p. 876-893. Jaya, Indonesia. M.Sc. thesis, University of Texas, Aus- Cabri, L.J., Newville, M., Gordon, R.A., Crozier, E.D., Sut- tin. ton, S.R., McMahon, G., & Jiang, D-T., 2000. Chemical Hochella, M.F., Bakken. B.M. & Marshall, A.F., 1988. speciation of gold in arsenopyrite. Canadian Mineralo- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of partially gist, v. 38, p. 1265-1281. oxidized gold ore, Carlin-mine, Nevada, in Vassilious, Cooke, D.R. & Simmons, S.R., 2000. Characteristics and A.H., Hausen, D.M., and Carson D.J.T., eds., Process genesis of epithermal gold deposits. Society of Eco- mineralogy, v. III. 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Abun- Goldhaber, M.B., Hatch, J.R., Callender, E., Irwin, E.R., dance and speciation of gold in massive sulfides from Tuttle, J.L., Reynolds, R.L., Ayuso, R.A., Lee, L., Morri- Bathurst Camp, New Brunswick, Canada. Canadian son, J.M., Grossman, J.N., Atkins, J.B., Black, D.D., Mineralogist, v. 42, p. 851-871. Zappia, H., Pashin, J.C., Sanzolone, R.F., Ruppert, R.F., Mumin, A.H., Fleet, M.E., & Chryssoulis, S.L., 1994. Gold Kolker, A., & Finkelman, R.B., 2002. Impact of ele- mineralization in As-rich mesothermal gold ores of the vated arsenic in coal on the geochemical landscape of Bogosu-Prestea mining district of the Ashanti Gold the Eastern U.S. International Symposium on the Geo- Belt, Ghana: remobilization of “invisible” gold. Miner- chemistry of the Earth’s Surface, Abstracts volume, v. alium Deposita, v. 29, p. 445-460. 6, p. 329-331. Nash, J.T., 1976. Fluid-inclusion petrology; data from por- Gonzalez-Partida, E. & Levresse, G., 2003. Fluid inclusion phyry copper deposits and applications to exploration. evolution at the La Verde porphyry copper deposit, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, P0907, p. Michoacan, Mexico. Journal of Geochemical Explora- DD1-16. tion, v. 78-79, p. 623-626. Palenik C.S., Utsunomiya S., Reich M., Kesler S.E., & Ew- Hagemann, S.G. & Cassidy, K.F., 2000. Archean orogenic ing R.C., 2004. "Invisible" gold revealed: direct imaging lode gold deposits. Society of Economic Geologists, of gold nanoparticles in a Carlin-type deposit. American Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 13, p. 9-68. (Continued on page 8)

October 2004 – Gangue No. 83 7 (Continued from page 7) tana. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Pro- Mineralogist (in press). grams, v. 34, p. 16. Pals D.W., Spry P.G., & Chryssoulis S., 2003. Invisible gold Saha, I. & Venkatesh, A.S., 2002. Invisible gold within sul- and tellurium in arsenic-rich pyrite from the Emperor fides from the Archean Hutti-Maski schist belt, south- gold deposit, Fiji; implications for gold distribution and ern India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 20, p. deposition. Economic Geology, v. 98, p. 479-493. 449-457. Redmond, P.B., Einaudi, M.T., Inan, E.E., Landtwing, M.R. Simon, G., Kesler S.E., & Chryssoulis S., 1999. Geochemis- & Heinrich. C.A., 2004. Copper deposition by fluid try and textures of gold-bearing arsenian pyrite, Twin cooling in intrusion-centered systems; new insights Creeks, Nevada; implications for deposition of gold in from the Bingham porphyry ore deposit, Utah. Geol- Carlin-type deposits. Economic Geology, v. 94, p. 405- ogy, v. 32, p. 217-220. 421. Reich M., Palenik, C.S., Utsunomiya, S., Becker, U., Simon, G., Kesler, S.E. and Essene, E.J., 2000. Gold in por- Stixrude, L., Kesler, S.E. & Ewing, R.C., 2003. Solubil- phyry copper deposits: experimental determination of ity limit of gold in arsenian pyrite from Carlin-type and the distribution of gold in the Cu-Fe-S system at 400° epithermal deposits: EMPA, SIMS, HRTEM and quan- to 700°C: Economic Geology, v. 95, p. 259-270. tum mechanical constraints. Geological Society of Stenger, D.P., Kesler, S.E., Peltonen, D. & Tapper, C., America Abstracts with Programs, v. 35, p. 358. 1998. Deposition of gold in Carlin-type deposits: The Richards J. P. & Kerrich R., 1993. The Porgera gold mine, role of sulfidation and decarbonatization at Twin Papua New Guinea; magmatic hydrothermal to epither- Creeks, Nevada. Economic Geology, v. 93, p. 201-215. mal evolution of an alkalic-type precious metal deposit. Tarkian M. & Koopmann, G., 1995. Platinum-group miner- Economic Geology, v. 88, p. 1017-1052. als in the Santo Tomas II (Phylex) porphyry copper- Rosua, F.J. Carrillo, Ruano, S. Morales, & Fenol Hach-ali, gold deposit, Luzon Island, Philippines. Mineralium P., 2003. Iron sulphides at the epithermal gold-copper Deposita, v. 30, p. 39-47. deposit of Palai-Islica (Almerica, SE Spain). Mineralogi- Vaughn, J.P. & Kyin, A., 2004. Refractory gold ores in Ar- cal Magazine, v. 67, p. 1059-1080. chaean greenstones, Western Australia; mineralogy, Rubin, J.N. & Kyle, J.R., 1997, Precious metal distribution gold paragenesis, metallurgical characterization and in porphyry, skarn and replacement-type ore deposits of classification. Mineralogical Magazine, v. 68, p. 255-277. the Ertsberg (Gunung Bijih) district, Irian Jaya, Indone- Wilson, J.J.W., Kesler, S.E., Cloke, P.L. & Kelly, W.C., sia. Economic Geology, v. 92, p. 535-551. 1980. Fluid inclusion geochemistry of the Granisle and Rusk, B., Reed, M.H., Dilles, J.H., Klemm, L., & Heinrich, Bell porphyry copper deposits, British Columbia. Eco- C.A., 2002. Fluid inclusion evidence for magmatic fluid nomic Geology, v. 75, p., 45-61. evolution in the porphyry copper deposit; Butte, Mon-

ExplorationExploration andand MiningMining GeologyGeology CIM’s quarterly journal

Volumes 11 (2002) and 12 (2003) of EMG are now available. Fu- ture volumes will include special volumes on mineral deposits of Nunavut, Bathurst Mining Camp, pegmatites, and Proterozoic gold deposits.

Volumes 11 and 12 are available to members of MDD at a special affiliated rate of $CDN 75/ $US 55. To purchase these volumes and obtain a subscription to Volume 12, contact Jo-Anne Watier at CIM (Tel.: 514-939-2710 ext 1311; email: [email protected]).

October 2004 – Gangue No. 83 8 October 2004 – Gangue No. 83 9 UNESCO World Heritage Site: The Falun Cu Mine (Stora Kopparberget – Great Copper Mountain), central Sweden: 1000 years of mining history (closed 1992) By: David Lentz, UNB

Falun is one of 12 World Heritage sites in Sweden. It is nes- tled in the midst of the famous Bergslaggen region that is renowned historically for its numerous mines (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ag, Au), although only the base-metal mine at Garpen- berg is still operating. Evidence suggests that mining in the area may have took place as early as the 8th century and was one of the world’s largest Cu mine in the 17th and 18th centuries. Since then, it has produced metals for several hun- dred years, with its prime being in the 1600’s. “We are naturally proud that Falun, with its mining area, town and homesteader estates has been listed as a World Heritage Site. Falun was inscribed on the World Heritage list at UNESCO’s 25th session which took place in Hel- sinki on 13 December 2001.” The mine museum on the edge of the “Great Pit”. (Photo by D. The Citation Lentz). “The historical industrial landscape surrounding Stora Kopparberget (the Great Copper Mountain) and Falun constitutes one of the most outstanding areas of mining and the production of metals. The mining operation was closed down at the end of the twentieth century, but for hundreds of years it had exerted a strong influence on technical, social and political developments in Sweden and other European countries.” It was considered the “jewel of the realm” by 17th century Queen Kristina. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Falun produced ¾ of the world’s Cu production. The deepest shafts in the mine reach a maximum depth of 600 m. A major collapse in 1687 created the large open pit that can be seen in the Falun area today. Mining continued in the area some 300 years since the cave in, with the most recent blasting having taken place in 1992. The red ochre at Falun (Falun Areal view of the open pit at Falun that was created as a conse- Red) has been used in paint production since the 1700’s and quence of a major collapse of the mine workings in 1687. (Photo is still produced. On the edge of the “Great Pit”, there is from http://www.kopparberget.com/). the Mine Museum, which tells the long history of the mine, and community’s development. There are also interesting underground tours of the mine that are historically informa- tive. For more information, visit the website: http://www.kopparberget.com/

Back Issues (Volume 1-82) of the GANGUE Newsletter are now available online! Check them out at: http://mdd.harbour.com/gangue.htm

October 2004 – Gangue No. 83 10 October 2004 – Gangue No. 83 11

Canada Research Chair Tier 2 Geochemistry

The Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen’s University, one of Canada’s oldest and best-known earth-science departments, seeks exceptional researchers to apply for a Tier 2 Canada Research Chair in the field of Earth System Science, with a focus on the geochemical processes that take place on or within the Earth. Areas of specific interest are: rock- forming processes in the lithosphere, the origin of mineral deposits, biogeochemistry, sedimentary geochemistry, and the origin/diagenesis of bio-chemical sediments. The successful candidate must be within 10 years of receipt of their Ph.D. and have an outstanding research record in order to fulfil the criteria for Tier 2 Canada Research Chairs (see www.chairs.gc.ca/web/program/nominate_e.asp). It is expected that the Chair holder will super- vise graduate students at the M.Sc. and Ph.D. levels, contribute actively to undergraduate and graduate teaching, undertake vigorous externally funded research, and collaborate with departmental colleagues. The department has faculty with a wide range of expertise and emphasizes the linkage between field and laboratory-based research and teaching. Its labs include state-of-the-art geochemical facilities. For more information about the Department, visit www.geol.queensu.ca .

The University invites applications from all qualified individuals. Queen's is committed to em- ployment equity and diversity in the workplace and welcomes applications from women, visible minorities, aboriginal people, persons with disabilities, and persons of any sexual orientation or gender identity. All qualified candidates are encouraged to apply; however, Canadian citizens and Permanent Residents will be given priority. The academic staff at Queen's University is governed by a collective agreement, the details of which are posted at http://www.queensu.ca/qufa. In ac- cordance with the Queen’s guidelines for the assignment of Canada Research Chairs, applications from qualified women are particularly encouraged for this position.

Applicants should send a current curriculum vitae, a statement of research interests and future plans, a statement of teaching experience and interests, and samples of research writing to the fol- lowing address. Individuals who intend to apply should provide to the undersigned, as soon as possible, the names and addresses of five persons of international standing who have agreed to provide letters of reference. Doctoral and/or post-doctoral supervisor(s) may be included. Re- view of complete applications will begin on January 24, 2005.

Robert W. Dalrymple, Head, Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada Telephone: 613-533-2598 Fax: 613-533-6592

October 2004 – Gangue No. 83 12 Rare-Element Geochemistry and Mineral Deposits Short Course Report By: Bob Linnen, Co-Organizer University of Waterloo

A very successful short course on Rare-Element Geochemistry and Mineral Deposits, sponsored by the MDD and GAC, was held prior to the GAC-MAC conference at Brock University. It was attended by twenty-six students and professionals from academia, government and industry from the Yukon to the Mari- times as well as several participants from as far away as the Czech Republic, Portugal and Australia. The ac- companying special session, the largest at the conference, consisted of thirty-six oral and poster presentations, highlighted by keynote talks by David London (“Vertical Zonation of Alkalis in Mineralized Granites and Pegmatites”, sponsored by MAC) and Scott Wood (“The Hydrothermal Geochemistry of the Rare Earth Elements”, sponsored by MDD). Scott also received the Boldy award for this talk.

Rare-elements have a wide variety of uses and are becoming increasingly more important to society. A few examples of their uses are: as high-strength magnets (the rare-earth elements); in capacitors for wireless tech- nology (tantalum); in superalloys (niobium); in coatings of the hot sections of jet engines (zirconium); in nu- clear control rods (hafnium); in pyroceramics (lithium); in atomic clocks (cesium), and in automotive elec- tronics (beryllium). Most rare-element mineral deposits are associated with highly evolved igneous rocks, either with alkaline rocks (including carbonatites), or with peraluminous granites and pegmatites. In addition, there has been considerable debate on the relative contributions of magmatic and hydrothermal processes to the mineralizing events in both environments. The aim of this short course was therefore to provide a syn- opsis of our current understanding of the behaviour of rare-elements in magmatic and hydrothermal systems, and to examine mineral deposits from alkaline and peraluminous settings.

A short course volume, written by the short course participants, will soon be available. The first chapter of the short course, by Hollings and Wyman, reviews the use of trace-elements (rare-elements) in igneous petrology, in particular for the interpretation of basalts. Chapter 2, by London, summarizes the geochemistry of rare-element alkali and alkaline earth elements (Li, Rb, Cs, Be) and discusses the behaviour of these elements during anatexis and pegmatite crystallization. The experimental constraints on granite-related Ta-Nb- W-Sn-Zr-Hf mineralization are discussed in Chapter 3 by Linnen and Cuney, and the importance of fluid- melt immiscibility is presented by Veksler in Chapter 4. The next three chapters are field-based studies of some of the most important rare-element pegmatites in Canada. In Chapter 5 Breaks, Selway and Tindle present regional aspects of important pegmatite fields in northern Ontario, Černý provides an update on the giant Tanco pegmatite in Chapter 6, and, in Chapter 7, Galeschuk and Vanstone present some results of the Tantalum Mining Corporation of Canada Limited exploration program for rare-element pegmatites in the Tanco area. The discussion of pegmatites continues in Chapter 8, where Ercit summarizes REE-enriched granitic pegmatites. In Chapter 9, Mitchell discusses the mineralogical and experimental constraints on Nb mineralization in carbonatites, and Wood summarizes the aqueous geochemistry of Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta in Chapter 10. The behaviour of REE in hydrothermal fluids and a discussion of hydrothermal REE deposits, exclusive of alkaline settings are presented by Samson and Wood in Chapter 11, followed by a discussion of the evolution of ore-forming fluids in carbonatite-hosted deposits by Rankin in Chapter 12, and the origin of alkaline granite-syenite hosted deposits by Salvi and Williams-Jones in Chapter 13.

October 2004 – Gangue No. 83 13 Topics to be presented will include: Confirmed Symposia: ♣ Regional Geology ♣ Geochemistry - Isotopic Geology ♣ Mining Industry and Sustainable ♣ Structural Geology ♣ Geology of Ore Deposits Development ♣ Tectonic and Neotectonic Shear ♣ Industrial Minerals ♣ New Mineral Deposits found in Zones ♣ Economic Geology—Project devel- South America ♣ Igneous Petrology opment and Mining Legislation ♣ Transcuyan Project ♣ Metamorphic Petrology ♣ Oil Geology ♣ Andean Tectonics ♣ Sedimentary environments, Sedi- ♣ Hydrology and Hydrogeology ♣ Hydric resources and the environ- mentology ♣ Environmental Geology mental problematic ♣ Geomorphology ♣ Seismic and volcanic hazards ♣ Submarine platform during the last ♣ Quaternary Geology ♣ Geological Hazards glaciation IGCP no 464 ♣ Soils ♣ Engineering geology ♣ New remote sensing advances ♣ Palaeontology and Biostratigraphy ♣ Geology Teaching applied to Geology ♣ Mineralogy October 2004 – Gangue No. 83 14 MDD Awards - Call for Nominations

It’s that time of year again to nominate your friends and colleagues for the two prestigious Mineral Deposits Division awards. The Duncan R. Derry Medal is the highest award bestowed by the Mineral Deposits Division (MDD) of the Geological Association of Canada. It is awarded annually to an outstanding economic geologist who has made contributions to the science of economic geology in Canada. Candidates should be recognized for their skill and stature as professional economic geologist, and also by their public contributions to the science. It is acknowledged that publication is the prime, but not the only method of disseminating scientific information in any discipline. Candidates should be members of GAC, and preferably, but not necessarily, MDD members. Nominations for this award must be made by a member of MDD and supported by four additional MDD member signatures and letter of support, which should be submitted electronically to the chairperson of the selection committee. The Young Scientist award (William Harvey Gross Medal) is awarded annually to someone under the age of 40 years old (as of Dec. 31, 2004) who has contributed in a substantiative way to Mineral Deposits in Canada. The recipient may be a Canadian or a non-Canadian who has made a contribution in Canada or a contribution with a distinctively Canadian fla- vour. The contributions on which the award is based may relate to mineral exploration or development, scientific research either applied or fundamental, and field-based studies, that is, to include all aspects of what are generally referred to as economic geology and which represents the broad spectrum of fields to which Bill Gross contributed. The award conists of a medal and a cash supplement supported through an endowment fund provided by Corona Corp. Donations by the friends and family of Bill Gross provide a contribution toward the travel expenses for the recipient and spouse to attend the annual luncheon of MDD to receive the award. Nominations for this award are to made by three members of MDD, jointly or by independent submissions, and should be submitted electronically to the chairperson of the selection committee. The deadline for nominations is Dec. 31, 2004. For more information, check out the MDD website or contact Dan Marshall (Medals Committee) at [email protected].

Call for Abstracts around the North Altantic • Rift-related magmatism and associated mineraliza- Abstracts are now being accepted, for both oral and tion poster presentations, for the various symposia and spe- • Ore and hydrocarbon systems: their similarities cial sessions that will take place at this year’s joint and their interactions meeting to be held in Halifax, Nova Scotia. A few of

the sessions include: A variety of general sessions are also being organized • Gold environments in the North Atlantic Region that will be of interest to everyone. These will include • From Magmas to massive sulphides: the North At- such topics as: economic geology, structural geology lantic perspective and tectonics, mineralogy, crystallography, crystal • The North Atlantic Ni-Cu-PGE province: deposits chemistry, petrology (igneous and metamorphic), volca- and potential nology, sedimentology, stratigraphy and paleontology, geophysics, soil biology, soil chemistry, and soil phys- • Sediment-hosted base-metal deposits in the North ics. Atlantic realm Abstract Deadline: January 15, 2005 • Managing the environmental legacy of mining

October 2004 – Gangue No. 83 15 THE GEOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY AND MINERAL BENEFICIATION OF PLATINUM-GROUP ELEMENTS SPECIAL VOLUME 54 Edited by L. J. Cabri This volume is a sequel to CIM Special Volume 23 (Platinum-Group Elements: Mineralogy, Geology, Recovery), published in 1981. Spe- cial Volume 54 provides new information and insights on platinum-group elements deposits worldwide in terms of their geological setting, ore controls, mineralogy, geochemistry, mineral processing and beneficiation. Contents of the volume are shown below. Purchasers of the hard- copy volume will also be able to obtain the volume on a CD-ROM. Hard bound; 852 p. including colour plates. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface L.J. Cabri

Sample Preparation and Bulk Analytical Methods for PGE E.L. Hoffman & B. Dunn

The Platinum-Group Minerals L.J. Cabri

Ternary and Quaternary Phase Systems with PGE E. Makovicky

Platinum-Group Element Geochemistry of Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks J.H. Crocket

The Aqueous Geochemistry of the Platinum-Group Elements with Applications To Ore Deposits S.A. Wood

A Review of Rhenium-Osmium Isotope Geochemistry of Platinum-Group Minerals And Platinum Mineralization K.H. Hattori

Sudbury PGE Revisited: Toward an Integrated Model C.E.G. Farrow & P.C. Lightfoot

Magmatic-Hydrothermal Cu– and Pd-rich Deposits in Gabbroic Rocks from North America D.H. Watkinson, M.J. Lavigne, & P.E. Fox

Contact-type and Magnetite Reef-type Pd-Cu Mineralization in Ferroan Olivine Gabbros of the Coldwell Complex, C.T. Barrie, A.D. MacTavish, P.C. Walford, Ontario R. Chataway & R. Middaugh

Platinum-Group Element Mineralization in Paleoproterozoic Basic Intrusions in Central and Northeastern Ontario, R.S. James, S. Jobin-Bevans, R.M. Easton, Canada P. Wood, J.L. Hrominchuk, R.R. Keays, & D.C. Peck

Stratiform and Contact-type PGE-Cu-Ni Mineralization in the Fox River Sill and the Bird River Belt, Manitoba D.C. Peck, R.F.J. Scoates, P. Theyer, G. Desharnais, L.J. Hulbert & M.A.E. Huminicki

Platinum-Group Element Deposits in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa R.G. Cawthorn, R.K.W. Merkle & M.J. Viljoen

Platinum-Group Element Distributions in the Rustenberg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa S.-J. Barnes & W.D. Maier

Platinum-Group Element Mineralization in the Stillwater Complex, Montana M.L. Zientak, R.W. Cooper, S.R. Corson & E.P. Geraghty

Platinum-Group Element Mineralization of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe T. Oberthür

Platinum-Group Element Mineralization in Layered Intrusions of Northern Finland and the Kola Peninsula, Russia T.T. Alapieti & J.J. Lahtinen

The PGE Mineralization and Disseminated Sulphide Ores of the Noril’sk-Taimyr Region M.Z. Komarova, S.M Kozyrev, O.N. Simonov, & V.A. Lulko

PGE Mineralization of the Monchegorsk Layered Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusion of the Kola Peninsula A.V. Dedeev, T.N. Khashkovskaya & A.S. Galkin

Komatiite-associated Ni-Cu-(PGE) Deposits: Geology, Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Genesis C.M. Lesher & R.R. Keys

Magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) Sulphide Deposits of China M.-F. Zhou, Z.-X. Yang, X.-Y. Song, R.R. Keays, & C.M Lesher

Platinum-Group Elements in the Palaeogene North Atlantic Igneous Province J.C.Ø. Anderson, M.R. Power & P. Momme

Alaskan-type Complexes and their Platinum-Group Element Mineralization Z. Johan

Platinum-Group Minerals (PGM) in Placer Deposits T.W. Weiser

The Mineralogy and Behaviour of PGM During Processing of the Noril’sk-Talnakh PGE-Cu-Ni Ores S.M. Kozyrev, M.Z. Komarova, L.N. Emelina, O.I. Oleshkevich, O.A. Yakovleva, D.V. Lyalinov & V.I. Maximov

The Mining and Beneficiation of South African PGE Ores—An Overview R.K.W. Merkle & A.D. McKenzie

A Review of the Beneficiation and Extractive Metallurgy of the Platinum-Group Elements, Highlighting Recent S. Cole & C.J. Ferron Process Innovations

Pricing Information*: CIM Members $140 CDN $100 US For more information, visit the publications section of the CIM Non-Members $220 CDN $150 US website at: Students $100 CDN $ 70 US www.cim.org *Prices are subject to applicable taxes, postage and handling.

OctoberOctober 20042004 –– GangueGangue No.No. 8383 1616 CIM Geological Society's - Special Sessions The Geological Society of CIM would like to invite potential presenters to submit abstracts for the follow- ing interesting special sessions that will be a part of this year’s CIM conference:

IOCG Deposits Session Chairs: David Lentz (UNB), Louise Corriveau (GSC-CGQ), and Roger Moss (Consultant)

Mining Geology Session Co- Chairs: Chester Moore and Damien Duff (Falconbridge/Noranda)

The Project Development Toolkit for Geologists Chair: Reno Pressaco- Micon International

World Class Ni-Cu-PGE Deposits Session Chair: D. Peck (Anglo American PLC)

Canadian-class vs. World-class Gold Deposits and Districts: From Discovery to Production Session Chairs: Gema Olivo and Michael Doggett (Queen's University)

Diamonds Session Co-Chairs: Bruce Jago and Jonathan Fowler (Lakefield Minerals and DeBeers Canada)

Collaborative Geoscience in Ontario Co-Chairs: Robert Calhoun (T.E.D.C) and Wally Rayner (OGS and Private) 2 HALF SESSIONS

Geometallurgical Mapping; A New Approach that Reduces Risk Co-Chairs: Steven Williams and Jean Richardson (SGS Lakefield Research) HALF SESSION

CIM 2005 VMS Deposits Session Proposed Schedule Co-Chairs: Jason Dunning (Expatriate Resources Ltd.) and Jan Peter (Geological Survey of Canada)

Mining in Southern Ontario Chair: Pam Sangster (M.N.D.M )

Abstract Deadline is December 15, 2004

For more information, check out CIM TORONTO 2005 "Mining Rocks" at: http://www.cim.org/mce/toronto2005/

October 2004 – Gangue No. 83 17 MEETINGS, WORKSHOPS, & FIELDTRIPS

2004 • December 6-16 - Modular Course in Exploration Geochemistry, Sudbury, Ontario; http://earthsciences.laurentian.ca; contact: [email protected]

2005 • January 24-27 - Mineral Exploration Roundup 2005, Vancouver, British Columbia; http://www.chamberofmines.bc.ca • March 6-9 - Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada (PDAC) International Convention Trade Show and Investors Exchange, Toronto, Ontario; http://www.pdac.ca • April 11-21 - Modular Course in Exploration for Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, Mineral Exploration Research Centre, Depart- ment of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario; http://earthsciences.laurentian.ca; contact: [email protected] • April 24-27 - CIM Toronto 2005 - Mining Rocks, Toronto, Ontario; http://www.cim.org/mce/toronto2005/; • May 15-18 - GAC/MAC Annual Meeting 2005, Halifax, Nova Scotia; http://www.halifax2005.ca/ • May 20-25 - Goldschmidt 2005, Moscow, Idaho; http://camb.demonhosting.co.uk/2005/gold2005/index.php • July 31 - August 5 - Gordon Conference on Inorganic Geochemistry - Metals in Ore-Forming Systems: Sources, Transport, Deposition, Andover, New Hampshire; http://www.grc..uri.edu/programs/2005/inorgeo.pdf; contact: [email protected] • August 8-11 - The Geological Society of America Meeting-Geological Association of Canada Meeting - Earth System Proc- esses 2, Calgary, Alberta; http://www.geosociety.org/meetings/esp2/ • August 20-23 - 8th Biennial SGA Meeting, Beijing, China; http://www.sga2005.com • August 30 - September 13 - Modular Course in Structure, Tectonics, and Mineral Exploration, Mineral Exploration Research Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario; http://earthsciences.laurentian.ca; contact: bla- [email protected] • September 19-23 - 22nd International Geochemical Exploration Symposium 2005, Perth Australia; http://www.aeg.org • December 8-17 - Modular Course in Exploration Geophysics, Mineral Exploration Research Centre, Department of Earth Sci- ences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario; http://earthsciences.laurentian.ca; contact: [email protected]

2006 • April 2-16 - Modular Course in Exploration for Magmatic Ore Deposits, Mineral Exploration Research Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario; http://earthsciences.laurentian.ca; contact: [email protected]

October 2004 – Gangue No. 83 18