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De Groot, a Passionate Thinkerthinker ugo de Groot, a Passionate ThinkerThinker Hugo de Groot (1583-1645), better known as Grotius,Grotius, is oneone ofof thatthat selectselect band ofof DutchmenDutchmen whowho cancan boastboast an an enduring enduring world-wide world-wide reputation. reputation. Internationally he will always bebe regardedregarded asas `the'the father father ofof international international law', whateverwhatever footnotesfootnotes modernmodem scholarshipscholarship maymay addadd to to that that description. description. It is a titletitle hishis countrycountry hashas frequentlyfrequently mademade greatgreat play play with with in in this this century. century. And for the ordinary Dutchman too Grotius'Grotius' namename lives lives on, on, though though in in quite quite another context: his spectacularspectacular escape fromfrom LoevesteinLoevestein prisonprison hiddenhidden inin a bookcase, the brainwave ofof his stout-hearted wifewife MariaMaria vanvan Reigersberch.Reigersberch. As so ofoftenten happens, history'history's s verdictverdict onon GrotiusGrotius representsrepresents aa narrowingnarrowing andand therefore a distortion of thethe reality.reality. TheThe manman himself,himself, whilewhile flattered,flattered, wouldwould be at least asas muchmuch astonishedastonished atat thethe esteemesteem inin whichwhich hehe isis currentlycurrently held.held. He himself expected to achieve lastinglasting famefame forfor hishis historicalhistorical writings,writings, andand especially for his account of the Dutch Revolt.Revolt. ButBut manymany ofof his his contempo-contempo­ raries, too,too, would be surprisedsurprised atat ourour judgement.judgement. HisHis reputationreputation inin hishis ownown country was inseparablyinseparably linkedlinked toto thethe RemonstrantRemonstrant conflicts,conflicts, whilewhile inin England, for instance,instance, untiluntil wellweIl intointo thethe lastlast centurycentury he he waswas known known primar- primar­ ily as an advocateadvocate ofof thethe restorationrestoration ofof church church unity,unity, againstagainst thethe historicalhistorical Hugo de Groot at ageage 15.15. trend. He is 'Iele miracle Grotius lived at a crucial time inin history.history. HisHis lifelife parallelsparallels thethe intenseintense d' hollande'hollande' and proudly shows the commemorative social struggle that wouldwould bringbring togethertogether thethe fledglingfledgling EuropeanEuropean nationsnations medal he received from in the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) which, after a century of chaos, shap­ the hands ofofthe the French in the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) which, after a century of chaos, shap- King (engraving by ed the modernmodem system of sovereignsovereign states.states. ThisThis struggle,struggle, whichwhich ledled toto thethe J. de Gheyn II).n). St Bartholomew's Day Massacre in France, to the fallfall andand executionexecution ofof Grand Pensionary Oldenbarnevelt in Holland, and which finally embroiled Europe in the Thirty Years' War,War, alsoalso formedformed thethe backgroundbackground toto Grotius'Grotius' endeavours. For his life waswas defined byby hishis deepdeep socialsocial commitment.commitment. Single- Single­ minded zeal characterised hishis wholewhole lifelife — - as his mottomotto' 'ruit ruit hora'hora' ('time(`time flies')flies') bearsbears witness.witness. ForFor thisthis missionarymissionary spiritspirit therethere waswas alwaysalways soso muchmuch toto do, so much that still had toto be finished. Restless activity isis the hallmark of his life andand,, predictably, as his years increaseincrease soso doesdoes hishis dissatisfactiondissatisfaction andand impatienceimpatience with the tepidtepid responseresponse whichwhich hishis missionmission encounteredencountered andand thethe resistanceresistance his works provoked; impatience,impatience, inin thethe end, withwith thethe very human shortcomings of his closeclosest st friends and family. He is weighed down by the 255255 many practical problemsproblems — - political,political, financial oror organisational organisational — - which, in-in­ tentionally or otherwise, impedeimpede thethe carryingcarrying outout ofof his his grandiosegrandiose plans.plans. Ideals and RoweverHowever learned Grotius may have been, however impressive his scholarlyscholarly principles works, it would be wrongwrong toto regardregard himhim solelysolely asas aa scholar. scholar. AtAt each each cross- cross­ roads in his careercareer thethe roadroad toto aa quietquiet academicacademic lifelife andand thethe snugnesssnugness ofof a university was open to him. ButBut hehe nevernever chosechose thatthat path,path, nono mattermatter how how predictably difficult the alternative. HisRis charactercharacter cancan bebe seenseen particularlyparticularly clearly in the one choice which in his day dominated thethe liveslives ofof man-in-the- man-in-the­ street and intellectual alike: thatthat ofof religion.religion. InIn thisthis respectrespect Grotius Grotius shows shows himself the exactexact oppositeopposite ofof his his fellow-humanist fellow-humanist fromfrom thethe Southern Southern Provinces, JustusJustus Lipsius, Lipsius, who who was was — - atat leastleast in in public public — - extremely flexible: flexible: a Lutheran in Jena, a Roman Catholic in Leuven, a Calvinist inin Leiden. AfterAfter escaping from Loevestein GrotiusGrotius spentspent almostalmost 2525 yearsyears inin exile, exile, mainly mainly in in France, waiting for the day he could return. ButBut neitherneither thethe pensionpension grantedgranted him by Louis milXIII nornor thethe kindredkindred spiritsspirits inin CharentonCharenton couldcould deflectdeflect himhim from his chosen way and convert himhim toto PopePope oror Calvin.Calvin. ThisThis adherenceadherence to to his principles —- oftenoften described as stubbornstubborn —- barredbarred him, and soso alsoalso hishis wife and children, from aa lifelife moremore appropriateappropriate toto hishis universallyuniversally acknowl- acknowl­ edged, much sought-aftersought-after and trulytruly exceptionalexceptional talents.talents. TheThe dramadrama ofof Grotius' lifelife was,was, therefore,therefore, thethe resultresult ofof his his ownown choicechoice inin followingfollowing aa self- self­ imposed ideal. But the magnitude of thisthis idealideal isis typicaltypical ofof the the man:man: reuni-reuni­ fication of the churches, constructionconstruction ofof a a universaluniversal systemsystem of of law, law, integra- integra­ tion of the classical andand Christian pillarspillars ofof Western Western civilisation. civilisation. Like Like many many before and afterafter him, Grotius had to learn aa harshharsh lesson:lesson: socialsocial idealsideals tendtend not to be compatible withwith aa peacefulpeaceful familyfamily life.life. The development of this ideal was byby itsits naturenature aa process process ofof gradual gradual awakening. ItIt took shape,shape, notnot surprisingly,surprisingly, inin Loevestein.Loevestein. ItIt represents represents The spectacular escape fromfrom Loevestein prison hidden in a bookcase, as pictured in an t18th-century 8th-century engraving. 256 Hugo de Groot, a Passionate Thinker 2 Hu^ a de Gr , a Passionate Thinker Grotius' conclusionsconclusions after after ten ten yearsyears ofof front-line front -line engagement engagement in in the the political political and social hurly-burly. HollandHolland waswas hishis teacher,teacher, butbut his his conclusionsconclusions related, related, rightly, to thethe European socialsocial systemsystem ofof which which the the RemonstrantRemonstrant riots riots were were one consequence. The greatgreat ideasideas came,came, therefore,therefore, afafterter the years of thethe 'Dutch`Dutch miracle', afafterter all its literary, scientificscientific andand (less(less durable)durable) politicalpolitical triumphs. They came out of thethe years of exile andand long-drawn-outlong -drawn-out socialsocial de-de­ cline. But thatthat internationalists,intemationalists, theologianstheologians oror culturalcultural sociologistssociologists stillstill think itit worth theirtheir whilewhile toto studystudy Grotius Grotius — - thatthat is the legacy of thisthis much-much­ maligned second part of his life, as rich in intellectualintellectual power as it waswas inin conflict. Grotius' importanceimportance forfor hishis ownown timetime waswas determineddetermined byby hishis writ-writ­ ings. But it was his idealideal thatthat gavegave thesethese writingswritings theirtheir directiondirection and, and, as as anan all-embracing concept, providedprovided thethe keykey toto theirtheir interpretation. interpretation. This This ideal ideal is is totally in line with his character; inin thethe lastlast instance,instance, socialsocial commitment commitment de- de­ termined his work and his struggle.struggle. LetLet usus nownow taketake aa closercloser look look at at these these two phases of his life, thethe `Holland'Holland years'years' andand those those of of exile exile in in Europe. Europe. The young Grotius quickly made a namename forfor himselfhimself inin HollandHolland andand inin The riserise... ... Europe. His father, Jan, waswas aa colourfulcolourful figurefigure withwith wide-ranging wide-ranging mercan- mercan- tile interests; he was alsoalso well-versedwell-versed inin humanism,humanism, municipalmunicipal secretarysecretary ofof Delft and aa governorgovemor ofof the the youngyoung Leiden Leiden University University wherewhere his his brother brother taught law. Easy enough, then, for him toto introduceintroduce
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