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Cowry Shell Money and Monsoon Trade: the Maldives in Past Globalizations
Cowry Shell Money and Monsoon Trade: The Maldives in Past Globalizations Mirani Litster Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The Australian National University 2016 To the best of my knowledge the research presented in this thesis is my own except where the work of others has been acknowledged. This thesis has not previously been submitted in any form for any other degree at this or any other university. Mirani Litster -CONTENTS- Contents Abstract xv Acknowledgements xvi Chapter One — Introduction and Scope 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 An Early Global Commodity: Cowry Shell Money 4 1.2.1 Extraction in the Maldives 6 1.2.2 China 8 1.2.3 India 9 1.2.4 Mainland Southeast Asia 9 1.2.5 West and East Africa 10 1.3 Previous Perspectives and Frameworks: The Indian Ocean 11 and Early Globalization 1.4 Research Aims 13 1.5 Research Background and Methodology 15 1.6 Thesis Structure 16 Chapter Two — Past Globalizations: Defining Concepts and 18 Theories 2.1 Introduction 18 2.2 Defining Globalization 19 2.3 Theories of Globalization 21 2.3.1 World Systems Theory 21 2.3.2 Theories of Global Capitalism 24 2.3.3 The Network Society 25 2.3.4 Transnationality and Transnationalism 26 2.3.5 Cultural Theories of Globalization 26 2.4 Past Globalizations and Archaeology 27 2.4.1 Globalization in the Past: Varied Approaches 28 i -CONTENTS- 2.4.2 Identifying Past Globalizations in the Archaeological 30 Record 2.5 Summary 32 Chapter Three — Periods of Indian Ocean Interaction 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Defining the Physical Parameters 34 3.2.1 -
Island Scoping Study of Islands Announced for Bidding 2021
Island Scoping Study of Islands Announced for Bidding 2021 Islands Included: 1. Alidhuffarufinolhu, Haa Alif 2. Seedhihuraa / Seedhihuraa Veligan’du, Meemu 3. Olhufushi / Olhufushifinolhu, Thaa 4. Kaaddoo, Thaa 5. Kanimeedhoo, Thaa 6. Bodu Mun’gnafushi, Laamu 7. Kashidhoo, Laamu 8. Funadhooviligilla, Gaaf Alif 9. Maarehaa, Gaaf Alif 10. Fereytha Viligilla, Koderataa, Gaaf Dhaalu 11. Kan’dahalagalaa, Gaaf Dhaalu Island Scoping Study for Resort Development Volume II 4 Alidhuffarufinolhu, Haa Alif 4.1 Island Profile Alidhuffarufinolhu is a sand bank located on the eastern rim of Haa Alif Atoll, facing Gallandhoo . The sand bank is located at approximately 73° 6' 12.406" E, 6° 51' 41.501" N. Table below summarises information about Alidhuffarufinolhu. Table 4.1: Summary of basic information about Alidhuffarufinolhu Island Island Name Alidhuffarufinolhu Location 73° 6' 12.406" E, 6° 51' 41.501" N Island Area Within Vegetation Line - Within Low Tide Line 2.13 Ha Est. Mean tide (sq. m) 1.60 Ha Reef Area Overall area 423.87 Ha Within shallow reef 421.74 Ha Length ~ 380 m Width at the widest point ~ 82 m Distance to Malé International Airport ~ 299.20 km Distance to nearest domestic Airport ~ 14.00 km Distance to nearest resort ~ 5.70 km from Hideaway Beach & Spa Page|50 Island Scoping Study for Resort Development Volume II 4.2 Terrestrial Environment The following table summarizes key findings from the rapid assessment of the terrestrial environment associated with Alidhuffarufinolhu sandbank on 13th September 2013. Table 4.2: Terrestrial environment of Alidhuffarufinolhu Parameter Description Air Quality - Overall ambient air quality on the sandbank was good. -
Maldives Brochure
MALDIVES SPECIALIST COLLECTION SPECIALIST OVER 40 YEARS OF TRUSTED TRAVEL EXPERIENCE EXPLORE DISCOVER EXPERIENCE World class Underwater beauty, An oasis of resorts crystal clear lagoons & intimate www.thompsons.co.za snowy white beaches islands THIS WAY TO PARADISE WHY MALDIVES WITH THOMPSONS? Discover the sunny side of life, all year round in an unspoiled paradise of magical islands scattered like tiny white pearls in the Indian Ocean. Each island is encircled by their own reef housing spectacular underwater life. Indulge yourself in the endless water- based adventure sport activities, island excursions or picnics on sandbanks and much more. Every encounter is an opportunity to discover paradise and what better way than with Thompsons, who can create innovative tailor-made holidays for your specific budget and requirements. #letsbepersonal and say, ‘Pack your bags and experience the colourful side of life’. TRAVEL WITH CONFIDENCE WITH A GLOBAL COMPANY With 40 years of trusted travel experience you will receive expert advice. No request too large, no detail too small. Thompsons Holidays, a division of Cullinan Holdings Group ICON INDEX and a member of THE TRAVEL CORPORATION, a fourth generation family owned group. FAMILY PLAYTIME Our financial stability is the key to a relaxed holiday. UNRIVALLED VALUE FOR MONEY GOLF ON TRIED AND TESTED HOLIDAYS As the largest South African tour operator our greater buying power means you get the best deal on your holiday, unrivalled value for money SPA and unexpected bonus offers. WE ARE WITH YOU 24/7 With you all the way – our care line is HONEYMOON / COUPLES your friend in an emergency. -
Climate Risk Country Profile: Maldives (2021): the World Bank Group and the Asian Development Bank
CLIMATE RISK COUNTRY PROFILE MALDIVES COPYRIGHT © 2021 by the World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org © Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444 www.adb.org This work is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group (WBG) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and with external contributions. The opinions, findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work are those of the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect the views or the official policy or position of the WBG, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments it represents or of ADB, its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. The WBG and ADB do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work and do not make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any liability or responsibility for any consequence of their use. This publication follows the WBG’s practice in references to member designations, borders, and maps. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work, or the use of the term “country” do not imply any judgment on the part of the WBG or ADB, their respective Boards, or the governments they represent, concerning the legal status of any territory or geographic area or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The mention of any specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by either the WBG or ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. -
Protected Areas Distribution
73°0'0"E 74°0'0"E 73°0'0"E 74°0'0"E 73°0'0"E 74°0'0"E Northern Maldives Central Maldives Rasfari beyru Huraa Mangrove Area Southern Maldives Laamu Atoll Rasdhoo Madivaru Girifushi Thila Banana Reef Nassimo Thila 7°0'0"N 7°0'0"N Kuda Haa Lions Head Hans Hass Place; HP Reef Haa Alifu Atoll Mayaa Thila &% Kari beyru Thila Baarah Kulhi Emboodhoo Alifu Alifu Atoll Kanduolhi Orimas Thila 4°0'0"N Kaafu Atoll 4°0'0"N Haa Dhaalu Atoll Fish Head Guraidhoo &% Kanduolhi &% Keylakunu Neykurendhoo Mangrove Hurasdhoo Alifu Dhaalu Atoll 1°0'0"N 1°0'0"N Kudarah Thila Hithaadhoo Rangali Kandu Dhevana Kandu Shaviyani Atoll &% Farukolhu South Ari Atoll MPA Vaavu Atoll Filitheyo Kandu Gaafu Alifu Atoll Vattaru Kandu 6°0'0"N 6°0'0"N Faafu Atoll Noonu Atoll Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll Fushee Kandu Meemu Atoll 3°0'0"N Hakuraa Thila 3°0'0"N Kuredu Express Dhigulaabadhoo Raa Atoll &% Dhaalu Atoll &% Fushivaru Thila 0°0'0" 0°0'0" &% Bathala Region Anemone City &% Lhaviyani Atoll Mendhoo Region Angafaru Thoondi Area Dhandimagu Kilhi &% Maahuruvalhi &% &% &% &% Hanifaru Bandaara Kilhi Thaa Atoll Gnaviyani Atoll Baa Atoll Dhigali Haa &% 5°0'0"N Olhugiri 5°0'0"N Kan'di hera The Wreck of Corbin&% &% Hithadhoo Protected Area Goidhoo Koaru &% Seenu Atoll Mathifaru Huraa British Loyalty 2°0'0"N 2°0'0"N Laamu Atoll Makunudhoo channel &% Kaafu Atoll ¶ Rasfari beyru&% Huraa Mangrove Area 1°0'0"S 1°0'0"S &% Rasdhoo Madivaru &% Girifushi Thila &% Protected Areas &% Nassimo Thila &% Legend Kuda Haa &%Male' CityBanana Reef Kari beyru Thila &% &% Distribution Map Mayaa Thila Lions Head Hans Hass Place Protected Areas 2019 (Total 50 sites) 0 25 50 100 Km &% &% &% Sources: EPA 2019 Alifu Alifu Atoll Emboodhoo Islands Kanduolhi Map version Date: 30/06/2019 &% Orimas Thila Projection: Transverse Mercator (UTM Zone 43 N); 4°0'0"N &% 4°0'0"N Reefs Prepared by: Ministry of Environment, Maldives Fish Head &%Guraidhoo Kanduolhi Horizontal Datum: WGS84; 73°0'0"E 74°0'0"E 73°0'0"E 74°0'0"E 73°0'0"E 74°0'0"E. -
Greater Male Waste-To-Energy Project
wr Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors Project Number: 51077-003 July 2020 Proposed Loan, Grant, Technical Assistance Grant, and Administration of Loan and Grant Republic of Maldives: Greater Malé Waste-to-Energy Project Distribution of this document is restricted until it has been approved by the Board of Directors. Following such approval, ADB will disclose the document to the public in accordance with ADB’s Access to Information Policy. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 7 July 2020) Currency unit – Rufiyaa (Rf) Rf1.00 = $0.06 $1.00 = Rf15.40 ABBREVIATIONS 3R – reduce-reuse-recycle ADB – Asian Development Bank AIIB – Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank COVID-19 – coronavirus disease DBO – design–build–operate EIA – environmental impact assessment EIRR – economic internal rate of return EMP – environmental management plan EPA – Environmental Protection Agency FMA – financial management assessment ha – hectare JFJCM Japan Fund for the Joint Crediting Mechanism MOE – Ministry of Environment MOF – Ministry of Finance MW – megawatt O&M – operation and maintenance PAM – project administration manual PMU – project management unit SWM – solid waste management TA – technical assistance tpd – tons per day TRTA – transaction technical assistance WTE – waste-to-energy NOTE In this report, "$" refers to United States dollars. Vice-President Shixin Chen, Operations 1 Director General Kenichi Yokoyama, South Asia Department (SARD) Director Norio Saito, Urban Development and Water Division (SAUW), SARD Team leader Luca Di -
High Tide Situation in Some Islands
JOINT RAPID ASSESSMENT REPORT ON SEA SWELL AFFECTED AREAS CONDUCTED BY GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT of the MALDIVESMALDIVES -– UNUN -- IFRCIFRC JOINT RAPID ASSESSME NT REPORT TIDAL SURGE19 May AFFECTED 2007 AREAS 19 May 2007 National Disaster Management Centre Male’ Republic of Maldives 1 FIG-01 MAP OF MALDIVES WITH THE AFFECTED ISLAND HAA ALIFU ATOLL HAA DHAALU ATOLL SH AVI YA N I ATOLL NOONU ATOLL RAA ATOLL LHAVIYANI ATOLL BAA ATOLL KAAFU ATOLL ALIFU ALIFU ATOLL SOUTH MALE’ ATOLL ALIFU DHAALU ATOLL VAAVU ATOLL FAAFU ATOLL MEEMU ATOLL DHAALU ATOLL THAA ATOLL LAAMU ATOLL Madaveli Hoadedhdhoo Nadallaa Rathafandhoo GAAFU ALIIFU ATOLL Fiyoari Fares-Maathoda GAAFU DHAALU ATOLL GAAFU DHAALU ATOLL GN AVI YA N I ATOLL SEENU ATOLL 2 The full report prepared by the Department of Meteorology is available on request from the Department of Meteorology, email: [email protected], or the National Disaster Management Centre. [email protected]. 3 Executive Summary On 15th May, and for four subsequent days, powerful swells hit many islands throughout the Maldives. According to the Department of Meteorology, the swells were generated by waves between 10 - 15 feet from a dissipated polar storm 3,500 miles south west of Maldives (near 50S, off the coast of South Africa). After generation, the waves traveled northeast for a few thousands kilometres and for a few days (the longest wavelengths travel the fastest) across the Indian Ocean. Following appeals from the southern island and atoll authorities in the Maldives archipelago, a Joint Rapid Assessment mission traveled to the most severely affected islands in Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll on 19th May. -
Elegant-Travel-Hotel-Baros-Malediven
HAA ALIFU atoll THE ESSENCE OF THE MALDIVES (North Thiladhumathee Atoll) The essence of the Maldives is defined at Baros Maldives. A small coral island ringed by golden HAA DHAALU atoll (South Thiladhumathee Atoll) sand and a thriving house reef set in a shimmering blue lagoon, lush with mature palm trees and SHAVIYANI atoll brilliant tropical vegetation, this island is perfect for a peaceful vacation in a private Beach or (North Miladhunmadulu Atoll) Water Villa of elegance and style. NOONU atoll (South Miladhunmadulu Atoll) ISLAND FEATURES RAA atoll (North Maalhosmadulu Atoll) LHAVIYANI atoll The first sight of Baros Maldives is of the white pinnacle roof of the resort’s iconic Lighthouse. (Faadhippolhu Atoll) Palm-thatched roofs of the Guest Villas peek from lush foliage. The wooden landing jetty leads to a grand gazebo housing the Welcome Pavilion. BAA atoll (South Maalhosmadulu Atoll) All 75 Villas, beachside or over-water, are elegantly designed with sandstone and timber, have fine furnishings, large windows to let in natural light, and are timeless in ambience. As well as having a KAAFU atoll private veranda deck with sunloungers and a teak dining table for two, each Villa has a spacious, (North Malé Atoll) teak-floored bedroom featuring a king-sized bed with soft cotton sheets and plump pillows, as ALIFU atoll (Rasdhoo Atoll) well as a vanity counter and a large sofa or daybed. ALIFU atoll VAAVU atoll (Ari Atoll) All Villas also feature: (Felidhe Atoll) • Bathtub and separate shower • In-Villa bar stocked to guest’s requirements Q Malé International Airport FAAFU atoll Malé • Beach bag & flip flops • In-Villa safe (North Nilandhe Atoll) MEEMU atoll • Beach sunloungers • iPod docking system. -
TRM-Dhigurah-Factsheet-191007.Pdf
LOCATION The Residence Maldives on Dhigurah Island lies on the secluded fringes of RECREATION Venture into a pristine underwater world, and discover the curiosities of Gaafu Alifu, one of the largest and deepest atoll in the world. Just a scenic ocean life along soothing shores. Between scuba diving, windsurfing, and 55-minute domestic flight and a speedboat ride away, guests step ashore to dolphin cruises, each day sparks adventure for the wandering soul. an idyllic escape abundant with sun-kissed beaches, turquoise lagoons, and magnificent foliage. One may venture beyond the island’s one-kilometre RESTAURANTS & BARS The Dining Room private bridge to its sister resort on Falhumaafushi Island, a union among Savour a mouthwatering fusion of international flavours to the perfect the biggest island resort offerings in the Maldives. lagoon view. From Asian delights to Indian Ocean specialties, relish in exciting flavours all day long. Li Bai Experience modern interpretations of exquisite classic Cantonese fare, Haa Alifu Atoll starring dim sum, fresh seafood, and succulent meats. Tucked away in a lush garden setting, revel in lavish lunches and decadent dinners. Haa Dhaalu Atoll Long Island Shaviyani Atoll Relish pre or post dinner cocktails to a breathtaking view of the sunset. Named after the English translation of ‘Dhigurah’, this seaside bar Noonu Atoll presents the ideal way to end a tropical day. Raa Atoll Lhaviyani Atollh Café del Sol Pair your poolside relaxation with light meals and vibrant tapas bursting Baa Atoll with fresh Mediterranean flavours. Set to mystical island rhythms, Café del Sol promises a relaxing experience to remember. -
Fact Sheet – Maldives
Fact Sheet – Maldives 1 Contents Page 1. Introduction 03 2. Geography of the Maldives 04 3. Airport - Arrival/Departure 05 4. Domestic Airports & Transfer Modes 06 – 08 5. Accommodation Types 09 6. Helpful Tips 10 – 11 2 1. Introduction The Maldives, also known as the Republic of Maldives is a South Asian Country located in the Arabic Sea. Its closest neighbor is Sri Lanka and is a mere 1000 KM from the Indian Continent. The uniqueness about the Maldives is that it consists of many Islands clustered into “atolls”. With a constellation of 26 Atolls, Maldives boasts a staggering 1200 Islands which are either inhabited or uninhabited. With a territory spanning 298 square kilometers and population of approx. 430,000, The Maldives holds the distinction of been the smallest Asian country by land and population. The Island nation is a devote Islamic state and Male city is the official capital. The Maldives was a British protectorate until its independence in 1965. Though Maldives seems small and barely visible on a World map, it out beats most nations with its heart stopping beaches. A paradise right here on earth. Making the most of its blessed beauty, Maldives ventured into Tourism in 1972. The inflow of tourist is recorded to have started in February 1972 once the two resorts, namely Kurumba Island Resort and Bandos Island Resort opened its doors. Currently there are over 140 registered resorts in the Maldives with almost all International brands fighting for a place of prestige. The star-studded list of brands is endless from the Sheraton, Four Seasons, St. -
Russian Factsheet 2019
Курорт вашей мечты Наш морской курорт предлагает 160 просторных современных вилл, расположенных на воде, на пляже или в саду. Из каждой виллы открываются великолепные виды белых песчаных пляжей и сверкающих океанских просторов. Вас ждут щедрое солнце и масса развлечений как для любителей приключений, так и для тех, кто хочет достичь полной релаксации - от захватывающего дух полета по гигантским волнам до расслабляющих спа-процедур в салоне Kandooma Spa by COMO Shambhala. А пока родители открывают для себя сокровища морских глубин под присмотром инструкторов 5-звездочного дайвинг-центра PADI, наши маленькие гости могут целый день играть в клубе для детей Kandoo Kids Club. Огромный выбор блюд международной и местной кухни и отменное качество еды превращают каждый прием пищи в настоящий пир. Мы делаем все, чтобы дни, проведенные в курортном отеле Holiday Inn Resort Kandooma Maldives оставили у наших гостей самые приятные воспоминания. Holiday Inn Resort Kandooma Maldives Kandooma Fushi, South Male Atoll, Republic of Maldives T: +960 664 511 | F: +960 664 0513 | maldives.holidayinnresorts.com Свадьбы Месторасположение HAA ALIFU ATOLL Хотите отпраздновать рождение своей семьи только вдвоем или Курорт Holiday Inn Resort Kandooma Maldives находится в атолле устроить грандиозный прием для родных и друзей? Наши HAA DHAALU ATOLL SHAVIYANI ATOLL Южный Мале в 35 км к югу от города Мале. Быстроходный катер свадебные специалисты позаботятся о том, чтобы свадьба стала NOONU ATOLL всего за 45 минут домчит вас сюда из международного аэропорта для вас ярким запоминающимся событием. Пакеты Renewal of RAA ATOLL Велана. После прохождения паспортного и таможенного контроля LHAVIYANI ATOLL Vows (возобновление свадебных обещаний) или Tropical Wedding наши представители встретят вас в эропорту и проводят в зал BAA ATOLL Ceremony (тропическая свадьба) включают массу таких NORTH MALE ATOLL ожидания, где вы сможете отдохнуть до отправления катера. -
China's Investments in Maldives: Implications for India in the Indian
No. 259 December 2020 Vishakh Krishnan Valiathan, is a Research Assistant at the Centre for China’s Investments in Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), New Delhi. He holds an MPhil in International Maldives: Implications Relations from University of Madras; Masters in Politics and International Relations from Pondicherry University; for India in the Indian and Bachelors in Economics from University of Kerala. His research areas Ocean Region include West Asia, South Asia, and Central Asia, India’s Foreign Policy, Energy Security and strategic cooperation. Key Points Introduction Maldives, a group of 1200 islands spanning • China has heavily invested in the archipelago— both in terms of around 90,000 square kilometres in the Indian providing financial assistance as well Ocean Region, has been in the limelight for the as leasing a few islands in the name last decade. 1 The archipelago country is of ‘development’. • Maldives’ import dependency and strategically important for both India and the more specifically, issues of Chinese Indian Ocean Region (IOR). It is geographically loan repayments call for concerns of ‘debt trap’ in the near future. located overlooking India and some of the key • In the long run, if China plans to international maritime shipping lanes also convert any of the ‘leased islands’ into passes through its Exclusive Economic Zone a naval base in the archipelago, then it will have security implications for (EEZ). The Maldivian economy is primarily India. driven by tourism and fish exports, and for • Although, India’s total share of exports to Maldives has been increasing on a decades India has been an important trade year-by-year basis, but its role as the partner.