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AP World History Chapter 31 Study Packet

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AP World History Chapter 31 Study Packet Name: AP World History Chapter 31 Study Packet Societies at Crossroads Table of Contents 2.......Overview 3.......Introduction 4.......A.P. Key Concepts 5....... Study Questions - The Ottoman Empire in Decline 7....... Study Questions- The Russian Empire Under Pressure 9....... Study Questions - The Chinese Empire Under Siege 12...... Study Questions- The Transformation of Japan Chapter 31 Study Packet Overview- Societies at Crossroads Overview The dramatic economic expansion of western Europe and the United States in the nineteenth century was not matched by the older empires of Asia. The Ottoman empire, the Qing dynasty, the Russian empire, and Tokugawa shogunate had all been vibrant and dynamic cultures at one time, but by 1800 had become isolated and backward. By 1900, all four had been challenged and changed profoundly. Common dimensions of those changes include the following: • Conservative autocratic regimes. None of the regimes discussed here shared in the liberal ideals of the Enlightenment or the revolutionary era. Rulers were absolute; individuals had few rights; and dissent was viewed as dangerous. • Military unpreparedness. Since these regimes failed to modernize, they found themselves outgunned by the western powers. Often this realization followed a humiliating defeat—the loss of Egypt for the Ottomans, the Opium War for China, the Crimean War for Russia, and the unequal treaty forced on Japan by the United States. For most regimes, this realization led to a radical restructuring of the military. • Weak economies. All four regimes lacked the basic elements for industrialization: capital, free workers, and infrastructure. China and Japan had been closed economies and had little contact with the outside world. The Ottoman and Russian empires had been agricultural societies with large unskilled peasant populations. • Imperial pressures. All four had to fight off the imperialistic encroachments of the industrializing powers. The Qing dynasty was the least successful and, by the end of the century, had lost control of its economy and much of its territorial sovereignty. Japan was most successful in competing economically and militarily with the west. • Reform from the top down. Change, when it came, was entirely at the discretion of the rulers. Japanese reformers, for example, perceived that a written constitution would give credibility to their new state, so that the emperor “gave” a constitution to the people that retained all power for the emperor. The Russian tsar granted, and then rescinded, an elected legislature after the revolution of 1905. Chapter 31 Study Packet Introduction- Societies at Crossroads Beginning in the early 1800s four major empires—Ottoman, Russian, Chinese, and Japanese—found themselves confronted with the same problems. Military weakness made them all vulnerable to outside forces. They also suffered internal weakness, including economic and financial problems as well as government corruption. They all attempted the same kinds of solutions, changes in politics, education, and industry based on western models. Japan was the only one to achieve real success. The Ottoman Empire had been in decline since the late 1600s. Its military technology was outdated, the Janissaries corrupt, and the provincial governors were gaining power. The empire had lost territory to surrounding empires. The shift to Atlantic trade had weakened the economy, and it began to rely on foreign loans that resulted in a European takeover of the economy. Attempts at reform began in the early 1800s as seen in military reforms and new schools and roads. The Tanzimat (reorganization) era, during the mid‐1800s, brought legal and educational reform but was opposed by a number of different groups. One of these groups, the government bureaucrats, staged a coup in 1876 and demanded a constitutional government. The new sultan eventually suspended the constitution and dissolved parliament. In 1889, the second group, later known as the Young Turks, began to oppose the sultan. They called for women’s rights, universal suffrage, and a secular government and eventually dethroned the sultan. Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War (1853–1856) brought radical reforms to the country. In 1861, the serfs were freed, but they had no political rights. Other reforms were attempted but nobles and the tsar still held most of the power. Between 1860 and 1914 industrialization in Russia was more successful than land reform, but the workers were exploited and became increasingly radical. Anti‐ government protests increased in the 1870s, as did government repression. Violence emerged with the assassination of Alexander II in 1881, which resulted in further repression. In 1905, Russia lost another war, this time to the Japanese. This defeat triggered the Revolution of 1905. The tsar made concessions, but Russia did not solve the deeper problems that would eventually lead to revolutions. The problems for the Chinese revolved around opium. China had little demand for European goods but was populated by a large number of consumers. The British began to exchange opium for Chinese goods in the early 1800 and the Chinese soon attempted to stop the trade. The resulting Opium War (1839– 1842) was a disaster for the Chinese and, in the treaties that followed, they were forced to accept the opium trade along with other concessions. By 1900, other nations obtained similar concessions and China lost control of her economy. Adding to China’s problems were four major rebellions in the 1850s and 1860s, the largest being the Taiping Rebellion. This radical group called for social and political change and seized large parts of China, but was defeated in 1864 after the rebellion cost 20– 30 million lives. There were other attempts at reform in China, including the Self‐ Strengthening Movement of the late 1800s and the Hundred‐days Reforms of 1898, but these met with little success because of opposition from either the Europeans or China’s own government. The Boxer Rebellion (1899–1900), a last attempt by the Qing dynasty to free China from foreign control, was crushed by European and Japanese troops and brought the fall of the Qing in 1912. Japan in the 1800s was torn by many of the same forces as China. Crop failures, high taxes, and the rising price of the staple crop, rice, led to protests and rebellions. In the mid‐1800s, foreign nations forced Japan, militarily weak by European standards, to accept unequal trade treaties. The protests over this led to a civil war and the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate. The Meiji Restoration in 1868 returned the emperor to political power and ended 700 years of military rule. The Meiji emperor welcomed western expertise in both politics and education. He abolished the feudal system, created a new tax structure, and created a constitutional government that, though very restricted in terms of voting rights, was a start toward democracy. The Meiji brought new technology and educational reform and began the process of industrialization in Japan. As a result, Japan would be an industrial power in less than a generation. This progress had a cost however. The taxes on the peasants were fifty percent of their crops. This led to rebellions that were put down by the government. Labor unions also attempted to rebel and were treated the same way as the peasants, as unions and strikes were viewed as crimes against the state. Chapter 31 Study Packet World A.P. Key Concepts- Societies at Crossroads Key Concept 5.1. Industrialization and Global Capitalism I. Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced II. New patterns of global trade and production developed that further integrated the global economy as industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the increasing amount of goods produced in their factories IV. There were major developments in transportation and communication, including railroads, steamships, telegraphs and canals. VI. The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent significant transformations in industrialized states due to the fundamental restructuring of the global economy. V. The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses. Key Concept 5.2. Imperialism and Nation‐State Formation I. Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires. Chapter 31 Study Packet Questions The Ottoman Empire in Decline (Pages 1-10) IDENTIFICATION: PEOPLE 1. Muhammad Ali 2. Mahmud II 3. Abdul Hamid I1 IDENTIFICATION: TERMSICONCEPTS 1. Janissaries 2. The "capitulations" 3. Tanzimat 4. Young Turks 5. Crimean War STUDY QUESTIONS 1. What factors led to the territorial decline of the Ottoman empire over the course of the nineteenth century? What territories were lost? 2. Compare the reforms of the Tanzimat era with the program of the Young Turks Chapter 31 Study Packet Questions The Russian Empire Under Pressure (Pages 11-15) IDENTIFICATION: PEOPLE 1. Alexander II 2. Sergei Witte IDENTIFICATION: TERMSICONCEPTS 1. Zemstvos 2. Soviets 3. Duma STUDY QUESTIONS 1. What significant political and legal reforms did the Russian government implement in the late nineteenth century? 2. What was Count Witte's program for the industrialization of Russia? What were the results? 3. What were the sources of social discontent and agitation in Russia in the late nineteenth century? How did the government respond? 4. What events led to the Russian revolution of 1905? What was the outcome of this revolution? Chapter 31 Study Packet Questions The Chinese Empire Under Siege (Pages 16-22) IDENTIFICATION: PEOPLE 1. Lin Zexu 2. Hong Xiuquan 3. Empress Dowager Cixi IDENTIFICATION: TERMSICONCEPTS 1. Cohong system 2. Opium War 3. Unequal treaties 4. Taiping rebellion 5. Self-Strengthening Movement 6. Spheres of influence 7. Boxer rebellion STUDY QUESTIONS 1. Why was the opium trade so important to the British? What factors led to the Opium War and how was this war resolved? 2. What was the impact of the Treaty of Nanjing on the Chinese empire? What nations benefited from this treaty? 3. What were the causes of the Taiping revolution? What was the outcome? 4.
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