DOCSLIB.ORG

Identification of Microorganisms in Food Ecosystems and Characterization of Physical and Molecular Events Involved in Biofilm Development

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Identification of Microorganisms in Food Ecosystems and Characterization of Physical and Molecular Events Involved in Biofilm Development IDENTIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS IN FOOD ECOSYSTEMS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYSICAL AND MOLECULAR EVENTS INVOLVED IN BIOFILM DEVELOPMENT DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Hongliang Luo, M.S. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Hua Wang, Co-Adviser Approved by Dr. Ahmed Yousef, Co-Adviser Dr. David Min Dr. Mike Mangino Co-Advisers Dr. Joshua Bomser Graduate Program in Food Science and Nutrition ABSTRACT Most foods can be considered as ecosystems containing various microorganisms including pathogenic, spoilage, commensal microbes and fermentation starter cultures. Microbial biofilm ecosystems also form on the surfaces of processing equipment. The interactions among microbes and between microbes and various surfaces play an important role in the persistence and the prevalence of these microbes in the food environment. Diversity of food matrices adds complexity to and directly shapes the composition of the microbiota in these ecosystems. Proper identification and quantification of microbes, evaluation of potential risks in the food ecosystems, and characterization of the physical and molecular events involved in ecosystems, including biofilm development, are among the primary tasks for food microbiologists. The objectives of this study are to develop a rapid detection system for foodborne microorganisms using molecular approaches, to characterize component(s) involved in biofilm development, and to examine the contribution of commensal organisms in ecosystem development and horizontal gene transfer. A real-time PCR system was developed to rapidly detect Alicyclobacillus spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in food. Detection of less than 10 bacterial cells per reaction was achieved within 4-7 hours. CluA, a surface protein related to cell clumping, was found to ii be an important component in the development of Lactococcus lactis biofilm. Biofilm attributes can be disseminated within the ecosystem by conjugation, and a lactococcal strain carrying the intrinsic high frequency gene transfer mechanism could increase the transfer of pAM β1 by 10,000-fold. The study demonstrated, for the first time, that conjugation facilitated biofilm formation in Gram-positive bacteria, and that commensal organisms not only served as a gene pool but also as enhancers facilitating horizontal gene transfer, including the dissemination of the drug resistance genes. Finally, our data showed that commensal organisms, such as Pseudomonas , enhanced mixed-culture biofilm formation involving other microorganisms such as Staphylococcus , suggesting the contribution of commensal organisms in pathogen persistence. The rapid detection system developed in this study, has direct applications in both food industry and basic scientific research. Results from this study advanced the knowledge in biofilm development and gene transfer mechanisms. iii Dedicated to Qingyue Guo, my husband, for his love and support. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my adviser, Dr. Hua Wang, for her advice, encouragement, and intellectual support throughout the four years of my study in her laboratory. I also wish to thank her for many other helps outside the lab, which makes my life at OSU an enjoyable experience. I would like to thank Dr. Ahmed Yousef for his help and advice throughout my Ph.D. degree program. I would also like to thank the rest of my committee, Dr. David Min, Dr. Mike Mangino, and Dr. Joshua Bomser, for providing assistance inside and outside the classroom. Thank you, Kai Wan, Scott Hanna, Chris Connor, Emily Marsh, Mark Lehman, and Michele Manuzon, my labmates! Thanks for your wonderful teamwork and your friendship. I specially would like to thank my family members. Without their help and sacrifice, this work cannot be done. v VITA July 10, 1973………………………. Born - Xiangxiang, Hunan, China 1993……………………………….. B.S. Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China 1996……………………………….. M.S. Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China 2001 – present………………………Graduate Research and Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University, United States PUBLICATIONS Peer-reviewed articles: Wang, H.H., Manuzon, M., Lehman, M., Wan, K., Luo, H ., Yousef, A., Wittum, T.E. and Bakaltz, L.O. (2005) Food commensal microbes as a potentially important avenue in transmitting antibiotic resistance genes. FEMS Microbiology Letters (In press). Luo, H. , Wan, K. and Wang, H.H. (2005) High-frequency conjugation system facilitates biofilm formation and pAM β1 transmission by Lactococcus lactis . Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, 2970-2978. Connor, C.C., Luo, H. , McSpadden-Gardener, B.B. and Wang, H.H. (2005) Development of a real-time PCR-based system targeting the 16S rRNA gene sequence for rapid detection of Alicyclobacillus spp. in juice products. International Journal of Food Microbiology 99, 229-235. Luo, H. , Yousef, A.E. and Wang, H.H. (2004) A real-time polymerase chain reaction- based method for rapid and specific detection of spoilage Alicyclobacillus spp. in apple juice. Letters in Applied Microbiology 39, 376–382. vi Marsh, E.J., Luo, H. and Wang, H.H. (2003) A three-tiered approach to differentiate Listeria monocytogenes biofilm forming abilities. FEMS Microbiology Letters 228 , 203- 210. Luo, H. and Zheng, Z. (1998) Cloning and expression of α-ANP in E. coli and purification of the products. Journal of Fudan University 37 , 428-432. Guo, Z., Chen, H., Luo, H. and Guo, J. (1996) Effect of sterilization using low temperature steam and formaldehyde on citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger . Industrial Microbiology 26 , 33-35. Presentations at national conferences: Luo, H . and Wang, H. (2004) Mixed culture ecosystem: a possible surviving mechanism for non-biofilm formers? IFT 2004 annual meeting book of abstract, Las Vegas, NV. Page 268, 99D-30. Wan, K., Luo, H. and Wang, H. (2004) Rapid and specific detection of molds using a real-time Taqman PCR-based system. IFT 2004 annual meeting book of abstract, Las Vegas, NV. Page 253, 99A-29. Luo, H. , Yousef, A. and Wang, H. (2003) Rapid detection of Alicyclobacillus spp . in pure culture and apple juice using real-time PCR. IFT 2003 annual meeting book of abstract, Chicago, IL. Page 256, 104A-15. Connor, C., Luo, H., McSpadden Gardener, B.B. and Wang, H. (2003) Development of a second rapid detection system for Alicyclobacillus spp. using real-time PCR. IFT 2003 annual meeting book of abstract, Chicago, IL. Page 254, 104A-2. Kim, M., Luo, H. and Wang, H. (2003) Detecting Listeria monocytogenes in artificially contaminated meat using a real-time PCR system. IFT 2003 annual meeting book of abstract, Chicago, IL. Page194, 76E-1. Marsh, E., Luo, H. and Wang, H. (2003) Biofilm development in Listeria monocytogenes. IFT 2003 annual meeting book of abstract, Chicago, IL. Page196, 76E-10. vii Luo, H., Yousef, A. and Wang, H. (2002) Developing a rapid detection system for Listeria monocytogenes using real-time PCR. IFT 2002 Annual meeting, Anaheim, CA. Pending patents: Wang, H. , Luo, H. , Wan, K., Connor, C.J., Yousef, A.E., Schwartz, S. (2003) Rapid detection of microorganisms (Pending Patent, Docket Number 22727/04148). FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Food Science and Nutrition viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract .............................................................................................................................ii Dedication ......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. v Vita.................................................................................................................................... .vi List of Tables ...................................................................................................................xii List of Figures.................................................................................................................xiii Chapters 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 2. Literature review......................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Conventional detection methods for specific microorganisms in foods .............. 6 2.2 Immunoassay........................................................................................................ 7 2.3 Nucleic acid probe based techniques ................................................................. 11 2.4 Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR)................................................ 13 2.5 Real-time PCR.................................................................................................... 14 2.6 Taqman Real-time PCR ..................................................................................... 17 2.7 Alicycobacillus sp. and juice spoilage................................................................ 19 2.8 Detection of Alicyclobacillus ............................................................................. 21 2.9 Squalene-hopene-catalyse (SHC) in Alicyclobacillus ........................................ 22 2.10 Listeria monocytogenes and food safety.......................................................... 23 2.11 Detection of Listeria monocytogenes ..............................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UV-C) Effectiveness in the Inactivation of Bacterial Spores Inoculated in Turbid Suspensions and in Cloudy Apple Juice
    beverages Article Short Wave Ultraviolet Light (UV-C) Effectiveness in the Inactivation of Bacterial Spores Inoculated in Turbid Suspensions and in Cloudy Apple Juice Jezer N. Sauceda-Gálvez 1 , María Martinez-Garcia 1, Ma Manuela Hernández-Herrero 1 , Ramón Gervilla 2 and Artur X. Roig-Sagués 1,* 1 Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Centre d’Innovació, Recerca i Transfèrencia en Tecnologia dels Aliments (CIRTTA), XaRTA, TECNIO-CERTA, MALTA-Consolider Team, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; [email protected] (J.N.S.-G.); [email protected] (M.M.-G.); [email protected] (M.M.H.-H.) 2 SPTA-Servei Planta Tecnologia Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, c/de l’Hospital S/N, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Liquid foods might present interferences in their optical properties that can reduce the effectiveness of short-wave ultraviolet radiation (UV-C) treatments used for sterilization purposes. The effect of turbidity as UV-C interference factor against the inactivation of bacterial spores was analysed by using phosphate-buffered saline solutions (PBS) of different turbidity values (2000, 2500, and 3000 NTU) which were adjusted with the addition of apple fibre. These suspensions were inoculated with spores of Bacillus subtilis and Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris. While higher UV-C doses Citation: Sauceda-Gálvez, J.N.; increased the inactivation rates of spores, these were reduced when turbidity values increased; a dose Martinez-Garcia, M.; Hernández-Herrero, M.M.; Gervilla, of 28.7 J/mL allowed inactivation rates of B. subtilis spores of 3.96 Log in a 2000-NTU suspension R.; Roig-Sagués, A.X.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacteria Associated with Larvae and Adults of the Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)1
    Bacteria Associated with Larvae and Adults of the Asian Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)1 John D. Podgwaite2, Vincent D' Amico3, Roger T. Zerillo, and Heidi Schoenfeldt USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Hamden CT 06514 USA J. Entomol. Sci. 48(2): 128·138 (April2013) Abstract Bacteria representing several genera were isolated from integument and alimentary tracts of live Asian longhorned beetle, Anaplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), larvae and adults. Insects examined were from infested tree branches collected from sites in New York and Illinois. Staphylococcus sciuri (Kloos) was the most common isolate associated with adults, from 13 of 19 examined, whereas members of the Enterobacteriaceae dominated the isolations from larvae. Leclercia adecarboxylata (Leclerc), a putative pathogen of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), was found in 12 of 371arvae examined. Several opportunistic human pathogens, including S. xylosus (Schleifer and Kloos), S. intermedius (Hajek), S. hominis (Kloos and Schleifer), Pantoea agglomerans (Ewing and Fife), Serratia proteamaculans (Paine and Stansfield) and Klebsiella oxytoca (Fiugge) also were isolated from both larvae and adults. One isolate, found in 1 adult and several larvae, was identified as Tsukamurella inchonensis (Yassin) also an opportunistic human pathogen and possibly of Korean origin .. We have no evi­ dence that any of the microorganisms isolated are pathogenic for the Asian longhorned beetle. Key Words Asian longhorned beetle, Anaplophora glabripennis, bacteria The Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) a pest native to China and Korea, often has been found associated with wood- packing ma­ terial arriving in ports of entry to the United States. The pest has many hardwood hosts, particularly maples (Acer spp.), and currently is established in isolated popula­ tions in at least 3 states- New York, NJ and Massachusetts (USDA-APHIS 201 0).
    [Show full text]
  • Alicyclobacillus Spp.: New Insights on Ecology and Preserving Food Quality Through New Approaches
    Microorganisms 2015, 3, 625-640; doi:10.3390/microorganisms3040625 OPEN ACCESS microorganisms ISSN 2076-2607 www.mdpi.com/journal/microorganisms Review Alicyclobacillus spp.: New Insights on Ecology and Preserving Food Quality through New Approaches Emanuela Ciuffreda, Antonio Bevilacqua, Milena Sinigaglia and Maria Rosaria Corbo * Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 15, 71122 Foggia, Italy; E-Mails: [email protected] (E.C.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (M.S.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-08-8158-9232. Academic Editor: Giuseppe Comi Received: 27 July 2015 / Accepted: 29 September 2015 / Published: 10 October 2015 Abstract: Alicyclobacillus spp. includes spore-forming and thermo-acidophilic microorganisms, usually recovered from soil, acidic drinks, orchards and equipment from juice producers. The description of the genus is generally based on the presence of ω-fatty acids in the membrane, although some newly described species do not possess them. The genus includes different species and sub-species, but A. acidoterrestris is generally regarded as the most important spoiler for acidic drinks and juices. The main goal of this review is a focus on the ecology of the genus, mainly on the species A. acidoterrestris, with a special emphasis on the different phenotypic properties and genetic traits, along with the correlation among them and with the primary source of isolation. Finally, the last section of the review reports on some alternative approaches to heat treatments (natural compounds and other chemical treatments) to control and/or reduce the contamination of food by Alicyclobacillus.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Sequence Analyses on the 16S Rrna
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICBACTERIOLOGY, Apr. 1992, p. 263-269 Vol. 42, No. 2 0020-7713/92/020263-07$02.00/0 Copyright 0 1992, International Union of Microbiological Societies Comparative Sequence Analyses on the 16s rRNA (rDNA) of Bacillus acidocaldarius, Bacillus acidoten-estris, and Bacillus cycloheptanicus and Proposal for Creation of a New Genus, Alicyclobacillus gen. nov. JEFFREY D. WISOTZJSEY,' PETER JURTSHUK, JR.,' GEORGE E. FOX,2* GABRIELE DEIN€VIRD,~AND KARL PORALLA3 Department of Biology' and Department of Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Taas 77204-5934, and Botanisches Institut, Mikrobiologie, Universitat Tubingen, D- 7400 Tiibingen, Germany3 Comparative 16s rRNA (rDNA) sequence analyses performed on the thermophilic Bacillus species Bacillus acidocaldarius, Bacillus acidoterrestris, and Bacillus cycloheptanicus revealed that these organisms are sufficiently different from the traditional Bacillus species to warrant reclassification in a new genus, Alicyclobacillus gen. nov. An analysis of 16s rRNA sequences established that these three thermoacidophiles cluster in a group that differs markedly from both the obligately thermophilic organism Bacillus stearother- mophilus and the facultatively thermophilic organism Bacillus coagulans, as well as many other common mesophilic and thermophilic Bacillus species. The thermoacidophilic Bacillus species B. acidocaldarius, B. acidoterrestris, and B. cycloheptanicus also are unique in that they possess w-alicylic fatty acid as the major natural membranous lipid component, which is a rare phenotype that has not been found in any other Bacillus species characterized to date. This phenotype, along with the 16s rRNA sequence data, suggests that these thermoacidophiles are biochemically and genetically unique and supports the proposal that they should be reclassified in the new genus Alicyclobacillus.
    [Show full text]
  • DPA Release and Germination of Alicyclobacillus Acidoterrestris
    ition & F tr oo u d N f S o c l i e a n n c r e u s o J Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences Porebska I et al., J Nutr Food Sci 2015, 5:6 ISSN: 2155-9600 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000438 Research Article Open Access DPA Release and Germination of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris Spores under High Hydrostatic Pressure Porebska I1*, Sokolowska B1,2, Skapska S1, Wozniak L1, Fonberg-Broczek M2 and Rzoska SJ2 1Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agriculture and Food Biotechnology, Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, 36 Rakowiecka str., 02-532 Warsaw, Poland. 2Institute of High Pressure Physic of Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biomaterials, 29/37 Sokolowska str., 01-142 Warsaw, Poland. *Corresponding author: Porebska I, Waclaw Dąbrowski Institute of Agriculture and Food Biotechnology, Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, 36 Rakowiecka str., 02-532 Warsaw, Poland, E-mail: [email protected] Rec date: Nov 03, 2015; Acc date: Nov 25, 2015; Pub date: Nov 30, 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Porebska I, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract High thermoresistance combined with the ability to grow under acidic conditions, which are unique among spore formers, make Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris one of the most serious problems for the fruit processing industry. Dipicolinic acid (DPA) is an important factor in spore resistance to many environmental stresses, and in spore stability. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between DPA release and the germination of A.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Evaluation of Approaches to Modelling Kinetics of Microbial Thermal Death As in the Case of Alicyclobacillus Acidoterrestris
    Kondratenko V.V. et al. Foods and Raw Materials, 2019, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 348–363 E-ISSN 2310-9599 Foods and Raw Materials, 2019, vol. 7, no. 2 ISSN 2308-4057 Research Article DOI: http://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2019-2-348-363 Open Access Available online at http:jfrm.ru Comparative evaluation of approaches to modelling kinetics of microbial thermal death as in the case of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris Vladimir V. Kondratenko* , Mikhail T. Levshenko , Andrey N. Petrov , Tamara A. Pozdnyakova , Marina V. Trishkaneva Russian Research Institute of Canning Technology, Vidnoye, Russia * e-mail: [email protected] Received June 05, 2019; Accepted in revised form July 26, 2019; Published October 21, 2019 Abstract: Microbial death kinetics modelling is an integral stage of developing the food thermal sterilisation regimes. At present, a large number of models have been developed. Their properties are usually being accepted as adequate even beyond boundaries of experimental microbiological data zone. The wide range of primary models existence implies the lack of universality of each ones. This paper presents a comparative assessment of linear and nonlinear models of microbial death kinetics during the heat treatment of the Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spore form. The research allowed finding that single-phase primary models (as adjustable functions) are statistically acceptable for approximation of the experimental data: linear – the Bigelow’ the Bigelow as modified by Arrhenius and the Whiting-Buchanan models; and nonlinear – the Weibull, the Fermi, the Kamau, the Membre and the Augustin models. The analysis of them established a high degree of variability for extrapolative characteristics and, as a result, a marked empirical character of adjustable functions, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • JMSCR Vol||06||Issue||12||Page 420-430||December 2018
    JMSCR Vol||06||Issue||12||Page 420-430||December 2018 www.jmscr.igmpublication.org Impact Factor (SJIF): 6.379 Index Copernicus Value: 79.54 ISSN (e)-2347-176x ISSN (p) 2455-0450 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v6i12.65 Antimicrobial Assessment of Fresh Ripe and Dry Ripe Musa sapientum L. Peels against Selected Isolates Associated with Urinary Tract Infection in Port Harcourt, Nigeria Authors Konne, Felix Eedee, Nwokah, Easter Godwin, Wachukwu, Confidence Kinikanwo Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nkpolu - Oroworukwo P.M.B. 5080, Rivers State, Nigeria *Corresponding Author Konne, Felix Eedee Tel.: +2348035484367, Email: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Banana peels is the outer coverage of the banana fruits commonly used to feed animals, fish and many others or thrown away as waste. Almost every part of a banana plant has medicinal values. Urinary Tract Infection is an infection that affects any parts of your urinary system (upper or lower). Usually its treatment and diagnosis are usually with antibiotics urine sample. Increase in bacterial resistant to conventional antibiotics has prompted the development of bacterial disease treatment strategies that are alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Aim: This study is to assess the antimicrobial properties of banana peels against selected isolates from Urinary Tract Infection sample. Methods: A Mid- stream urine samples collected from patients visiting BMSH with suspected cases of UTIs, were cultured. The isolates from culture was further analysis with agarose gel electrophoresis for the presence of 16SrRNA and Phylogenetic analysis shows Staphylococcus sciuri strain, a coagulase‐negative species, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth Behavior of Alicyclobacillus Acidoterrestris As a Function of Strain and Culture Conditions
    GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF ALICYCLOBACILLUS ACIDOTERRESTRIS AS A FUNCTION OF STRAIN AND CULTURE CONDITIONS By JENNIFER M. MERLE A Thesis submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Graduate Program in Food Science Written under the direction of Professor Thomas J. Montville And approved by ___________________ ___________________ ____________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey [January 2012] ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS By JENNIFER M. MERLE Dissertation Director: Dr. Thomas J. Montville Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris is an acidophilic, spore-forming spoilage organism of concern for the fruit juice industry. The occurrence of bacterial spore-formers in low pH foods was thought to be insignificant. However, in recent years, spoilage of acidic juice by Alicyclobacillus was recognized and the seriousness of this situation began to be appreciated. A. acidoterrestris has been associated with commercially pasteurized fruit juices as well as other low pH, shelf-stable products such as bottled tea and isotonic drinks. It has been isolated from garden and forest soils and may be introduced into the manufacturing process through unwashed or poorly washed fruit. If spores are not destroyed by processing, they can germinate, grow, and spoil product. The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of A. acidoterrestris growth as a function of strain, pH and temperature so that growth of A. acidoterrestris spores might be inhibited by environmental control and product formulation. Four strains of A. acidoterrestris were used to investigate the growth kinetics in response to pH (3.0, 4.0, 5.0) and temperatures (26, 30, 37.5, 45ºC) by measuring the optical density (OD) every hour for 48 hours using a microtitre plate reader to develop the growth curves.
    [Show full text]
  • Screening of Antagonistic Bacterial Isolates from Hives of Apis Cerana in Vietnam Against the Causal Agent of American Foulbrood
    1202 Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2018; 45(3) Chiang Mai J. Sci. 2018; 45(3) : 1202-1213 http://epg.science.cmu.ac.th/ejournal/ Contributed Paper Screening of Antagonistic Bacterial Isolates from Hives of Apis cerana in Vietnam Against the Causal Agent of American Foulbrood of Honey Bees, Paenibacillus larvae Sasiprapa Krongdang [a,b], Jeffery S. Pettis [c], Geoffrey R. Williams [d] and Panuwan Chantawannakul* [a,e,f] [a] Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. [b] Interdisciplinary Program in Biotechnology, Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. [c] USDA-ARS, Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA. [d] Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA. [e] Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand. [f] International College of Digital Innovation, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Thailand. * Author for correspondence; e-mail: [email protected] Received: 15 February 2017 Accepted: 20 June 2017 ABSTRACT American foulbrood (AFB) is a virulent disease of honey bee brood caused by the Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium; Paenibacillus larvae. In this study, we determined the potential of bacteria isolated from hives of Asian honey bees (Apis cerana) to act antagonistically against P. larvae. Isolates were sampled from different locations on the fronts of A. cerana hives in Vietnam. A total of 69 isolates were obtained through a culture-dependent method and 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed affiliation to the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Out of 69 isolates, 15 showed strong inhibitory activity against P.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genera Staphylococcus and Macrococcus
    Prokaryotes (2006) 4:5–75 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-30744-3_1 CHAPTER 1.2.1 ehT areneG succocolyhpatS dna succocorcMa The Genera Staphylococcus and Macrococcus FRIEDRICH GÖTZ, TAMMY BANNERMAN AND KARL-HEINZ SCHLEIFER Introduction zolidone (Baker, 1984). Comparative immu- nochemical studies of catalases (Schleifer, 1986), The name Staphylococcus (staphyle, bunch of DNA-DNA hybridization studies, DNA-rRNA grapes) was introduced by Ogston (1883) for the hybridization studies (Schleifer et al., 1979; Kilp- group micrococci causing inflammation and per et al., 1980), and comparative oligonucle- suppuration. He was the first to differentiate otide cataloguing of 16S rRNA (Ludwig et al., two kinds of pyogenic cocci: one arranged in 1981) clearly demonstrated the epigenetic and groups or masses was called “Staphylococcus” genetic difference of staphylococci and micro- and another arranged in chains was named cocci. Members of the genus Staphylococcus “Billroth’s Streptococcus.” A formal description form a coherent and well-defined group of of the genus Staphylococcus was provided by related species that is widely divergent from Rosenbach (1884). He divided the genus into the those of the genus Micrococcus. Until the early two species Staphylococcus aureus and S. albus. 1970s, the genus Staphylococcus consisted of Zopf (1885) placed the mass-forming staphylo- three species: the coagulase-positive species S. cocci and tetrad-forming micrococci in the genus aureus and the coagulase-negative species S. epi- Micrococcus. In 1886, the genus Staphylococcus dermidis and S. saprophyticus, but a deeper look was separated from Micrococcus by Flügge into the chemotaxonomic and genotypic proper- (1886). He differentiated the two genera mainly ties of staphylococci led to the description of on the basis of their action on gelatin and on many new staphylococcal species.
    [Show full text]
  • Extremophiles-Basic Concepts
    CONTENTS CONTENTS EXTREMOPHILES Extremophiles - Volume 1 No. of Pages: 396 ISBN: 978-1-905839-93-3 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-993-4 (Print Volume) Extremophiles - Volume 2 No. of Pages: 392 ISBN: 978-1-905839-94-0 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-994-1 (Print Volume) Extremophiles - Volume 3 No. of Pages: 364 ISBN: 978-1-905839-95-7 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-995-8 (Print Volume) For more information of e-book and Print Volume(s) order, please click here Or contact : [email protected] ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EXTREMOPHILES CONTENTS VOLUME I Extremophiles: Basic Concepts 1 Charles Gerday, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Liège, Belgium 1. Introduction 2. Effects of Extreme Conditions on Cellular Components 2.1. Membrane Structure 2.2. Nucleic Acids 2.2.1. Introduction 2.2.2. Desoxyribonucleic Acids 2.2.3. Ribonucleic Acids 2.3. Proteins 2.3.1. Introduction 2.3.2. Thermophilic Proteins 2.3.2.1. Enthalpically Driven Stabilization Factors: 2.3.2.2. Entropically Driven Stabilization Factors: 2.3.3. Psychrophilic Proteins 2.3.4. Halophilic Proteins 2.3.5. Piezophilic Proteins 2.3.5.1. Interaction with Other Proteins and Ligands: 2.3.5.2. Substrate Binding and Catalytic Efficiency: 2.3.6. Alkaliphilic Proteins 2.3.7. Acidophilic Proteins 3. Conclusions Extremophiles: Overview of the Biotopes 43 Michael Gross, University of London, London, UK 1. Introduction 2. Extreme Temperatures 2.1. Terrestrial Hot Springs 2.2. Hot Springs on the Ocean Floor and Black Smokers 2.3. Life at Low Temperatures 3. High Pressure 3.1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Porcine Nasal Microbiota with Particular Attention to Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Germany—A Culturomic Approach
    microorganisms Article The Porcine Nasal Microbiota with Particular Attention to Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Germany—A Culturomic Approach Andreas Schlattmann 1, Knut von Lützau 1, Ursula Kaspar 1,2 and Karsten Becker 1,3,* 1 Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (K.v.L.); [email protected] (U.K.) 2 Landeszentrum Gesundheit Nordrhein-Westfalen, Fachgruppe Infektiologie und Hygiene, 44801 Bochum, Germany 3 Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-3834-86-5560 Received: 17 March 2020; Accepted: 2 April 2020; Published: 4 April 2020 Abstract: Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) remains a serious public health threat. Porcine nasal cavities are predominant habitats of LA-MRSA. Hence, components of their microbiota might be of interest as putative antagonistically acting competitors. Here, an extensive culturomics approach has been applied including 27 healthy pigs from seven different farms; five were treated with antibiotics prior to sampling. Overall, 314 different species with standing in nomenclature and 51 isolates representing novel bacterial taxa were detected. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from pigs on all seven farms sampled, comprising ten different spa types with t899 (n = 15, 29.4%) and t337 (n = 10, 19.6%) being most frequently isolated. Twenty-six MRSA (mostly t899) were detected on five out of the seven farms. Positive correlations between MRSA colonization and age and colonization with Streptococcus hyovaginalis, and a negative correlation between colonization with MRSA and Citrobacter spp.
    [Show full text]