Komparace Postojů Států NATO V Kontextu Krize Na Ukrajině

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Komparace Postojů Států NATO V Kontextu Krize Na Ukrajině MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra mezinárodních vztahů a evropských studií Obor Mezinárodní vztahy Komparace postojů států NATO v kontextu krize na Ukrajině magisterská práce Ondřej Ekl Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Zdeněk Kříž, Ph.D. UČO: 347948 Obor: Mezinárodní vztahy Imatrikulační ročník: 2013 Brno, 2015 Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji magisterskou práci vypracoval samostatně pouze s použitím zdrojů uvedených v seznamu použitých zdrojů. 25. května 2015 Poděkování Chtěl bych poděkovat vedoucímu své magisterské práce doc. PhDr. Zdeňku Křížovi, Ph.D. za odborné vedení, za pomoc a rady při zpracování této práce. Obsah 1. Úvod ....................................................................................................................... 7 2. Deskriptivní část ................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Krize na Ukrajině ........................................................................................... 11 2.1.1 Konec asociační dohody.......................................................................... 12 2.1.2 Anexe Krymu .......................................................................................... 14 2.1.3 Ruská aktivita na východní Ukrajině ...................................................... 19 2.1.4 Snahy o mírové řešení konfliktu ............................................................. 21 2.1.5 Sestřelení letadla Malaysia Airlines ........................................................ 22 2.2 Definice parametrů ......................................................................................... 25 2.2.1 Míra protiruské rétoriky .......................................................................... 25 2.2.2 Ochota podílet se na odvetných opatřeních............................................. 26 2.2.3 Obava z přímého ohrožení ...................................................................... 26 2.3 Vymezení kategorií ........................................................................................ 28 2.3.1 Konceptuální rámec................................................................................. 28 2.3.2 Kategorie a jejich kritéria ........................................................................ 28 3. Analytická část ..................................................................................................... 30 3.1 Postoje členských států................................................................................... 30 3.1.1 Albánie .................................................................................................... 30 3.1.2 Belgie ...................................................................................................... 31 3.1.3 Bulharsko ................................................................................................ 32 3.1.4 Česká republika ....................................................................................... 33 3.1.5 Dánsko ..................................................................................................... 34 3.1.6 Estonsko .................................................................................................. 35 3.1.7 Francie ..................................................................................................... 37 3.1.8 Chorvatsko .............................................................................................. 38 3.1.9 Island ....................................................................................................... 39 3.1.10 Itálie ....................................................................................................... 40 3.1.11 Kanada ................................................................................................... 41 3.1.12 Litva ...................................................................................................... 42 3.1.13 Lotyšsko ................................................................................................ 44 3.1.14 Lucembursko ......................................................................................... 45 3.1.15 Maďarsko .............................................................................................. 45 3.1.16 Německo................................................................................................ 47 3.1.17 Nizozemsko ........................................................................................... 48 3.1.18 Norsko ................................................................................................... 48 3.1.19 Polsko .................................................................................................... 49 3.1.20 Portugalsko ............................................................................................ 51 3.1.21 Rumunsko.............................................................................................. 52 3.1.22 Řecko ..................................................................................................... 53 3.1.23 Slovensko .............................................................................................. 54 3.1.24 Slovinsko ............................................................................................... 55 3.1.25 Spojené státy ......................................................................................... 56 3.1.26 Španělsko .............................................................................................. 57 3.1.27 Turecko.................................................................................................. 58 3.1.28 Velká Británie ....................................................................................... 59 3.2 Shrnutí analýzy ............................................................................................... 61 3.3 Kategorizace členských států ......................................................................... 63 3.4 Diskuse výsledků............................................................................................ 64 4. Závěr..................................................................................................................... 67 Seznam použitých zdrojů ......................................................................................... 69 Primární zdroje ..................................................................................................... 69 Sekundární zdroje ................................................................................................. 76 1. Úvod Probíhající konflikt na Ukrajině je z hlediska evropské bezpečnosti jednou z nejvážnějších hrozeb od konce studené války. Samotná občanská válka není na evropské scéně ničím novým. Současná krize je závažná z jiného důvodu, a tím je zapojení Ruské federace do konfliktu, případně její přímý podíl na jeho rozdmýchání. Severoatlantická aliance hledala v devadesátých letech novou pozici v rámci mezinárodního systému. Přestože se jí podařilo jistým způsobem ukotvit svoje postavení, nynější situace na Ukrajině a ochlazení vztahů s Ruskem mohou důkladně prověřit smysl a jednotu aliance. Současná krize je jedinečnou příležitostí k ilustraci schopnosti NATO adekvátně reagovat na aktuální hrozby. Aliance ale není unitární aktér. Je to organizace složená z osmadvaceti států. Zatímco za studené války ji stmelovala vidina společného nepřítele, současné Rusko už takové představy nebudí. Úkolem této práce je poskytnout přehledný a komplexní obrázek o tom, jak moc se liší postoje členských zemí aliance vůči Rusku. Ukrajinská krize poskytuje ideální kontext pro takovou komparaci. Prvním cílem této práce je charakterizovat postoje všech členských zemí Severoatlantické aliance ve zmíněném kontextu. Po jeho dosažení by mělo být čtenáři jasné, jak se který člen NATO staví k Rusku a k jeho současné agresivní zahraniční politice na Ukrajině. Druhým cílem práce je členské státy kategorizovat. Roztřídění na základě výsledků analýzy umožní snadno porovnávat členské země, z nichž každá bude zařazena do kategorie odpovídající jejímu postoji. V souvislosti s cíli práce je stanovená následující hlavní výzkumná otázka: Jaké jsou a v čem se liší postoje členských států NATO vůči Rusku v kontextu probíhající krize na Ukrajině? K jejímu zodpovězení práce využije tři dílčí podotázky: 1. Jak silnou rétoriku používají představitelé států NATO vůči Rusku? 2. Jak ochotné jsou členské státy podílet se na odvetných opatřeních mířených proti Rusku? 3. Vzbuzuje ruská politika obavu o vlastní bezpečnost u členských států NATO? 7 Odpovědi na tyto dílčí podotázky zprostředkují výsledné postoje členských států, které budou zároveň odpovědí na hlavní výzkumnou otázku. Diplomová práce má podobu interpretativního kvalitativního výzkumu. Postoje jednotlivých států jsou rozebrány „zevnitř“, na základě výpovědí odpovídajících vládních činitelů (především ministři zahraničí, premiéři nebo hlavy státu). Cílem je interpretovat jejich komentáře a oficiální prohlášení a „vyextrahovat“ z nich celkový postoj státu vůči Ruské federaci a její činnosti. Sběr dat je řešený formou analýzy dokumentů, přičemž hlavní důraz je kladen na oficiální stanoviska a prohlášení zmíněných činitelů zveřejněných na internetových stránkách příslušných institucí (Ministerstvo zahraničních věcí, Úřad vlády atd.). V některých případech jsou využita i prohlášení citované ve zpravodajství vydávaném světovými médii (Reuters, BBC, The Guardian atd.). K tomu dochází v případech, kdy není dostupné oficiální stanovisko,
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